Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis

Kubra Göger Bakircioğlu; Nursaç Değerli Parlak; Fındık Özlem Alper; Okyay Uçan

doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268

TR EN

Avrupa Birliği'nde Çevre Vergileri, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi: Panel Veri ve Nedensellik Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, çevre vergilerinin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisini panel veri analizi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri için 1995 ile 2021 dönem aralığı temel alınmıştır. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak ekolojik ayak izi kullanılmıştır. Bağımsız değişken olarak çevre vergisi ve kontrol değişkenler olarak da ekonomik büyüme, nüfus ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi değişkenleri ele alınmıştır. Çevre vergisinin, salt ekolojik ayak izine etkisini görmek için ve beraberinde ekonomik büyüme ile nüfus serilerinin modele sırasıyla dahil edilmesiyle temel araştırma konusu dört model yardımıyla hiyerarşik bir şekilde ekonometrik açıdan detaylandırılmak istenmiştir. Panel veri modelinde otokorelasyon ve değişen varyans sorunlarına rastlanıldığı için bu sorunları dikkate alan ve ortadan kaldırılmasına olanak sağlayarak daha sağlıklı sonuçları raporlayan Panel Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS-1986)’de sabit etkiler tahmincisi uygulanmıştır. FGLS tahmincisi sonuçlarına göre her dört modelde de çevre vergisinin ekolojik ayak izini azalttığı bulunmuştur. Güncel nedensellik testleri arasında yer alan Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) nedensellik testi sonucuna göre hem panelin geneli için hem de kesit sonuçları için (Danimarka, Hırvatistan, İtalya, Letonya, Malta, Slovakya ve Yunanistan) çevre vergisi, ekolojik ayak izinin nedeni çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekolojik Ayak İzi, Çevre Vergisi, FGLS Tahmincisi.

Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis

Öz

This study analyzes the impact of environmental taxes on environmental pollution using panel data analysis. The period between 1995 and 2021 is the basis for the European Union countries. Ecological footprint is used as the dependent variable in the study. Environmental tax is the independent variable, and economic growth, population and renewable energy consumption variables are used as control variables. In order to see the effect of the environmental tax on the ecological footprint alone, the main research topic is elaborated econometrically in a hierarchical manner with the help of four models, including the economic growth, population and renewable energy consumption series in the model. Since autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity problems are encountered in the panel data model, the Panel Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS-1986)Fixed Effects estimator, which considers these problems and reports healthier results by allowing them to be eliminated, was applied. According to the FGLS estimator results, environmental tax is found to reduce the ecological footprint in all four models. According to the results of Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) causality test, which is among the recent causality tests, both for the overall panel and for the cross-sectional results (Denmark, Croatia, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Slovakia and Greece), environmental tax is the cause of ecological footprint.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecological Footprint, Environmental Tax, FGLS Estimator.

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ekolojik İktisat, Yöneylem

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Kubra Göger Bakircioğlu ^*
0000-0002-5096-9106
Türkiye

Nursaç Değerli Parlak
0000-0002-2605-2090
Türkiye

Fındık Özlem Alper
0000-0002-7829-8551
Türkiye

Okyay Uçan
0000-0001-5221-4682
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

17 Mart 2025

Kabul Tarihi

25 Şubat 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: 19

DOI

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA34LK75SM

APA

Göger Bakircioğlu, K., Değerli Parlak, N., Alper, F. Ö., & Uçan, O. (2026). Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268

AMA

1.Göger Bakircioğlu K, Değerli Parlak N, Alper FÖ, Uçan O. Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis. ÖHÜİİBFD. 2026;(19):1-28. doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268

Chicago

Göger Bakircioğlu, Kubra, Nursaç Değerli Parlak, Fındık Özlem Alper, ve Okyay Uçan. 2026. “Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis”. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, sy 19: 1-28. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268.

EndNote

Göger Bakircioğlu K, Değerli Parlak N, Alper FÖ, Uçan O (01 Mart 2026) Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 19 1–28.

IEEE

[1]K. Göger Bakircioğlu, N. Değerli Parlak, F. Ö. Alper, ve O. Uçan, “Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis”, ÖHÜİİBFD, sy 19, ss. 1–28, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268.

ISNAD

Göger Bakircioğlu, Kubra - Değerli Parlak, Nursaç - Alper, Fındık Özlem - Uçan, Okyay. “Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis”. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 19 (01 Mart 2026): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268.

JAMA

1.Göger Bakircioğlu K, Değerli Parlak N, Alper FÖ, Uçan O. Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis. ÖHÜİİBFD. 2026;:1–28.

MLA

Göger Bakircioğlu, Kubra, vd. “Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis”. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, sy 19, Mart 2026, ss. 1-28, doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268.

Vancouver

1.Kubra Göger Bakircioğlu, Nursaç Değerli Parlak, Fındık Özlem Alper, Okyay Uçan. Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis. ÖHÜİİBFD. 01 Mart 2026;(19):1-28. doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.1658268

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Avrupa Birliği'nde Çevre Vergileri, Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekolojik Ayak İzi: Panel Veri ve Nedensellik Analizi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental Taxes, Renewable Energy and Ecological Footprint in the European Union: Panel Data and Causality Analysis

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster