Çevresel Dinamiklerin ve Stratejinin Belirlenmesi: İnsan Yönetici ve Yapay Zekâ karşılaştırması Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu çalışma, yönetsel roller bağlamında yapay zekânın (YZ) karar alma süreçlerindeki işlevselliğini incelemekte ve insan yönetici ile karşılaştırmalı bir analiz sunmaktadır. Araştırma, üç ana tema üzerine odaklanmaktadır: çevresel değişimler, iş dünyasının tanımı ve stratejik davranış. Çalışma, insan yönetici ve YZ’yi çevresel algı, stratejik farkındalık ve karar motivasyonu gibi kavramsal boyutlarda karşılaştırmaktadır. Araştırmada, insan ve YZ’ye yöneltilen yarı yapılandırılmış formlar aracılığıyla elde edilen veriler, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden içerik analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bulgular, yapay zekâ ile insan yönetici arasında tüm kodlar bazında %71 oranında benzerlik bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, çevresel değişimlerin belirlenmesinde %61, iş dünyasının tanımlanmasında ise %89 oranında benzerlik tespit edilmiştir. Stratejik davranış önerileri açısından ise iki taraf arasında tam bir örtüşme gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışma, insan yöneticinin iş dünyasını YZ’ye kıyasla daha dinamik ve öngörülemez olarak değerlendirdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Dikkat çekici biçimde, insan yöneticinin YZ’nin daha az önem verdiği yoksulluk gibi sosyal ve ekonomik dinamiklere de odaklandığı görülmektedir. Hem YZ hem de insan yönetici, dijital dönüşüm ve küreselleşme olgularını ortak biçimde vurgulamaktadır. Bu bulgular, YZ’nin çevresel dinamikleri algılama ve stratejik karar verme süreçlerinde insana benzer biçimde işlev gösterebildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak, insan yöneticinin sezgisel, etik ve duygusal faktörleri dikkate alma yeteneği, YZ’nin tamamen ikame edilemeyeceğini göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla, YZ’nin analitik gücü ile insan yöneticinin duygusal zekâsının birleştiği hibrit bir yönetsel model, geleceğin karar verme süreçleri için en dengeli yaklaşım olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yapay Zekâ
• Endüstri 4.0
• YZ Yöneticisi
• Liderlik
• Maxqda

Etik Beyan

“Çevresel Dinamiklerin ve Stratejinin Belirlenmesi: İnsan Yönetici ve Yapay Zekâ karşılaştırması Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma” başlıklı çalışmanın yazım sürecinde bilimsel kurallara, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamış ve bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir. Bu araştırma da etik kurul kararı zorunluluğu bulunmamaktadır. Çatışma Beyanı: Çalışmada herhangi bir potansiyel çıkar çatışması söz konusu değildir. Finansman: Bu çalışma için herhangi bir kurum veya kuruluştan destek alınmamıştır. Yapay Zeka ve Türleri Kullanım Beyanı: Bu makalenin yazımında yapay zeka ve türleri kullanılmamıştır. Veri Paylaşım Beyanı: Bu çalışmanın verilerini bulguların doğrulanması amacıyla makul bir talep üzerine “etik ilkeler ve yayın politikası”nın ilgili kısmında belirtilen şartlara göre paylaşabileceğimi beyan ederim.

Determining Environmental Dynamics and Strategy: A Qualitative Study on the Comparison Between Human Manager and Artificial Intelligence

Öz

This study examines the functionality of artificial intelligence (AI) in decision-making processes within managerial roles and presents a comparative analysis with a human manager. The research focuses on three main themes: environmental changes, the definition of the business world, and strategic behavior. The study compares the human manager and AI across conceptual dimensions such as environmental perception, strategic awareness, and decision motivation. In the research, data were obtained through semi-structured forms directed at both the human manager and AI, and analyzed using content analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. The findings reveal a 71% similarity between AI and the human manager across all codes. Additionally, a 61% similarity was found in identifying environmental changes and an 89% similarity in defining the business world. Regarding strategic behavior recommendations, a complete overlap was observed between the two. The study demonstrates that the human manager perceives the business world as more dynamic and unpredictable compared to AI. Notably, the human manager also focuses on social and economic dynamics, such as poverty, which receive less emphasis from AI. Both AI and the human manager commonly emphasize the phenomena of digital transformation and globalization. These findings indicate that AI can function similarly to humans in perceiving environmental dynamics and engaging in strategic decision-making processes. However, the human manager’s ability to integrate intuition, ethics, and emotional factors into decision-making highlights that AI cannot fully replace human judgment. Therefore, a hybrid managerial model that combines the analytical power of AI with the emotional intelligence of the human manager emerges as the most balanced approach for future decision-making processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Artificial Intelligence
• Indusrty 4.0
• AI manager
• Leadership
• Maxqda

Etik Beyan

During the writing process of the study “Determining Environmental Dynamics and Strategy: A Qualitative Study on the Comparison Between Human Manager and Artificial Intelligence” scientific rules, ethical and citation rules were followed. No falsification was made on the collected data and this study was not sent to any other academic publication medium for evaluation. Ethics Committee Permission is not required. Declaration of Conflict: There is no potential conflict of interest in the study. Funding: No funding was received from any institution or organization for this study. Statement of Use for Artificial Intelligence and Its Types: Artificial intelligence and its various types were not used in the writing of this article. Data Sharing Statement: I declare that, upon reasonable request for the purpose of verifying the findings, I can share the data of this study according to the conditions specified in the relevant section of the "ethical principles and publication policy".

Kaynakça

1. Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018). The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. American economic review, 108(6), 1488-1542.
2. Alan, C. (2021). Yönetsel Bir Yaklaşım Olarak Kaos Teorisinin Havayolu Yönetimi ve Pazarlaması Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. Anadolu University. Doctoral Thesis.
3. Albrechts, L. (2004). Strategic (spatial) planning reexamined. Environment and Planning B: Planning and design, 31(5), 743-758.
4. Ameen, N., Pagani, M., Pantano, E., Cheah, J. H., Tarba, S., & Xia, S. (2025). The rise of human–machine collaboration: managers’ perceptions of leveraging artificial intelligence for enhanced B2B service recovery. British Journal of Management, 36(1), 91-109.
5. Arıcıoğlu, M. A., & Berk, O. N. (2022). A comparative proposal on learning the chaos to understand the environment. Chaos Theory and Applications, 4(1), 19-25.
6. Aversa, P., Cabantous, L., & Haefliger, S. (2018). When decision support systems fail: Insights for strategic information systems from Formula 1. In Strategic Information Management (pp. 403-429). Routledge.
7. Bagley, C. E., Sulkowski, A. J., Nelson, J. S., Waddock, S., & Shrivastava, P. (2020). A path to developing more insightful business school graduates: A systems-based, experimental approach to integrating law, strategy, and sustainability. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 19(4), 541-568.
8. Bailey, K. (2023). 'Mika' becomes world's first AI human-like robot CEO. https://www.foxbusiness.com/technology/mika-worlds-first-ai-human-like-robot-ceo.

9. Baldwin, R. (2021). Küresel Robotlaşma: Küreselleşme, Robot Bilimi ve Gelecekte İstihdam. Siyah Kitap Yayınevi
10. Barber, B. (1996). Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World. New York: Ballantine Books.
11. Beaverstock, J. V., Smith, R. G., & Taylor, P. J. (2000). “World‐City Network: A New Metageography?”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(1), 123-134.
12. Biloslavo, R., Edgar, D., Aydin, E., & Bulut, C. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) and strategic planning process within VUCA environments: a research agenda and guidelines. Management Decision.
13. Bonn, I., & Christodoulou, C. (1996). From strategic planning to strategic management. Long range planning, 29(4), 543-551.
14. Brachten, F., Brünker, F., Frick, N. R., Ross, B., & Stieglitz, S. (2020). On the ability of virtual agents to decrease cognitive load: an experimental study. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 18(2), 187-207.
15. Calugar-Pop, C.and Lee, P. (2020). Lasting lockdown habits: a new digital consumer? Digital Consumer Trends 2020. https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/technology-media-and- telecommunications/articles/digital-consumer-trends-lockdown-behaviour.html.
16. Carter, W., & Wynne, (2024). K. T. Integrating artificial intelligence into team decision‐making: Toward a theory of AI–human team effectiveness. European Management Review,1-14.
17. Castells, Manuel (2008). Enformasyon Çağı Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür Cilt-1, Ağ. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
18. Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the industrial empire. Cambridge Mass, 5(1), 12-48.
19. Charm, T., Coggins, B., Robinson, K., & Wilkie, J. (2020). The great consumer shift: Ten charts that show how US shopping behavior is changing. Growth, 15, 30.
20. Chen, Y., Kirshner, S. N., Ovchinnikov, A., Andiappan, M., & Jenkin, T. (2025). A manager and an AI walk into a bar: does ChatGPT make biased decisions like we do?. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 27(2), 354-368.
21. Choi, S., Kang, H., Kim, N., & Kim, J. (2025). How does artificial intelligence improve human decision‐making? Evidence from the AI‐powered Go program. Strategic Management Journal, 46(6), 1523-1554.
22. Cohen, K. J., & Cyert, R. M. (1973). Strategy: Formulation, implementation, and monitoring. The Journal of Business, 46(3), 349-367.
23. Colbert, A., Yee, N., & George, G. (2016). The digital workforce and the workplace of the future. Academy of management journal, 59(3), 731-739.
24. Courtney, J. F. (2001). Decision making and knowledge management in inquiring organizations: toward a new decision-making paradigm for DSS. Decision support systems, 31(1), 17-38.
25. Cravens, D. W., Piercy, N. F., & Baldauf, A. (2009). Management framework guiding strategic thinking in rapidly changing markets. Journal of Marketing Management, 25(1-2), 31-49.
26. Debnath, T. K. (2022). The effect of chaos theory in the field of business: a review. International Journal of Progressive Research in Science and Engineering, 3, 88-92.
27. Dellermann, D., Lipusch, N., Ebel, P., & Leimeister, J. M. (2019). Design principles for a hybrid intelligence decision support system for business model validation. Electronic markets, 29, 423-441.
28. Dirlik, A. (2012). Küreselleşmenin sonu mu?. Ayrıntı yayınları.
29. Drucker, P. F. (1996). Yeni Gerçekler. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
30. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1999). Strategy as strategic decision making. MIT Sloan Management Review, 40(3), 65.
31. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: what are they? Strategic management journal, 21(10‐11), 1105-1121.
32. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Zbaracki, M. J. (1992). Strategic decision making. Strategic management journal, 13(S2), 17-37.
33. Eppink, D. J. (1978). Planning for strategic flexibility. Long Range Planning, 11(4), 9-15.
34. Farjoun, M. (2002). Towards an organic perspective on strategy. Strategic management journal, 23(7), 561- 594.
35. Friedman, L. M. (2002). Yatay toplum (Vol. 53). Kültür Yayınları.
36. Grandori, A. (2023). Judgment under radical uncertainty: Epistemic rational heuristics. European Management Review, 20(4), 619-625.
37. Greenspan, A. (2008). Türbülans Çağı Yeni Dünya Serüveni. Boyner Yayınları.
38. Grønsund, T., & Aanestad, M. (2020). Augmenting the algorithm: Emerging human-in-the-loop work configurations. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 29(2), 101614.
39. Haesevoets, T., De Cremer, D., Dierckx, K., & Van Hiel, A. (2021). Human-machine collaboration in managerial decision making. Computers in Human Behavior, 119, 106730.
40. Hassani, H., Silva, E. S., Unger, S., TajMazinani, M., & Mac Feely, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence (AI) or intelligence augmentation (IA): what is the future? Ai, 1(2), 8.
41. Helfat, C. E., & Peteraf, M. A. (2009). Understanding dynamic capabilities: progress along a developmental path. Strategic organization, 7(1), 91-102.
42. Helfat, C. E., & Winter, S. G. (2011). Untangling dynamic and operational capabilities: Strategy for the (N) ever‐ changing world. Strategic management journal, 32(11), 1243-1250.
43. Hohenstein, J., Kizilcec, R. F., DiFranzo, D., Aghajari, Z., Mieczkowski, H., Levy, K., & Jung, M. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence in communication impacts language and social relationships. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 5487.
44. Huang, B., Huan, Y., Xu, L. D., Zheng, L., & Zou, Z. (2019). Automated trading systems statistical and machine learning methods and hardware implementation: a survey. Enterprise Information Systems, 13(1), 132-144.
45. Jones, B. D. (1999). Bounded rationality. Annual review of political science, 2(1), 297-321.
46. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Penguin Books.
47. Kalpande, S. D., Gupta, R. C., & Dandekar, M. D. (2010). A SWOT analysis of small and medium scale enterprises implementing total quality management. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 1(1), 59-64.
48. Kennedy, P. (2001). Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşü. Çev: Birtane Karanakçı, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları
49. Koçyiğit, A., & Darı, A. B. (2023). Yapay zekâ iletişiminde chatgpt: insanlaşan dijitalleşmenin geleceği. Stratejik Ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 427-438.
50. Kornberger, M., Leixnering, S., & Meyer, R. E. (2019). The logic of tact: How decisions happen in situations of crisis. Organization Studies, 40(2), 239-266.
51. Kotler, P. and Caslione J. A. (2011). Kaos Yönetimi (Çev. Kıvanç Dündar). Optimist.
52. Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications.
53. Lane, A. (2019). What is technology. Retrieved August 3, 2023, from https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-and- technology/technology/what-technology).
54. Leyer, M., & Schneider, S. (2021). Decision augmentation and automation with artificial intelligence: Threat or opportunity for managers?. Business Horizons, 64(5), 711-724.
55. Loewenstein, G., O'Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (2003). Projection bias in predicting future utility. the Quarterly Journal of economics, 1209-1248.
56. Maitlis, S., & Sonenshein, S. (2010). Sensemaking in crisis and change: Inspiration and insights from Weick (1988). Journal of management studies, 47(3), 551-580.
57. Marabelli, M., Vaast, E., & Li, J. L. (2021). Preventing the digital scars of COVID-19. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(2), 176-192.
58. Martins, L. L., Rindova, V. P., & Greenbaum, B. E. (2015). Unlocking the hidden value of concepts: A cognitive approach to business model innovation. Strategic entrepreneurship journal, 9(1), 99-117.
59. McKinsey (2017). What the future of work will mean for jobs, skills, and wages . https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/jobs-lost-jobs-gained-what-the-future-of- work-will-mean-for-jobs-skills-and-wages
60. McKinsey (2021). The Next Normal: Business Trends for 2021. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured- insights/leadership/the-next-normal-arrives-trends-that-will-define-2021-and-beyond.
61. Metaxiotis, K. S., & Samouilidis, J. E. (2000). Expert systems in medicine: academic illusion or real power?. Information management & computer security, 8(2), 75-79.
62. MIKA, 2023. https://mikaai.io/).
63. Miles M. B. and Huberman A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
64. Mintzberg, H. (1994). Rise and fall of strategic planning. Simon and Schuster.
65. Mirbabaie, M., Brünker, F., Möllmann, N. R., & Stieglitz, S. (2022). The rise of artificial intelligence–understanding the AI identity threat at the workplace. Electronic Markets, 1-27.
66. Mirbabaie, M., Stieglitz, S., Brünker, F., Hofeditz, L., Ross, B., & Frick, N. R. (2021). Understanding collaboration with virtual assistants–the role of social identity and the extended self. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 63, 21-37.
67. Muller, J. Z. (2018). The Tyranny of Metrics, Princeton University Press.
68. Nadkarni, S., & Narayanan, V. K. (2007). Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The moderating role of industry clockspeed. Strategic management journal, 28(3), 243-270.
69. Nıemı, E. (2017). The Impact of Technology on the Strategic Management of a Knowledge-Intensive Project Organization: Action Design Research of a Competence Management System. Aalto University.
70. Ōmae, K. and Ohmaei K. (1995). The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. Simon and Schuster.
71. Özer, M. A. (2015). İşletmelerde stratejinin önemi üzerine değerlendirmeler. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 7(14), 69-84.
72. Pal, K. (2023). AI in Leadership: Your Future Boss Could Be a Machine. https://www.techopedia.com/ai-in- leadership-your-future-boss-could-be-a-machine.
73. Perifanis, N. A., & Kitsios, F. (2023). Investigating the influence of artificial intelligence on business value in the digital era of strategy: A literature review. Information, 14(2), 85.
74. Porter, M. E. (1980). Industry structure and competitive strategy: Keys to profitability. Financial analysts journal, 36(4), 30-41.
75. Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business review, 86(1), 78.
76. Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1993). The core competence of the corporation. Organization of Transnational Corporations, 11, 359.
77. PWC, (2017). “Digital Factories 2020: Shaping Future of Manufacturing” https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/industrial-manufacturing/publications/digital-factories- 2020.html.
78. Rai, A., Constantinides, P., & Sarker, S. (2019). Next generation digital platforms: toward human-AI hybrids. Mis Quarterly, 43(1), iii-ix.
79. Rıfkın, J. (2015) Nesnelerin İnterneti ve İşbirliği Çağı. Optimist Yayınları.
80. Ristovska, K., & Ristovska, A. (2014). The impact of globalization on the business. Economic Analysis, 47(3-4), 83-89.
81. Rubinstein, A. (1998). Modeling bounded rationality. MIT press.
82. Samila, S. (2023). AI and The Future Of Jobs: A Management Challenge. https://www.forbes.com/sites/iese/2023/11/07/ai-and-the-future-of-jobs-a-management-challenge/
83. Sanchez, R. (1995). Strategic flexibility in product competition. Strategic management journal, 16(S1), 135- 159.
84. Schreyögg, G., & Sydow, J. (2010). Crossroads—organizing for fluidity? Dilemmas of new organizational forms. Organization science, 21(6), 1251-1262.
85. Simon, H. A. (1990). Bounded rationality. In Utility and probability (pp. 15-18). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
86. Simon, H. A. (1997). Models of bounded rationality: Empirically grounded economic reason. MIT press.
87. Spitz, R. (2020). The future of strategic decision-making. Journal of Futures Studies.
88. Teece, D. J. (2017). Dynamic capabilities and (digital) platform lifecycles. In Entrepreneurship, innovation, and platforms (Vol. 37, pp. 211-225). Emerald Publishing Limited.
89. Teece, D. J. (2018). Business models and dynamic capabilities. Long Range Planning, 51(1), 4049.
90. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic management journal, 18(7), 509-533.
91. Thaler, R. H. (2015). Misbehaving: The making of behavioral economics. WW Norton & Company.
92. Turan, S. (2020). Teknolojiyi Kullanarak Değer Yaratanlar ve Akıllı İşletme Yolculuğu Deneyimleri. Harvard Business Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5R_wck_HVY
93. Ulrich, D., & Wiersema, M. F. (1989). Gaining strategic and organizational capability in a turbulent business environment. Academy of Management Perspectives, 3(2), 115-122.
94. Vudugula, S., Chebrolu, S. K., Bhuiyan, M., & Rozony, F. Z. (2023). Integrating artificial intelligence in strategic business decision-making: A systematic review of predictive models. International Journal of Scientific Interdisciplinary Research, 4(1), 01-26.
95. Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage publications.
96. Weiser, A. K., & von Krogh, G. (2023). Artificial intelligence and radical uncertainty. European Management Review, 20(4), 711-717.
97. Weiser, A. K., Jarzabkowski, P., & Laamanen, T. (2020). Completing the adaptive turn: An integrative view of strategy implementation. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 969-1031.
98. Yıldırım, A., & Simsek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
99. Zhang, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Study on artificial intelligence: The state of the art and future prospects. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 23, 100224.
100. Zhou, K. Z., & Wu, F. (2010). Technological capability, strategic flexibility, and product innovation. Strategic management journal, 31(5), 547-561.