Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Kanada’da Okul Müdürlerinin Genel Profili ve Mesleki Gelişim Faaliyetlerine Katılım Düzeyleri / Demographic Characteristics of School Principals in the U.S.A. and Canada and Their Level of Participation in Professional Devel

Öz

Bu çalışmada amaç, köklü okul yöneticisi seçme ve yetiştirme geleneklerine sahip ABD ve Kanada’daki okul yöneticisi seçme ve yetiştirme modelleri ile bu ülkelerdeki mevcut müdürlerin genel profillerini incelemektir. Çalışmada alanyazın taraması ve nicel yöntemlerden betimleme yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ABD ve Kanada’daki mevcut yönetici seçme ölçütleri ve yetiştirme modelleri alanyazın taraması yoluyla ortaya konmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra, 2013 Uluslararası Öğretme ve Öğrenme Anketi (Teaching and Learning International Survey [TALIS]) verilerinden yararlanılarak her iki ülkede görev yapan okul müdürlerinin demografik özellikleri (cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu ve deneyim) ve aldıkları mesleki gelişim eğitimleri ve katıldıkları mentorluk, seminer, kurs ve gözlem ziyaretleri gibi profesyonel faaliyetler incelenmiştir. Bulgulara göre, yönetici seçme kriterleri; öğretmenlik tecrübesinin bulunması, eğitim yönetimi alanında yüksek lisans yapmış olmak, yöneticilik sertifikasına sahip olmak ve belirli programlara katılım olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Okul müdürlerinin yetiştirilmesinde ise stajyerlik ve mentorluk gibi uygulama odaklı çağdaş yöntemlerin kullanıldığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bu bulgulara paralel olarak, TALIS verileri ABD ve Kanada’daki müdürlerin çoğunluğunun önemli ölçüde öğretmenlik tecrübesine sahip olduğu, öğretimsel liderlik ve okul yönetimine ilişkin program veya kurslara, çeşitli network, mentorluk veya araştırma aktivitelerine ve konferans veya gözlem ziyareti amaçlı okul ziyareti aktivitelerine sıklıkla katıldıklarını göstermektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ABD, Kanada, mesleki gelişim, okul yönetimi, TALIS, yönetici yetiştirme

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, M. E. (1991). Principals: How to train, recruit, select, induct, and evaluate leaders for America’s Schools. University of Oregon, Eugene: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.
2. Aydın, M. (2000). Eğitim Yönetimi. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Yayınevi.
3. Barnett, D. (2004). School leadership preparation programs: Are they preparing tomorrow's leaders?. Education, 125(1), 121-129.
4. Björk, L. & Ginsberg, R. (1995). Principles of reform and reforming principal training: A theoretical perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 31(1), 1 1-37.
5. Blouin, P. (2008). A profile of elementary and secondary school principals in Canada: First results from the 2004-2005 Survey of Principals. Centre for Education Statistics. Retrievedfrom http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2006002/9249-eng.htm
6. Bridges, E. M. (1992). Problem based learning for administrators. Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management, University of Oregon.
7. Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2011). Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition. http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos007.htm internet adresinden 05.03.2014 tarihinde alınmıştır.
8. Bureau of Labor Statistics, (2014). Elementary, Middle, and High School Principals. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/elementary-middle-and-high-school principals.htm adresinden 12.05.2015 tarihinde alınmıştır.

9. Bush, T. ve Jackson, D. (2002). A preparationforschoolleadership International persectives. Educational Management & Administration, 30(4), 417- 429.
10. Caldwell, B. (2002). A blueprint for successful leadership in an era of globalization in learning. In P. Hallinger (Ed.), Reshaping the landscape of school leadership development: A global perspective. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
11. Caldwell, B. (1998). Strategic leadership, resource management and effective school reform. Journal of Educational Administration, 36(5), 445-461.
12. Capasso, R. L., Daresh, J. C. (2001). Theschooladministratorinternshiphandbook: leading, mentoring, andparticipating in theinternship program. CorwinPress.
13. Crisci, P.E. (1986). An achievement formula that applies th ecorrelates of effective schools and the recommendations of the "Excellence" reports to predict, monitor, and promote student achievement. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 270 455).
14. Daresh, J. C., Playko, M. A. (1997). Beginning the principalship: A practical guide for new school leaders. ThousandOaks, CA: CorwinPress.
15. Fink, E. ve Resnick, L. (2001). Developing principals as instructional leaders. Phi Delta Kappan, 82, 598- 606.
16. Fredua-Kwarteng, E. (2013). Exploring school principal preparation and development in Northen Canada: The Case of Nunavut's Educational Leadership Program (ELP). Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Toronto Üniversitesi Ontario Eğitim Çalışmaları Enstitüsü, Toronto, Kanada.
17. Fullan, M. (1991). The new meaning of educational change. Teachers College Press, New York.
18. Gordon, S. P. (2004). Professional development for school improvement: Empowering learning communities. Allyn& Bacon.
19. Green, R. L. (2010). The four dimensions of principal leadership: Leading for 21st century schools . Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
20. Griffiths, D. E. (1988). Educational administration: Reform PDQ or RIP (Occasional Paper No. 8312). Tempe, AZ: University Council for Educational Administration.
21. Gumus, E. (2015). Investigation Regarding the Pre-Service Trainings of Primary and Middle School Principals in the United States: The Case of the State of Michigan. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15(1), 61-72.
22. Hall, V., ve Southworth, G. (1997). Headship. School Leadership & Management, 17(2),151- 170.
23. Hallinger, P., Heck, R.H. (1996). Reassessing the principal’s role in school effectiveness: a review of empirical research, 1980-1995. Educational Administration Quarterly, 32, 5-44.
24. Hallinger, P. & Murphy, J. (1991). Developing leaders for future schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 72(7), 514-520.
25. Hallinger, P. (2003). Reshaping the landscape of school leadership development: A global perspective. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
26. Harris, S. L. (2006). Best practices of award-winning public school principals: Implications for university preparation programs. AASA Journal of Scholarship and Practice, 3 (2), 30-41.
27. Hess, F.M., ve Kelly, A.P. (2007). Learning to lead: what gets taught in principal preparation programs. Teachers College Record, 109(1), 244-274.
28. Hoyle, J. R., English, F. W., ve Steffy, B. E. (1998). Skills for successful 21st century school leaders: Standards for peak performers. Arlington, VA: AmericanAssociation of School Administrators.
29. Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium. (1996). Standards for school leaders. Washington DC: Council of Chief State School Officers. www.ccsso.org internet adresinden 2.10.2015 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
30. Jackson, B. L. ve Kelley, C. (2002). Exceptional and innovative programs in educational leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly, 38, 192- 212.
31. Kelley, C., Peterson, K. (2000, November). The work of principals and their preparation: Addressing critical needs for the 21st century. Paper presented at theannual meeting of the University Council for Educational Administration, Albuquerque, NM.
32. Leithwood, K. ve Jantzi, D. (2008). Linking leadership to student learning: the contributions of leader efficacy. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44, 496-528.
33. LeTendre, B., ve Roberts, B. (10- 13 Kasım 2005). School principal certification requirements. University Council for Educational Administration, Convention, Nashville, Tennessee.
34. Marzano, R. J., Waters, T., & McNulty, B. A. (2005). School leadership that works: From research to results. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
35. Matthews, L. J., Crow, G. M. (2003). Being and becoming a principal: Role conceptions for contemporary principals and assistant principals. Boston: Allyn& Bacon.
36. Militello, J.A., Stark, B., Tirozzi, G.N., Hersey, L.G., Flanary, R.A., ve Fede, H. (2007).Changing Role of the Middle Level and High School Leader: Learning from the Past Preparing for the Future. Reston, Virginia: National Association of Seondary School Principals.
37. Murphy, J. (1990). The reform of school administration: Pressures and calls for change. In J. Murphy (Ed.), The reform of American public education in the 1980's: Themes and cases. Berkeley: McCutchan.
38. ...................(1992). The landscape of leadership preparation: Reframing the education of school administrators. Newbury Park, CA: CorwinPress.
39. ......................(1997). Putting New School Leaders to the Test. Education Week (19 November.).
40. Murphy, J. ve Forsyth, P. B. (1999). Educational administration: A decade of reform. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
41. Normore, A.H. (2004). Recruitment and selection: Meeting the leadership shortage in one large Canadian school district. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 30, 1- 15.
42. OECD. (2010). Improving Schools: Strategiesfor Action in Mexico. OECD Publishing
43. OECD (2014), TALIS 2013 Results: An International Perspective on Teachingand Learning, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264196261-en.
44. Orr, M. T. (2006). Mapping innovation in leadership preparation in our nation’s schools of education. Phi Delta Kappan, 87, 492- 499.
45. Orr, M. T., Pounder, D. G. (2011). Teaching and preparing school leaders. In Sharon Conley and B. Cooper (Eds.). Finding, preparing, and supporting school leaders: Critical issues, useful Solutions. Lanham: Rowman &Littlefield Education.
46. Sergiovanni, T. J. (2001). The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
47. Shipman, N.J., Topps, B.W., Murphy, J. (1998). Linking the ISLLC Standards to Professional Development and Relicensure. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (San Diego, CA, April13-17, 1998).
48. Şişman, M. & Turan, S. (2004). Dünyada eğitim ve yöneticilerinin yetiştirilmesine ilişkin başlıca yönelimler ve Türkiye için çıkarılabilecek bazı sonuçlar. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 13- 26.
49. Taipale, A. (2012). International Survey on Educational Leadership. A Survey on School Leader's Work and Continuing Education. Finnish National Board of Education.
50. The Alberta Teachers ’Association (2014). THE future of the principalship in Canada: a national research study. Retrieved from http://www.teachers.ab.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/ATA/Publications/Research/The%20Future%20of%20the%20Principalship%20in%20Canada.pdf
51. Thomson, S.D. (1993). (Ed.). Principals for our changing schools: The knowledge and skill base. Fairfax, VA: National Policy Board for Educational Administration.
52. Turnbull, B.J.,Riley, D. L., Arcaira, E. R., Anderson, L. M. ve MacFarlane, J. R. (2013). Building a Stronger Principalship: Volume 1, Six Districts Begin the Principal Pipeline Initiative. Washington, DC: Policy Studies Associates, Inc.
53. US Department of Education. (2013). Characteristics of public and private elementary and secondary school principals in the United States: Results from the 2011–12 schools and staffing survey. National Center for Educational Statistics.
54. Usdan, M. D. (2002). Reactions to articles commissioned by the National Commission for the Advancement of Education Leadership Preparation. EducationalAdministration Quarterly, 38(2), 300-307.
55. Wallace Foundation. (2011). The school principal as leaden Guiding schools to better teaching and learning. http://www.wallacefoundation.org/knOwledge-center/school leadership/effective-principal-leadership/Documents/The-School-Principal-as-Leader Guiding-Schools-to-Better-Teaching-and -Learning.pdf adresinden 23.04.2015 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
56. Walker, A., Bryant, D., Lee, M. (2013). International patterns in principalpreparation: Commonalitiesandvariations in pre-service programmes. Educational Management Administration &Leadership, 41(4), 405- 434.
57. World Bank (2014). Primary education, teachers (% female). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.TCHR.FE.ZS