RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL AND JOB CRAFTING: THE MODERATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED OVERQUALIFICATION

Öz

Ensuring the compliance of the employees with their jobs has recently become one of the most significant issues in organizational research. The selection of suitable personnel for the characteristics of the job and the organization has taken considerable attention and yet it is still unlikely for most of the employees to be placed in the right job which properly suits their personal goals, skills, and values. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between psychological capital (PysCap) and job crafting, which promotes loyalty, satisfaction and performance. Grounded on broaden and build theory, the moderation role of perceived overqualification (POQ) in this relationship is also tested in this study. Data were obtained from 315 flight attendants from three different airline companies and analyzed by using hierarchical regression. The results assert that POQ moderates the relationship between job crafting and PsyCap. In the context of all findings, all hypotheses were supported.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• job crafting
• perceived overqualification
• positive psychological capital

Kaynakça

1. Aiken, L.S., West, S.G., & Reno, R.R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Amabile, T.M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, M. (1996). Assessing the work environ¬ment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal 39(5), 1154-1184.
3. Avey, J.B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S.M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management 48(5), 677-693.
4. Avey, J.B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C.M. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management 36(2), 430-452.
5. Avey, J.B., Patera, J.L., & West, B.J. (2006). The implications of positive psychological capital on employee absenteeism. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 13(2), 42-60.
6. Avey, J.B., Reichard, R.J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K.H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly 22(2), 127-152.
7. Bakker, A.B., Tims, M., & Derks, D. (2012). Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human Relations, 65(10), 1359-1378.
8. Baron, R., Franklin, R., & Hmieleski, K. (2016). Why entrepreneurs often experience low, not high, levels of stress: The joint effects of selection and psychological capital. Journal of Management 42, 742–768.

9. Bashshur, M.R., Hernández, A., & Peiró, J.M. (2011). The impact of underemployment on individual and organizational performance. In D.C. Maynard, & D.C. Feldman (Eds.), Underemployment: Psychological, economic, and social challenges (pp. 187-213), Research Collection Lee Kong Chian School of Business, Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9413-4_10
10. Berg, J.M., Dutton, J.E., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2013). Job crafting and meaningful work. In B.J. Dik, Z.S. Byrne, & M.F.
11. Steger (Eds.), Purpose and meaning in the workplace (pp. 81-104), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
12. Bipp, T., & Demerouti, E. (2015). Which employees craft their jobs and how? basic dimensions of personality and employees’ job crafting behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 88, 631–655.
13. Brislin, R.W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R.M. (1973). Cross-cultural research methods. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
14. Campell, L.K. (2000). A comparison of job satisfaction between internal and external locus of control nurses. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University – Commerce, Texas, USA.
15. Carless, S. (2005). Person-job fit versus person-organization fit as predictors of organizational attraction and job acceptance intentions: a longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 78, 411-429.
16. Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (2002). Optimism. In C.R. Snyder, & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 231–243), Oxford University Press.
17. Cascio, W., & Luthans, F. (2013). Reflections on the metamorphosis at Robben Island: the role of institutional work and positive psychological capital. Journal of Management Inquiry 23(1), 51–67.
18. Cenciotti, R., Alessandri, G., & Borgogni, L. (2016). Psychological capital and career success over time: The mediating role of job crafting. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 24(3), 372-384.
19. Çetin, F., & Basım, N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi 45(1), 121-137.
20. Clapp-Smith R., Vogelgesang G.R., & Avey, J.B. (2009). Authentic leadership and positive psychological capital: the mediating role of trust at the group level of analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 15(3), 227-240.
21. Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T.N. (2009). Percieved overqualification and its outcomes: the moderating role of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology 94, 557–565.
22. Erdogan, B., Bauer, T.N., Peiró, J., & Truxillo, D.M. (2011). Overqualified employees: Making the best of a potentially bad situation for individuals and organizations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 4(2), 215-232.
23. Erdogan, B., Tomás, I., Valls, V., & Gracia, F.J. (2018). Perceived overqualification, relative deprivation, and person-centric outcomes: The moderating role of career centrality. Journal of Vocational Behavior 107(4), 233-245.
24. Federal Reserve Bank of New York (July 5, 2017). The labor market for recent college graduates. Retrieved on July 7, 2020. Retreived from: https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/college-labor-market/college-labor market_underemployment_rates.html.
25. Feldman, D.C. (1996). The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. Journal of Management 22(3), 385-407.
26. Fine, S. (2007). Overqualification and selection in leadership training. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 14, 61-68.
27. Fine, S., & Nevo, B. (2008). Too smart for their own good? A study of perceived cognitive overqualification in the workforce. International Journal of Human Resource Management 19, 346–355.
28. Hakanen, J.J., Peeters, M.C., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2017). Different types of employee well-being across time and their relationships with job crafting. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 23(2), 289-301.
29. Harari, M.B., Manapragada, A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2017). Who thinks they’re a big fish ın a small pond and why does it matter? A meta-analysis of perceived overqualification. Journal of Vocational Behaviour 102(4), 28-47.
30. Hayek, M. (2012). Control beliefs and positive psychological capital: Can nascent entrepreneurs discriminate between what can and cannot be controlled?. Journal of Management Research 12(1), 3-13.
31. Higgins, C.A., & Judge, T.A. (2004). The effect of applicant influence tactics on recruiter perceptions of fit and hiring recommendations: a field study. Journal of Applied Psychology 89(4), 622-632
32. Hsu, M.L., Hou, S.T., & Fan, H.L. (2011). Creative self‐ef¬ficacy and innovative behavior in a service setting: Optimism as a moderator. The Journal of Creative Behavior 45(4), 258-272.
33. Hur, W.M., Moon, T.M., & Choi, W.H. (2019). The role of job crafting and perceived organizational support in the link between employees’ CSR perceptions and job performance: A moderated mediation model. Current Psychology. doi: 10.1007/s12144-019-00242-9
34. Johnson, G.J., & Johnson, W.R. (2002). Perceived overqualification, positive and negative affectivity and satisfaction with work. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 15, 167-184.
35. Johnson, W.R., Morrow, P.C., & Johnson, G.J. (2002). An evaluation of the perceived overqualification scale across work settings. Journal of Psychology 136, 425–441.
36. Kappagoda, S., Othman, H., & de Alwis, G. (2014). The impact of psychological capital on job performance: Development of a conceptual framework. European Journal of Business and Management 6(14), 143-154.
37. Karatepe, O.M., & Karadas, G. (2015). Do psychological capital and work engagement foster frontline employees’ satisfaction?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 27(6), 1254-1278.
38. Karatepe, O.M., & Talebzadeh, N. (2016). An empirical investigation of psychological capital among flight attendants. Journal of Air Transport Management 55(6), 193-202.
39. Kor, Y.Y., & Mahoney, J.T. (2000). Penrose’s resource-based approach: The process and product of research creativity. Journal of Management Studies 37(1), 109-139.
40. Kulkarni, M., Lengnick-Hall, M.L., & Martinez, P.G. (2015). Overqualification, mismatched qualification, and hiring decisions: perceptions of employers. Personnel Review 44(4), 529-549.
41. Kwang, N.A., & Rodrigues, D. (2002). A big‐five personality profile of the adaptor and innovator. The Journal of Creative Behavior 36(4), 254-268.
42. Laurence, G.A. (2010). Workaholism and expansion and contraction oriented job crafting: The moderating effects of ındividual and contextual factors. Doctoral Dissertation, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, NY.
43. Law, K.S. Wong, C.S., & Mobley, W.H. (1998). Toward a taxonomy of multidimensional constructs. Academy of Management Review 23(4), 741-755.
44. Leana, C., Appelbaum, E., & Shevchuk, I. (2009). Work process and quality of care in early childhood education: the role of job crafting. Academy of Management Journal 52(6), 1169-1192.
45. Lin, B., Law, K., & Zhou, J. 2017. Why is underemployment related to creativity and OCB? A task crafting explanation of the curvilinear moderated relations. Academy of Management Journal 60, 156-177.
46. Liu, S., & Wang, M. (2012). Perceived overqualification: A review and recommendations for research and practice. Research in Occupational Stress and Well-Being 10, 1-42.
47. Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B.J., & Peterson, S.J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly 21(1), 41-67.
48. Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B.J., Norman, S.M., & Combs, G.M. (2006). Psychological capital development: toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior 27(3), 387-393.
49. Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J.B., & Norman, S.M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology 60(3), 541-572.
50. Luthans, F., Luthans, K.W., & Luthans, B.C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and so¬cial capital. Business Horizons 47(1), 45-50.
51. Maltarich, M.A., Reilly, G., & Nyberg, A.J. (2011). Objective and subjective overqualification: Distinctions, relationships, and a place for each ın the literature. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 4, 236–239.
52. Masten, A.S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist 56, 227-238.
53. Maynard, D.C., Brondolo, E.M., Connelly, C.E., & Sauer, C.E. (2015). I’m too good for this job: Narcissism’s role ın the experience of overqualification. Applied Psychology, an International Review 64(1), 208-232.
54. Maynard, D.C., Joseph, T.A., & Maynard, A.M. (2006). Underemployment, job attitudes, and turnover intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior 27, 509–536.
55. Paek, S., Schuckert, M., Kim, T.T., & Lee, G. (2015). Why is hospitality employees’ psychological capital important? The effects of psychological capital on work engagement and employee morale. International Journal of Hospitality Management 50(7), 9-26.
56. Parker, S. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology 83(6), 835-852.
57. Peiro, J.M., Agust, S., & Grau, R. (2010). Relationship between perceived overeducation and job satisfaction among Spanish young workers: The moderating role of salary, contract of employment, and work experience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40, 666–689.
58. Petrou, P.; Demerouti, E., Peeters, M.C. W., Schaufeli, W.B., & Hetland, J. (2012). Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior 33(8), 1120-1141.
59. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology 88(5), 879-903.
60. Rostiana, D., & Lihardja, N. (2013). The influence of psychological capital to work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. International Conference on Entrepreneurship and Business Management, Sanur, Bali, November 21 – 22.
61. Rudolph, C.W., Katz, I.M., Lavigne, K.N., & Zacher, H. (2016). Job crafting: A meta-analysis of relationships with individual differences, job characteristics, and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior 102, 112-138.
62. Scheier, M., & Carver, C. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology 4(3), 219-247.
63. Seligman, M. (1998). What is the good life?. APA Monitor 29(10), 1-22.
64. Sesen, H., & Ertan, S.S. (2020). Perceived overqualification and job crafting: The moderating role of positive psychological capital. Personnel Review 49(3), 808-824.
65. Shin, I., Hur, W. M., & Kang, S. (2018). How and when are job crafters engaged at work?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, 2138.
66. Slemp, G.R., & Vella-Brodrick, D.A. (2013). The job crafting questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. International Journal of Wellbeing 3(2), 126-146.
67. Snyder, C.R., Sympson, S.C., Ybasco, F.C., Borders, T.F., Babyak, M.A., & Higgins, R.L. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(2), 321-335.
68. Stajkovic, A.D. (2003). Introducing positive psycho¬logy to work motivation: Development of a core confidence model. In Academy of Management national meeting, Organizational Behavior Division, Seattle, Washington.
69. Stajkovic, A.D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-Efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 124(2), 220-240.
70. Strümpfer, D.J.W., & Kellerman, A.M. (2005). Quiet heroism: Resilience and thriving. Johannesburg, South Africa: A. M. Kellerman & Associates.
71. Tam, H. (2010). Characteristics of the underemployed and the overemployed in the UK. Economic and Labour Market Review 4, 8–20.
72. Tims, M., & Bakker, A.B. (2010). Job crafting: Towards a new model of Individual job redesign. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 36(2), 1-9.
73. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B., & Derks, D. (2012). Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior 80(1), 173-186.
74. Van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., & Peeters, M.C.W. (2015). The job crafting intervention: Effects on job resources, self-efficacy, and affective well-being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 88(2), 1-22.
75. Vedder, R., Denhart, C., & Robe, J. (2013). Why are recent college graduates underemployed? University enrollment and labor market realities. Retrieved on July 7, 2020. Retrieved from http:// centerforcollegeaffordability.org/uploads/Underemployed%20Report%202.pdf.
76. Vogt, K., Hakanen, J.J., Brauchli, R., Jenny, G.J., & Bauer, G.F. (2015). The consequences of job crafting: A three – wave study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 25(3), 1-10.
77. Wagnild, G., & Young, H. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resiliency scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement 1(2),165-178.
78. Walters, J. (2010). Positive management: Increasing employee productivity. New York, NY: Business Expert Press.
79. Wang, S., Tomlinson, E.C., & Noe, R.A. (2010).The role of mentor trust and protégé internal locus of control in formal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology 95, 358-367.
80. Weller, I., Hymer, C.B., Nyberg, A.J., & Ebert, J. (2019). How matching creates value: Cogs and wheels for human capital resources research. Academy of Management Annals 13(1), 188-214.
81. Whetten, D.A., Felin, T., & King, B.G. (2009). The practice of theory borrowing in organizational studies: Current issues and future directions. Journal of Management 35, 537-563.
82. Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J.E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review 26, 179–201.
83. Wu, C.H., Luksyte, A., & Parker, S.K. (2015). Overqualification and subjective well-being at work: The moderating role of job autonomy and culture. Social Indicators Research 121(3), 917-937.
84. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2009). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 82, 183–200.