KORUMA AMAÇLI TOPRAK EDİNİMLERİ TOPRAK GASPININ BİR PARÇASI VE TAMAMLAYICISI OLARAK DEĞERLENDİRİLEBİLİR Mİ?

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 532 - 548, 30.12.2020

Sabriye Ak Kuran

https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.748167

Öz

ÖZ
İnsanlık tarihi boyunca gıda insanların temel ihtiyaçlarından birisi olmuş ve küresel nüfustaki artışa bağlı olarak gıda ürünlerine olan talep de sürekli artmıştır. Sınırlı bir kaynağa sahip olan gezegenimizde bu talebin karşılanabilmesi, toprağın metalaştırılması yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatürde bu olguya toprak gaspı denilmektedir.
Buradan hareketle çalışmada, ilk olarak toprak gaspı kavramı, kapsamı, toprak gaspında arazi kullanım biçimleri ve gaspın etkileri analiz edilmektedir. İkinci olarak, koruma amaçlı toprak ediniminin (yeşil gasp) toprak gaspı kapsamında değerlendirilip değerlendirilemeyeceği tartışılmaktadır. Arjantin, Meksika, Kolombiya, Mozambik ve Uganda’daki yeşil gasp örnekleri koruma amaçlı toprak ediniminin toprak gaspının tamamlayıcısı ve destekleyicisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca söz konusu saha araştırmaları toprağı metalaştırma yoluyla korumanın mümkün olamayacağına ilişkin işaretlerle doludur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Toprak Gaspı, Yeşil Gasp, Metalaştırma, Koruma, Gıda Egemenliği.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toprak Gaspı, Yeşil Gasp, Metalaştırma, Koruma, Gıda Egemenliği

Kaynakça

• Baker-Smith, K. ve Miklos Attila, S. B. (2016). What is Land Grabbing? A Critical Review of Existing Definitions, Romania: Ecoruralis.
• Balehegn, M. (2015). Unintended Consequences: The Ecological Repercussions of Land Grabbing in Sub-Saharan Africa, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 57(2), 4-21.
• Blomley, T., Flintan, F., Nelson, F. ve Roe, D. (2013). Conservation and Land Grabbing: Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution? London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
• Borras Jr, Saturnino M., Kay, C., Gómez, S. ve Wilkinson, J. (2012). Land Grabbing and Global Capitalist Accumulation: Key Features in Latin America, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 33(4), 402-416.
• Broughton, A. (2013). Land Grabbing: A New Colonialism, Green Social Thought 61: A Magazine of Synthesis and Regeneration, 25-29.
• Busscher, N., Parra, C. ve Vanclay, F. (2018). Land Grabbing within a Protected Area: The Experience of Local Communities with Conservation and Forestry Activities in Los Esteros del Iberá, Argentina, Land Use Policy, 78, 572-582.
• Büscher, B. ve Dressler, W. (2012). Commodity Conservation: The Restructuring of Community Conservation in South Africa and the Philippines, Geoforum, 43(3), 367-376.
• Colchester, M., Jiwan, N., Sirait, M., Firdaus, A. Y., Surambo, A. ve Pane, H. (2006). Promised Land: Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia- Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples, Indonesia: Forest People Programme, Perkumpulan Sawit Watch, HuMa ve World Agroforestry Centre.
• Deininger, K., Byerlee, D., Lindsay, J., Norton, A. Selod, H. ve Stickler, M. (2011). Rising Global Interest in Farmland: Can It Yield Sustainable and Equitable Benefits?, Washington, D.C. :The World Bank.
• Diallo, A. ve Mushinzimana, G. (2009). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Land in Mali, Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).
• Emenyonu, C., Nwosu, A., Eririogu, H. I. ve Osuji, M. (2017). Analysis of Land Grabbing and Implications for Sustainable Livelihood: A Case Study of Local Government Areas in Nigeria, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(8), 149- 157.
• Fairhead, J., Melissa, L. ve Scoones, L. (2012). Green Grabbing: A New Appropriation of Nature?, Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2: 237-261.
• Fisseha, M. (2011). A Case Study of the Bechera Agricultural Development Project, Ethiopia: CIRAD ve International Land Coalition.
• Franco, J. C., Borras, S., Fradejas, .A. ve Buxton, N. (2013). The Global Land Grab: A Primer, Revize Edilmiş Baskı, Transnational Institute.
• Gómez, S. (2014). The Land Market in Latin America and the Caribbean: Concentration and Foreignization, Santiago: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
• Hall, R., Edelman, M., Borras Jr, Saturnino M., Scoones, I., White, B. Ve Wolford., W. (2015). Resistance, Acquiescence or Incorporation? An Introduction to Land Grabbing and Political Reactions ‘From Below, Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(3-4), 467-488.
• Heinrich Böll Stiftung. (2015). Toprak Atlası: Toprak, Araziler ve Tarlalar Hakkındaki Olgular ve Rakamsal Veriler 2015, Almanya: Heinrich Böll Stiftung.
• International Land Coalition. (2011). Tirana Declaration, https://www.landcoalition.org/en/aboutilc/governance/assemblydeclarations/2011-tirana/, adresinden 3 Nisan 2020 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
• Land Matrix. (2019b). https://landmatrix.org/charts/web-of-transnational-deals/, adresinden 21 Kasım 2019 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
• Land Matrix. (2019a). https://landmatrix.org/charts/intention/, adresinden 22 Kasım 2019 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
• Lindsey, P. A (2008). Trophy Hunting in Sub Saharan Africa: Economic Scale and Conservation Significance, Rolf D. Baldus, Gerhard R. Damm ve Kai-Uwe Wollscheid (Ed.), Best Practices in Sustainable Hunting: A Guide to Best Practices from Around the World (s. 41-47), Hungary: International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC).
• Lunstrum, E. (2016). Green Grabs, Land Grabs and the Spatiality of Displacement: Eviction from Mozambique’s Limpopo National Park, Royal Geographical Society, 48(2), 142-152.
• Maughan, M. J. (2011). Land Grab and Oil Palm in Colombia, International Conference on Global Land Grabbing (s. 1-32). United Kingdom: University of Sussex.
• Murmis, M. ve Murmis, M. R. (2012). Land Concentration and Foreign Land Ownership in Argentina in the Context of Global Land Grabbing, Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 33(4), 490-508.
• Neef, A. (2016). Land Rights Matter! Anchors to Reduce Land Grabbing, Dispossession and Displacement: A Comparative Study of Land Rights Systems in Southeast Asia and the Potential of National and International Legal Frameworks and Guidelines, Berlin: Brot für die Welt.
• Nolte, K., Chamberlain, W. ve Giger, M. (2016). International Land Deals for Agriculture, Fresh Insights from the Land Matrix: Analytical Report II, CDE, CIRAD, GIDA, University of Pretoria, Bern Open Publishing.
• Ojeda, D. (2011). Whose Paradise? Conservation, Tourism and Land Grabbing in Tayrona Natural Park, Colombia, International Conference on Global Land Grabbing (s. 1-32). United Kingdom: University of Sussex.
• Onorati, A. ve Pierfederici, C. (2013). Land Concentration and Green Grab in Italy: The Case of Furtovoltaico in Sardinia, Jennifer Franco and Saturnino M. Borras Jr. (Ed.), Land Concentration, Land Grabbing and People’s Struggles in Europe (s. 70-90), Transnational Institute for European Coordination Via Campesina and Hands off the Land Network.
• Oxfam. (2011). Land and Power: The Growing Scandal Surrounding the New Wave of Investments in Land, Oxfam Briefing Paper.
• Özkaya, O. (2018). Türkiye’de Toprağını Sat, Sudan’da Toprak Kirala, https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/turkiye-de-topragini-sat-sudan-da-toprak-kirala-ozgurluk-meydani-mayis-2018 adresinden 13 Nisan 2020 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
• Rocheleau, D. E. (2016). Networked, Rooted and Territorial: Green Grabbing and Resistance in Chiapas, Journal of Pesant Studies, 42 (3-4), 695-723.
• Serwajja, E. (2015). The Twists and Turns of the Green Land Grab in Apaa Village of Amuru District, Northern Uganda, by Lake Albert Safaris Ltd., Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty (s. 1-31). Washington DC.
• Su Hakkı Kampanyası. (2016). Son Yılların Küresel Trendi: Toprak Gaspı, https://www.suhakki.org/2016/08/son-yillarin-kuresel-trendi-toprak-gaspi/, adresinden 22 Kasım 2019 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
• Vidal, J. (2008). The Great Green Land Grab, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/13/conservation, adresinden 21 Ocak 2020 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
• Von Braun, J. ve Meinzen-Dick, R. (2009). “Land Grabbing” by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities, Research Report of the International Food Policy Research Institute.
• Zoomers, A. (2010). Globalisation and the Foreignisation of Space: Seven Processes Driving the Current Global Land Grab, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 37(2), 429-447.