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Anschluss Öncesi Avusturya Yahudileri ve Avusturya’da Nazi Destekçisi Kikeriki Dergisinin Yahudi Karşıtı Karikatürlerinin Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 63 - 81, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1467936

Öz

Nazi Almanyası’nın 1938 yılında Avusturya’yı ilhak etmesinden (Anschluss) önce Avusturya’daki Nazi destekçisi Kikeriki Dergisi antisemitist yayınlarıyla ülkedeki Yahudileri hedef almıştır. Kikeriki’nin antisemitist karikatürlerinin ortaya konulması, Anschluss öncesi Avusturya’daki antisemitist propagandanın tespiti açısından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada Anschluss öncesi Avusturya’daki antisemitist propagandaya ışık tutmak amacıyla Kikereki’nin antisemitist görsellerinde Yahudilerin nasıl sunulduğu ve Yahudilere karşı hangi antisemitist propaganda mesajlarının verildiği tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla Kikereki’nin antisemitist karikatürleri, Karl Bühler’in Organon Modeli üzerinden antisemitist propaganda bağlamında incelenmiştir. Karikatürlerde Yahudilerin Avusturya’da istenmediğine, Yahudilerin insanlık üzerinde kontrol kurduğuna ve ülke yönetiminde Hıristiyanlarla Yahudiler arasında mücadele olduğuna ilişkin propaganda mesajlarının verildi-ği bulgularına ulaşılmıştır. Bu şekilde çalışmada Kikereki’nin antisemitist propa-gandasıyla Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi’nin (NSDAP) Yahudilere karşı mücadelesini Avusturya kamuoyunda meşrulaştırmaya çalıştığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Anderl, Gabriele. “‘Departure from a Sinking World’:1 Jewish Emigration from Austria Between 1933 and 19382”. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 66 (01 Ekim 2021): 58-78, https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybab007.
  • “ANNO, Kikeriki, 1883-09-13, Seite 2”. Kikeriki’nin Antisemitist Karikatürü, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=18830913&seite=2&zoom=33.
  • “ANNO-Kikeriki”. Kikeriki Dergisinin Sayıları, 1933, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik.
  • Embacher, Helga. “Austrian-Jewish History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries”. Austrian History Yearbook, 33 (Ocak 2002): 239-251, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0067237800013898.
  • Fuchs, Eduard. Die Juden in der Karikatur: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte. Münih: Langen, 1921.
  • Godsey, William D. “Nation, Government, and ‘Anti-Semitism’ in Early Nineteenth-Century Austria”. The Historical Journal, 51/1 (2008): 49-85.
  • Goldfarb, Alvin. “Theatrical Activities in Nazi Concentration Camps”. Performing Arts Journal, 1/2 (1976): 3-11.
  • Hagen, William W. “Before the ‘Final Solution’: Toward a Comparative Analysis of Political Anti-Semitism in Interwar Germany and Poland”. The Journal of Modern History, 68/2 (1996): 351-381.
  • Hanisch, Ernst. “The Image of the Jew in Austrian Literature Since 1945’”. Patterns of Prejudice, 7/1 (01 Ocak 1973): 23-33, https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.1973.9969108.
  • Hecht, Dieter J. “Austrian Jewish Soldiers Conquering the Balkan Before World War I”. Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, 72/2 (2020): 146-164.
  • “Kikeriki, 1904-12-18, Seite 1”. Kikeriki’nin Antisemitist Karikatürü, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19041218&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1931-11-08, Seite 1”. Birinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19311108&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-03-27, Seite 1”. İkinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320327&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-04-24, Seite 1”. Üçüncü Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320424&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-06-12, Seite 1”. Dördüncü Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320612&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-06-19, Seite 1”. Beşinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320619&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-08-28, Seite 1”. Altıncı Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320828&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-09-11, Seite 1”. Yedinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320911&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-11-06, Seite 1”. Sekizinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19321106&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1933-03-12, Seite 1”. Dokuzuncu Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19330312&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1933-05-21, Seite 1”. Onuncu Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19330521&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja. “Die Dolchstoßlegende. Zur Konstruktion eines sprachlichen Mythos”. Muttersprache, 112/1 (2002): 25-42.
  • Loewenberg, Peter. “Karl Renner and the Politics of Accommodation: Moderation versus Revenge”. Austrian History Yearbook, 22 (Ocak 1991): 35-56, https://doi.org/10.1017/S006723780001986X.
  • Nord, Christiane. “Dealing with Purposes in Intercultural Communication: Some Methodological Considerations”. Alicante Journal of English Studies / Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 14 (30 Kasım 2001): 151-166, https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.2001.14.10.
  • Pauley, Bruce F. “In the Shadow of Death: Austrian Jews and the Nazi Threat”. Shofar, 5/3 (1987): 28-43.
  • Pelinka, Anton. “Austrian Politics: 1918 to 2019”. Antisemitism Studies, 4/1 (2020): 82-107.
  • Pulzer, Peter. “The Tradition of Austrian Antisemitism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries”. Patterns of Prejudice, 27/1 (01 Temmuz 1993): 31-46, https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970095.
  • Rozenblit, Marsha L. “The Jews of Germany and Austria: A Comparative Perspective”. Austrians and Jews in the Twentieth Century, ed. Robert S. Wistrich, Londra: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22378-7_1.
  • Secklehner, Julia. “Bolshevik Jews, Aryan Vienna? Popular Antisemitism in ‘Der Kikeriki’, 1918–1933”. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 63/1 (01 Kasım 2018): 157-178, https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/yby011.
  • Wróbel, Piotr. “The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1869–1918”. Austrian History Yearbook, 25 (Ocak 1994): 97-138, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0067237800006330.

The Analysis of Antisemitic Cartoons of Nazi Supporter Kikeriki Magazine in Austria and Austrian Jews in Pre-Anschluss

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 63 - 81, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1467936

Öz

Prior to the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany (Anschluss) in 1938, the Nazi-supporting magazine Kikeriki in Austria targeted the Jews in the country with its antisemitic publications. Revealing Kikeriki’s antisemitic caricatures is crucial for identifying antisemitic propaganda in Austria before the Anschluss. In order to shed light on the antisemitic propaganda in Austria before the Anschluss, the study sought to determine how Jews were presented in Kikereki’s antisemitic visuals and what antisemitic propaganda messages were given against the Jews. For this purpose, Kikereki’s antisemitic caricatures were examined in the context of antisemitic propaganda through Karl Bühler’s Organon Model. The cartoons disseminated propaganda messages that conveyed the exclusion of Jews from Austria, the notion of Jewish dominance over humanity, and the existence of a power struggle between Christians and Jews in the country’s administration. The study concluded that Kikereki aimed to validate the NSDAP’s campaign against the Jews in the Austrian public opinion through its antisemitic propaganda.

Kaynakça

  • Anderl, Gabriele. “‘Departure from a Sinking World’:1 Jewish Emigration from Austria Between 1933 and 19382”. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 66 (01 Ekim 2021): 58-78, https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybab007.
  • “ANNO, Kikeriki, 1883-09-13, Seite 2”. Kikeriki’nin Antisemitist Karikatürü, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=18830913&seite=2&zoom=33.
  • “ANNO-Kikeriki”. Kikeriki Dergisinin Sayıları, 1933, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik.
  • Embacher, Helga. “Austrian-Jewish History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries”. Austrian History Yearbook, 33 (Ocak 2002): 239-251, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0067237800013898.
  • Fuchs, Eduard. Die Juden in der Karikatur: Ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte. Münih: Langen, 1921.
  • Godsey, William D. “Nation, Government, and ‘Anti-Semitism’ in Early Nineteenth-Century Austria”. The Historical Journal, 51/1 (2008): 49-85.
  • Goldfarb, Alvin. “Theatrical Activities in Nazi Concentration Camps”. Performing Arts Journal, 1/2 (1976): 3-11.
  • Hagen, William W. “Before the ‘Final Solution’: Toward a Comparative Analysis of Political Anti-Semitism in Interwar Germany and Poland”. The Journal of Modern History, 68/2 (1996): 351-381.
  • Hanisch, Ernst. “The Image of the Jew in Austrian Literature Since 1945’”. Patterns of Prejudice, 7/1 (01 Ocak 1973): 23-33, https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.1973.9969108.
  • Hecht, Dieter J. “Austrian Jewish Soldiers Conquering the Balkan Before World War I”. Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte, 72/2 (2020): 146-164.
  • “Kikeriki, 1904-12-18, Seite 1”. Kikeriki’nin Antisemitist Karikatürü, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19041218&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1931-11-08, Seite 1”. Birinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19311108&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-03-27, Seite 1”. İkinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320327&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-04-24, Seite 1”. Üçüncü Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320424&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-06-12, Seite 1”. Dördüncü Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320612&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-06-19, Seite 1”. Beşinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320619&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-08-28, Seite 1”. Altıncı Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320828&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-09-11, Seite 1”. Yedinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19320911&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1932-11-06, Seite 1”. Sekizinci Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19321106&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1933-03-12, Seite 1”. Dokuzuncu Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19330312&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • “Kikeriki, 1933-05-21, Seite 1”. Onuncu Karikatür, erişim: 13.04.2024, https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=kik&datum=19330521&seite=1&zoom=33.
  • Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja. “Die Dolchstoßlegende. Zur Konstruktion eines sprachlichen Mythos”. Muttersprache, 112/1 (2002): 25-42.
  • Loewenberg, Peter. “Karl Renner and the Politics of Accommodation: Moderation versus Revenge”. Austrian History Yearbook, 22 (Ocak 1991): 35-56, https://doi.org/10.1017/S006723780001986X.
  • Nord, Christiane. “Dealing with Purposes in Intercultural Communication: Some Methodological Considerations”. Alicante Journal of English Studies / Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 14 (30 Kasım 2001): 151-166, https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.2001.14.10.
  • Pauley, Bruce F. “In the Shadow of Death: Austrian Jews and the Nazi Threat”. Shofar, 5/3 (1987): 28-43.
  • Pelinka, Anton. “Austrian Politics: 1918 to 2019”. Antisemitism Studies, 4/1 (2020): 82-107.
  • Pulzer, Peter. “The Tradition of Austrian Antisemitism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries”. Patterns of Prejudice, 27/1 (01 Temmuz 1993): 31-46, https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.1993.9970095.
  • Rozenblit, Marsha L. “The Jews of Germany and Austria: A Comparative Perspective”. Austrians and Jews in the Twentieth Century, ed. Robert S. Wistrich, Londra: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22378-7_1.
  • Secklehner, Julia. “Bolshevik Jews, Aryan Vienna? Popular Antisemitism in ‘Der Kikeriki’, 1918–1933”. The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 63/1 (01 Kasım 2018): 157-178, https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/yby011.
  • Wróbel, Piotr. “The Jews of Galicia under Austrian-Polish Rule, 1869–1918”. Austrian History Yearbook, 25 (Ocak 1994): 97-138, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0067237800006330.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yahudilik Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Caner Çakı 0000-0002-1523-4649

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Çakı, Caner. “Anschluss Öncesi Avusturya Yahudileri Ve Avusturya’da Nazi Destekçisi Kikeriki Dergisinin Yahudi Karşıtı Karikatürlerinin Analizi”. Oksident 6/1 (Haziran 2024), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.51490/oksident.1467936.