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Karai Âlim Ya‘kûb el-Kirkisânî’nin Tevrat Çevirileri Üzerine Değerlendirmeleri

Yıl 2022, , 75 - 111, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1103865

Öz

Orta çağın önde gelen Yahudi mezhepleri olan Rabbaniler ve Karailer çeşitli dinî meseleler hakkında birbirlerine eleştiriler yöneltmişlerdir. Karailerin en temel itirazı, Rabbani Yahudilerin Sözlü Tora olarak gördükleri Mişna ve Talmud’un vahiy mahsulü olmasına yöneliktir. Bu hareketin önemli temsilcilerinden biri, 10. asırda Bağdat’ta yaşayan Ya‘kup el-Kirkisânî’dir. Onun kaleme aldığı Kitâbu’l-Envâr ve’l-Merâkıb, Karailikle ilgili günümüze ulaşan en hacimli eserdir. El-Kirkisânî, bu eserde kronolojik olarak Yahudi gruplar hakkında değerli bilgiler vermekte ve onları farklı açılardan eleştiriye tabi tutmaktadır. Eserin en temel gündemlerinden biri, Karailerin muarızları olan Rabbanilerin inanç ve uygulamalarındaki dine aykırı hususları ortaya koymaktır. El-Kirkisânî’nin eleştiri konularından biri de Rabbani kaynaklardaki Tevrat ve çevirileriyle ilgili görüşlerdir. Bu çerçevede Septuagint, Targum Onkelos ve Targum Yonatan hakkındaki Rabbani düşünceleri ele almaktadır. Septuagint’in yazılış hikâyesiyle ilgili Hıristiyan ve Rabbani kaynaklardaki nakilleri eleştiren el-Kirkisânî, Rabbanilerin Septuagint’te Tanrı’nın ilhamıyla değişiklikler yapıldığı iddialarına karşı çıkarak bunu Tanrı inançlarındaki bozukluk olarak nitelemektedir. Targum Onkelos ve Targum Yonatan’daki çeviri hatalarını göstererek Rabbanilerin bu çevirileri ve mütercimlerini yüceltmelerine tepki gösteren el-Kirkisânî, Targum Onkelos’u Tevrat’la birlikte liturjide kullanmalarına da karşı çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Kitâbu’l-Envâr’daki anlatımlar Rabbani literatürdeki bilgilerle ve Tevrat çevirileriyle karşılaştırılarak incelemeye tabi tutulmakta, aynı zamanda el-Kirkisânî’yi etkileyen İslami fikirler ortaya koyulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adam, Baki. Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Tevrat. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2010.
  • Adam, Baki. Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık Açısından Kur’an’ın Tartışmalı Konuları. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2011.
  • Alexander, P..“3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch (Fifth-Sixth Century A.D.)”. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature & Testaments, ed. James H. Charlesworth, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden City, 1983, 1: 223-315.
  • Altınel, Tolga Savaş. “Kur’an’ın Kavram ve Bağlam Hassasiyetine Bir Örnek Olarak İdris Peygamber”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 61/1 (2020): 1-29.
  • Arslantaş, Nuh. İslam Toplumunda Yahudiler Abbâsî ve Fâtımî Dönemi Yahudilerinde Hukukî, Dinî ve Sosyal Hayat. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Bektaş, Rumeysa. Yahudilikte İtikâdî Sapkınlıklar ve Cezaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020.
  • Ben-Shammai, Haggai. “Between Ananites and Karaites: Observations on Early Medieval Jewish Sectarianism”. Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relationsss, ed. Ronald L. Nettler, Chur: Harwood, 1993, 19-29.
  • Bîrûnî, Ebû Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-. El-Âsâru’l-Bâkiye ‘ani’l-Kurûni’l-Hâliye. Ed. Eduard Sachau, Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1878.
  • Bîrûnî, Ebû Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-. The Chronolgy of Ancient Nations An English Version of the Arabic Text of the Athâr-ul-Bâkiyya of Albîrûnî. Çev. Edward Sachau, Londra: W. H. Allen & Co. 13 Waterloo Place, 1879.
  • Catchart, Kevin J. & Grodon, Robert P.. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum of the Minor Prophets Translated with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1989, 14.
  • Chiesa, Bruno & Lockwood, Wilfrid. Ya’qûb al-Qirqisânî on Jewish Sects and Christianity: A Translation of “Kitâb al-Anwâr”, Book I, with Two Introductory Essays, Frankfurt am Main-Bern-New York-Nancy: Verlag Peter Lang, 1984.
  • Chilton, Bruce D.. The Aramaic Bible: The Isaiah Targum Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Note. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1987, 11.
  • Cohen, Martin A., “'Anan Ben David and Karaite Origins”, The Jewish Quarterly Review 68/3 (Jan. 1978): 129-145.
  • Cohen, Martin A..“'Anan Ben David and Karaite Origins: II”, The Jewish Quarterly Review 68/4 (Apr. 1978): 224-234.
  • Davila, James R.. Hekhalot Literature in Translation Major Texts of Merkavah Mysticism. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2013.
  • Drazin, Israel, Targum Onkelos to Deutoronomy: An English Translation of the Text with Analysis and Commentary, USA: Kiev Publishing House, Inc., 1982.
  • Drazin, Israel & Wagner, Stanley M.. Onkelos on the Torah: Understanding the Bible Text Genesis. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2006.
  • Drazin, Israel & Wagner, Stanley M.. Onkelos on the Torah: Understanding the Bible Text Exodus. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2006.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Mourners of Zion: The Karaites in Jerusalem in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries”. Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Sources, ed. Meira Pollack, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003, 213-235.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Karaites and the Second Temple Sects”. Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Sources, ed. Meira Pollack, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003, 119-143.
  • Erder, Yoram. The Karaite Mourners of Zion and the Qumran Scrolls: On the History of an Alternative to Rabbinic Judaism. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Observance of the Commandments in the Diaspora on the Eve of Redemption in the Doctrine of the Karaite Mourners of Zion”. Henoch XIX (1997): 175-202.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Negation of the Exile in the Messianic Doctrine of the Karaite Mourners of Zion”. Hebrew Union College Annual 68 (1997): 109-140.
  • Erder, Yoram. “Anan ben David”. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, ed. Norman A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010, 1: 206-209.
  • Erder, Yoram. “Benjamin al-Nahāwandī”. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, ed. Norman A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010, 1: 416-417.
  • Fettah, İrfan Abdulhamid. “Cebriyye”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1993, 7: 205-208.
  • Frank, Daniel. Search Scripture Well: Karaite Exegetes and the Origins of the Jewish Bible Commentary in the Islamic East. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004.
  • Gaon, Sa’adya. Tefsîru’t-Tevrât bi’l-Arabiyye. haz. Nuh Arslantaş, İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2008.
  • Genesis Raba. Çev. H. Freedman, Londra: The Soncino Press, 1961.
  • Gil, Moshe. “The Origins of the Karaites”, Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Sources, ed. Meira Pollack, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003, 73-118.
  • Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum Onqelos to Genesis Translated with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1988, 6.
  • Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum Onqelos to Exodus Translated with Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1988, 7.
  • Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum Onqelos to Deuteronomy Translated with Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1988, 9.
  • Hirschfeld, Hartwig. Qirqisani Studies. Londra: Jews’ College, 1918.
  • Interlinear Greek English Septuagint Old Testament (LXX). Isha Books, 2013.
  • Kirkisânî, Ya‘kûb el-. Kitâbu’l-Envâr ve’l-Merâkıb Code of Karaite Law. Ed. Leon Nemoy, 2 cilt, New York: The Alexander Kohut Memorial Foundation, 1939-1940.
  • Kutluay, Yaşar. İslâm ve Yahudi Mezhepleri. İstanbul: Anka Yayınları, 2001.
  • Lumpkin, Joseph B.. The Books of Enoch: A Complete Volume Containing 1 Enoch (The Ethiopic Book of Enoch), 2 Enoch (The Slavonic Secrets of Enoch), 3 Enoch (The Hebrew Book of Enoch). USA: Fifth Estate Publishers, 2009.
  • Mccarthy, Carmel. The Tiqqune Sopherim and Other Theological Corrections in the Masoretic Text of the Old Testament. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1981.
  • Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael, ed. Jacob Z. Lauterbach, 1. Cilt, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2004.
  • Meral, Yasin. “Orta Çağ Karaî Bilginlerinin İslam Eleştirisi: Yakup el-Kirkisânî Örneği”. Dini Araştırmalar 17/45 (2014): 93-114.
  • Meral, Yasin. Yahudilikte Cismânî Haşir Tartışmaları. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2020.
  • Meral, Yasin. Yahudi Kaynakları Işığında Yahudilik. İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2021.
  • Nemoy, Leon. “Al-Qirqisânî’s Account of the Jewish Sects and Christianity”. Hebrew Union College Annual 7 (1930): 317-397.
  • Nemoy, Leon. Karaite Anthology Excerpts from the Early Literature. New Haven-Londra: Yale University Press, 1980.
  • Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer, ed. Gerald Friedlander, New York: The Bloch Publishing Company, 1916.
  • Poznański, Samuel. “The Karaite Literary Opponents of Saadiah Gaon in the Tenth Century”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 18/2 (Jan. 1906): 209-250.
  • Nemoy, Leon. The Karaite Literary Opponents of Saadiah Gaon. Londra: Luzac & Co., 1908.
  • Ruzer, Serge. “Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus’ Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors”. The Language Environment of First Century Judaea: Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels, ed. Randall Buth & R. Steven Notley, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2014, 2: 182-205.
  • Sarıkçıoğlu, Ekrem. Kitabu’l-İdris: Hz. İdris’in Sahifeleri. İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2019.
  • Serdar Dinçer, Pınar. “Eski Ahit’in İlk (?) Yunanca Çevirisi: Septuagint (LXX)”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 6/Sanat Tarihi Özel Sayısı (2019): 159-174.
  • Shutt, R. J. H.. “Letter of Aristeas (Third Century B.C.-First Century A.D.)”. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Expansions Of The "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works, ed. James H. Charlesworth, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden City, 1985, 2: 7-34.
  • Sinanoğlu, Mustafa. “Karailik”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2001, 24: 424-426.
  • The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan: (Abot de Rabbi Nathan) Version B. Çev. Anthony J. Saldarini, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975.
  • The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah: First English Translation Compared with the Masoretic Version. Ed. ve Çev. Benyamim Tsedaka, Michigan-Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company Grand Rapids, 2013.
  • The Syriac Peshiṭta Bible with English Translation Genesis. Çev. Craig E. Morrison, USA: Gorgias Press, 2019.
  • Toepel, Alexander. “The Cave of Treasures: A new Translation and Introduction”. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, ed. Richard Bauckham v.dğr., Michigan-Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company Grand Rapids, 2013, 2: 540-584.
  • Veltri, Giuseppe. Libraries, Translations, and ‘Canonic’ Texts: The Septuagint, Aquila and Ben Sira in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006.
  • Walfish, Barry Dov. “Daniel al-Qūmisī”. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, ed. Norman A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010, 2: 17-18.
  • Wasserstein, Abraham & Wasserstein, David J.. The Legend of the Septuagint from Classical Antiquity to Today. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Chapter by Chapter MP3 Recordings of the Hebrew Bible. https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm
  • İncil-Tevrat-Zebur Kutsal Kitap. https://incil.info/
  • Kur’an-ı Kerim. https://kuran.diyanet.gov.tr/mushaf/kuran-meal-2/fatiha-suresi-1/ayet-1/diyanet-isleri-baskanligi-meali-1
  • Library of Congress. “Image 5 of Arabic Manuscripts 3. Old Testament”. Erişim: 02.04.2022, https://www.loc.gov/resource/amedmonastery.00279385743-ms/?sp=5&st=image&r=-0.309,-0.071,1.72,0.815,0
  • Sefaria. “Tanakh, Talmud, Midrash, Kabbalah, Second Temple”. https://www.sefaria.org/texts.

Evaluations of Karaite Scholar Jacob al-Qirqisânî on Torah Translations

Yıl 2022, , 75 - 111, 21.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1103865

Öz

Rabbanites and Karaites, the leading Jewish sects of the Middle Ages, criticize each other on various religious issues. The main objection of the Karaites is that the Mishnah and Talmud, considered the Oral Torah by Rabbinic Jews, are the products of revelation. One of the important representatives of this movement is Jacob al-Qirqisânî, who lived in Baghdad in the 10th century. His book Kitâb al-Anwâr wal-Marâqib is the most voluminous Karaite work that has survived to the present day. In this work, al-Qirqisânî gives valuable information about Jewish sects chronologically and criticizes them from different perspectives. One of the main agendas of the work is to reveal the anti-religious issues in the beliefs and practices of the Rabbanites, who are the opponents of Karaites. One of the criticisms of al-Qirqisânî is the views on the Torah and its translations in the Rabbanite sources. Rabbinic thoughts about the Septuagint, Targum Onkelos, and Targum Jonathan are discussed in this framework. Criticizing the narrations in Christian and Rabbanite sources regarding the process of inscribing the Septuagint, al-Qirqisânî opposes the claims of the Rabbis that alterations were made in the Septuagint with the inspiration of God and described this as a defect in their belief in God. Al-Qirqisânî pointed out the translation errors in Targum Onkelos and Targum Jonathan, reacted against the Rabbanites’ glorification of these translations, and opposed the use of Targum Onkelos in the liturgy together with the Torah. This article examines the narratives in Kitâb al-Anwâr by comparing them with the information in the Rabbanite literature and the translations of the Torah. Besides, it reveals the Islamic ideas that influenced al-Qirqisânî.

Kaynakça

  • Adam, Baki. Yahudi Kaynaklarına Göre Tevrat. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2010.
  • Adam, Baki. Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık Açısından Kur’an’ın Tartışmalı Konuları. İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları, 2011.
  • Alexander, P..“3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch (Fifth-Sixth Century A.D.)”. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature & Testaments, ed. James H. Charlesworth, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden City, 1983, 1: 223-315.
  • Altınel, Tolga Savaş. “Kur’an’ın Kavram ve Bağlam Hassasiyetine Bir Örnek Olarak İdris Peygamber”, Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 61/1 (2020): 1-29.
  • Arslantaş, Nuh. İslam Toplumunda Yahudiler Abbâsî ve Fâtımî Dönemi Yahudilerinde Hukukî, Dinî ve Sosyal Hayat. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Bektaş, Rumeysa. Yahudilikte İtikâdî Sapkınlıklar ve Cezaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020.
  • Ben-Shammai, Haggai. “Between Ananites and Karaites: Observations on Early Medieval Jewish Sectarianism”. Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relationsss, ed. Ronald L. Nettler, Chur: Harwood, 1993, 19-29.
  • Bîrûnî, Ebû Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-. El-Âsâru’l-Bâkiye ‘ani’l-Kurûni’l-Hâliye. Ed. Eduard Sachau, Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1878.
  • Bîrûnî, Ebû Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-. The Chronolgy of Ancient Nations An English Version of the Arabic Text of the Athâr-ul-Bâkiyya of Albîrûnî. Çev. Edward Sachau, Londra: W. H. Allen & Co. 13 Waterloo Place, 1879.
  • Catchart, Kevin J. & Grodon, Robert P.. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum of the Minor Prophets Translated with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1989, 14.
  • Chiesa, Bruno & Lockwood, Wilfrid. Ya’qûb al-Qirqisânî on Jewish Sects and Christianity: A Translation of “Kitâb al-Anwâr”, Book I, with Two Introductory Essays, Frankfurt am Main-Bern-New York-Nancy: Verlag Peter Lang, 1984.
  • Chilton, Bruce D.. The Aramaic Bible: The Isaiah Targum Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Note. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1987, 11.
  • Cohen, Martin A., “'Anan Ben David and Karaite Origins”, The Jewish Quarterly Review 68/3 (Jan. 1978): 129-145.
  • Cohen, Martin A..“'Anan Ben David and Karaite Origins: II”, The Jewish Quarterly Review 68/4 (Apr. 1978): 224-234.
  • Davila, James R.. Hekhalot Literature in Translation Major Texts of Merkavah Mysticism. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2013.
  • Drazin, Israel, Targum Onkelos to Deutoronomy: An English Translation of the Text with Analysis and Commentary, USA: Kiev Publishing House, Inc., 1982.
  • Drazin, Israel & Wagner, Stanley M.. Onkelos on the Torah: Understanding the Bible Text Genesis. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2006.
  • Drazin, Israel & Wagner, Stanley M.. Onkelos on the Torah: Understanding the Bible Text Exodus. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2006.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Mourners of Zion: The Karaites in Jerusalem in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries”. Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Sources, ed. Meira Pollack, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003, 213-235.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Karaites and the Second Temple Sects”. Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Sources, ed. Meira Pollack, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003, 119-143.
  • Erder, Yoram. The Karaite Mourners of Zion and the Qumran Scrolls: On the History of an Alternative to Rabbinic Judaism. Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Observance of the Commandments in the Diaspora on the Eve of Redemption in the Doctrine of the Karaite Mourners of Zion”. Henoch XIX (1997): 175-202.
  • Erder, Yoram. “The Negation of the Exile in the Messianic Doctrine of the Karaite Mourners of Zion”. Hebrew Union College Annual 68 (1997): 109-140.
  • Erder, Yoram. “Anan ben David”. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, ed. Norman A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010, 1: 206-209.
  • Erder, Yoram. “Benjamin al-Nahāwandī”. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, ed. Norman A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010, 1: 416-417.
  • Fettah, İrfan Abdulhamid. “Cebriyye”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1993, 7: 205-208.
  • Frank, Daniel. Search Scripture Well: Karaite Exegetes and the Origins of the Jewish Bible Commentary in the Islamic East. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2004.
  • Gaon, Sa’adya. Tefsîru’t-Tevrât bi’l-Arabiyye. haz. Nuh Arslantaş, İstanbul: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2008.
  • Genesis Raba. Çev. H. Freedman, Londra: The Soncino Press, 1961.
  • Gil, Moshe. “The Origins of the Karaites”, Karaite Judaism: A Guide to Its History and Literary Sources, ed. Meira Pollack, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003, 73-118.
  • Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum Onqelos to Genesis Translated with a Critical Introduction, Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1988, 6.
  • Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum Onqelos to Exodus Translated with Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1988, 7.
  • Grossfeld, Bernard. The Aramaic Bible: The Targum Onqelos to Deuteronomy Translated with Apparatus and Notes. Wilmington-Delaware: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1988, 9.
  • Hirschfeld, Hartwig. Qirqisani Studies. Londra: Jews’ College, 1918.
  • Interlinear Greek English Septuagint Old Testament (LXX). Isha Books, 2013.
  • Kirkisânî, Ya‘kûb el-. Kitâbu’l-Envâr ve’l-Merâkıb Code of Karaite Law. Ed. Leon Nemoy, 2 cilt, New York: The Alexander Kohut Memorial Foundation, 1939-1940.
  • Kutluay, Yaşar. İslâm ve Yahudi Mezhepleri. İstanbul: Anka Yayınları, 2001.
  • Lumpkin, Joseph B.. The Books of Enoch: A Complete Volume Containing 1 Enoch (The Ethiopic Book of Enoch), 2 Enoch (The Slavonic Secrets of Enoch), 3 Enoch (The Hebrew Book of Enoch). USA: Fifth Estate Publishers, 2009.
  • Mccarthy, Carmel. The Tiqqune Sopherim and Other Theological Corrections in the Masoretic Text of the Old Testament. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1981.
  • Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael, ed. Jacob Z. Lauterbach, 1. Cilt, Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2004.
  • Meral, Yasin. “Orta Çağ Karaî Bilginlerinin İslam Eleştirisi: Yakup el-Kirkisânî Örneği”. Dini Araştırmalar 17/45 (2014): 93-114.
  • Meral, Yasin. Yahudilikte Cismânî Haşir Tartışmaları. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2020.
  • Meral, Yasin. Yahudi Kaynakları Işığında Yahudilik. İstanbul: MilelNihal Yayınları, 2021.
  • Nemoy, Leon. “Al-Qirqisânî’s Account of the Jewish Sects and Christianity”. Hebrew Union College Annual 7 (1930): 317-397.
  • Nemoy, Leon. Karaite Anthology Excerpts from the Early Literature. New Haven-Londra: Yale University Press, 1980.
  • Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer, ed. Gerald Friedlander, New York: The Bloch Publishing Company, 1916.
  • Poznański, Samuel. “The Karaite Literary Opponents of Saadiah Gaon in the Tenth Century”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 18/2 (Jan. 1906): 209-250.
  • Nemoy, Leon. The Karaite Literary Opponents of Saadiah Gaon. Londra: Luzac & Co., 1908.
  • Ruzer, Serge. “Hebrew versus Aramaic as Jesus’ Language: Notes on Early Opinions by Syriac Authors”. The Language Environment of First Century Judaea: Jerusalem Studies in the Synoptic Gospels, ed. Randall Buth & R. Steven Notley, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2014, 2: 182-205.
  • Sarıkçıoğlu, Ekrem. Kitabu’l-İdris: Hz. İdris’in Sahifeleri. İstanbul: Düşün Yayıncılık, 2019.
  • Serdar Dinçer, Pınar. “Eski Ahit’in İlk (?) Yunanca Çevirisi: Septuagint (LXX)”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 6/Sanat Tarihi Özel Sayısı (2019): 159-174.
  • Shutt, R. J. H.. “Letter of Aristeas (Third Century B.C.-First Century A.D.)”. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Expansions Of The "Old Testament" and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works, ed. James H. Charlesworth, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden City, 1985, 2: 7-34.
  • Sinanoğlu, Mustafa. “Karailik”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul: TDV Yayınları, 2001, 24: 424-426.
  • The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan: (Abot de Rabbi Nathan) Version B. Çev. Anthony J. Saldarini, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975.
  • The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah: First English Translation Compared with the Masoretic Version. Ed. ve Çev. Benyamim Tsedaka, Michigan-Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company Grand Rapids, 2013.
  • The Syriac Peshiṭta Bible with English Translation Genesis. Çev. Craig E. Morrison, USA: Gorgias Press, 2019.
  • Toepel, Alexander. “The Cave of Treasures: A new Translation and Introduction”. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, ed. Richard Bauckham v.dğr., Michigan-Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company Grand Rapids, 2013, 2: 540-584.
  • Veltri, Giuseppe. Libraries, Translations, and ‘Canonic’ Texts: The Septuagint, Aquila and Ben Sira in the Jewish and Christian Traditions. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006.
  • Walfish, Barry Dov. “Daniel al-Qūmisī”. Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, ed. Norman A. Stillman, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2010, 2: 17-18.
  • Wasserstein, Abraham & Wasserstein, David J.. The Legend of the Septuagint from Classical Antiquity to Today. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Chapter by Chapter MP3 Recordings of the Hebrew Bible. https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm
  • İncil-Tevrat-Zebur Kutsal Kitap. https://incil.info/
  • Kur’an-ı Kerim. https://kuran.diyanet.gov.tr/mushaf/kuran-meal-2/fatiha-suresi-1/ayet-1/diyanet-isleri-baskanligi-meali-1
  • Library of Congress. “Image 5 of Arabic Manuscripts 3. Old Testament”. Erişim: 02.04.2022, https://www.loc.gov/resource/amedmonastery.00279385743-ms/?sp=5&st=image&r=-0.309,-0.071,1.72,0.815,0
  • Sefaria. “Tanakh, Talmud, Midrash, Kabbalah, Second Temple”. https://www.sefaria.org/texts.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fatıma Betül Taş 0000-0002-0392-6349

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Taş, Fatıma Betül. “Karai Âlim Ya‘kûb El-Kirkisânî’nin Tevrat Çevirileri Üzerine Değerlendirmeleri”. Oksident 4/1 (Temmuz 2022), 75-111. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1103865.