Effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on mycelial biomass production of Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus in submerged culture

Öz

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on mycelial biomass production of Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus, important edible mushrooms in Turkey, in submerged cultures. Seven carbon (dextrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose and xylose) and six nitrogen sources ((NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2, malt extract, peptone and yeast extract) were used in the study. The Sabouroud (SB) and Dextrose Yeast Extract (DYE) liquid media without nitrogen and carbon were considered as the control. All carbon and nitrogen sources promoted significantly (p<0.01) mycelial biomass production in M. procera and P. squamosus. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources for mycelial biomass production showed changes depending on mushroom species. As a result, the most suitable carbon source for mycelial biomass production in M. procera was dextrose and followed by glucose, mannitol, sucrose and lactose, while the medium with xylose was in P. squamosus. Peptone and malt extract as a nitrogen source in M. procera gave the best result for the biomass production, whereas yeast extract was the most favorable nitrogen source in P. squamosus. The lowest mycelial biomass production for the both mushroom species was determined in the control medium without carbon and nitrogen. In conclusion, the basic informations obtained from this study could be useful in the optimization of submerged culture conditions and nutritional requirements for mycelial biomass production in M. procera and P. squamosus.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Carbon; Macrolepiota procera; mycelial biomass; nitrogen; Polyporus squamosus; submerged culture

Değişik karbon ve azot kaynaklarının Macrolepiota procera ve Polyporus squamosus mantarlarının sıvı kültürde misel biyomas üretimi üzerine etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma, değişik karbon ve azot kaynaklarının Türkiye’nin önemli yenilebilir mantarlarından Macrolepiota procera ve Polyporus squamosus’un sıvı kültürde misel biyomas üretimi üzerine etkisini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada yedi karbon (dekstroz, glikoz, laktoz, maltoz, mannitol, sükroz ve ksiloz) ve altı azot kaynağı ((NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3, Ca(NO3)2, malt ekstrakt, pepton ve maya ekstrakt) kullanılmıştır. Azot ve karbon içermeyen Sabouroud (SB) ve Dekstoz Maya Ekstrakt (DYE) sıvı ortamları kontrol olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tüm karbon ve azot kaynakları M. procera ve P. squamosus’da misel biyomas üretimini önemli (p<0.01) derecede teşvik etmiştir. Misel biyomas üretimi için optimum karbon ve azot kaynakları, mantar türlerine bağlı olarak değişiklik göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, misel biyomas üretimi için P. squamosus’da en uygun karbon kaynağı ksiloz iken, M. procera için dekstroz bulunmuş, bunu glikoz, mannitol, sükroz ve laktoz izlemiştir. Misel biyomas üretimi için azot kaynağı olarak M. procera’da pepton ve malt ekstrakt, P. squamosus’da ise maya ekstrakt en iyi sonucu vermiştir. Her iki mantar türünde de, en düşük misel biyomas üretimi karbon ve azot içermeyen kontrol ortamında belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen temel bilgilerin M. procera ve P. squamosus’da misel biyomas üretimi için besin gereksinimleri ve sıvı kültür koşullarının optimizasyonunda faydalı olabileceği düşünülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Karbon; Macrolepiota procera; misel biyoması; azot; polyporus squamosus; sıvı kültür

Kaynakça

1. Adejoye, O.D., Adebayo-Tayo, B.C., Ogunjobi, A.A., Olaoye, O.A., Fadahunsi, F.I., 2006. Effect of carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources on growth of Pleurotus florida, a Nigeria edible mushroom. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(14): 1355-1359.
2. Chang, S.T., Miles, P.G., 2004. Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, CRC Press, Florida, ABD.
3. Dong, C.H., Yao, Y.J., 2005. Nutritional requirements of mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in submerged culture. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 99: 483-492.
4. Elmastas, M., Isildak, O., Turkekul, I., Temur, N., 2007. Determination of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds in wild edible mushrooms. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20: 337-345.
5. Ertan, Ö.O., Gülyavuz, H., 1991. The determination of nutritional properties of Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 15: 645-652.
6. Falandysz, J., Kunito, T., Kubota, R., Gucia, M., Mazur, A., Falandysz, J.J., Tanabe, S., 2008. Some mineral constituents of Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 43(2): 187-192.
7. Fang, Q.H., Zhong, J.J., 2002. Submerged fermentation of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum for production of valuable bioactive metabolites-ganoderic acid and polysaccharide. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 10: 61-65.
8. Garraway, M.O., Evans, R.C., 1984. Fungal Nutrition and Physiology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. p 401.

9. Gbolagade, J.S., 2006. The effect of different nutrient sources on biomass production of Lepiota procera in submerged liquid cultures. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(12): 1246-1249.
10. Gbolagade, J.S., Fasidi, I.O., Ajayi, E.J., Sobowale, A.A., 2006a. Effect of physico-chemical factors and semi-synthetic media on vegetative growth of Lentinus subnudus (Berk.), an edible mushroom from Nigeria. Food Chemistry, 99: 742-747.
11. Gbolagade, J.S., Sobowale, A., Adejoye, D., 2006b. Optimization of submerged culture conditions for biomass production in Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer, a Nigerian edible fungus. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(16): 1464-1469.
12. Griffin, D.H., 1994. Fungal Physiology (2nd ed.). Wiley Liss, New York. USA, p. 472.
13. Hassan, F.R.H., Medany, G.M., 2012. Studies on submerged culture conditions for mycelial biomass production of wood ears mushroom (Auricularia polytricha). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 1(1): 33-39.
14. Hassan, F.R.H., Medany, G.M., El-Kady, A.T.M., 2012. Mycelial biomass production of enoke mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) by submerged culture. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(7): 603-610.
15. Huang, D., Cui, F., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, J., Han, X., Xiao, X., Qian, J., Wu, Q., Guan, G., 2007. Nutritional requirements for the mycelial biomass and exopolymer production by Hericium erinaceus CZ-2. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 45(4): 389-395.
16. Jonathan, S.G., Fasidi, I.O., 2001. Effect of carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources on growth of Psathyerella atroumbonata (Pegler), a Nigerian edible mushroom. Food Chemistry, 72: 479-483.
17. Jonathan, S.G., Fasidi, I.O., 2003. Requirements for vegetative growth of Tricholoma lobayensis (Heim), a Nigerian edible fungus. Advances in Food Sciences, 25(3): 91-95.
18. Jonathan, S.G., Bawo, D.D.S., Adejoye, D.O., Briyai, O.F., 2009. Studies on biomass production in Auricularia polytricha collected from Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(1): 182-186.
19. Joo, J.H., Lim, J.M., Kim, H.O., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Yun, J.W., 2004. Optimization of submerged culture conditions for exopolysaccharide production in Sarcodon aspratus (Berk) S.lto TG-3. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 20: 767-773.
20. Joshi, M., Patel, H., Gupte, S., Gupte, A., 2013. Nutrient improvement for simultaneous production of exopolysaccharide and mycelial biomass by submerged cultivation of Schizophyllum commune AGMJ-1 using statistical optimization. 3 Biotech, 3(4): 307-318.
21. Kadiri, M., Fasidi, I.O., 1994. Growth requirements of Lentinus subnudus Berk, a Nigerian edible mushroom. Chemie, Mikrobiologie, Technologie der Lebensmittel, 16(3/4): 80-84.
22. Kang, T.S., Lee, D.G., Lee, S.Y., 1997. Isolation and mycelial cultivation submerged of Phellinus sp. The Korean Journal of Mycology, 25: 257-267.
23. Kibar, B., Pekşen, A., 2011. Mycelial growth requirements of Lactarius pyrogalus and Lactarius controversus. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(28): 5107-5114.
24. Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Xu, C.P., Sung, J.M., Choi, J.W., Yun, J.W., 2003. Optimization of submerged culture process for the production of mycelial biomass and exo-polysaccharides by Cordyceps militaris C738. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94: 120-126.
25. Kim, H.O., Lim, J.M., Joo, J.H., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Yun, J.W., 2005. Optimization of submerged culture condition for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides by Agrocybe cylindracea. Bioresource Technology, 96: 1175-1182.
26. Kuldo, E., Jarzynska, G., Gucia, M., Falandysz, J., 2014. Mineral constituents of edible parasol mushroom Macrolepiota procera (Scop. ex Fr.) Sing and soils beneath its fruiting bodies collected from a rural forest area. Chemical Papers, 68(4): 484-492.
27. Kumari, B., Atri, N.S., 2014. Nutritional and nutraceutical potential of wild edible macrolepiotoid mushrooms of North India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2): 200-204.
28. Kwon, J.S., Lee, J.S., Shin, W.C., Lee, K.E., Hong, E.K., 2009. Optimization of culture conditions and medium components for the production of mycelial biomass and exo-polysaccharides with Cordyceps militaris in liquid culture. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 14: 756-762.
29. Lai, W.H., Salleh, S.M., Daud, F., Zainal, Z., Othman, A.M., Saleh, N.M., 2014. Optimization of submerged culture conditions for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides from Lignosus rhinocerus. Sains Malaysiana, 43(1): 73-80.
30. Lee, B.C., Bae, J.T., Pyo, H.B., Choe, T.B., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Yun, J.W., 2004. Submerged culture conditions for the production of mycelial biomass and exopolysaccharides by the edible Basidiomycete Grifola frondosa. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 35: 369-376.
31. Li, R., Jiang, X.L., Guan, H.S., 2010. Optimization of mycelium biomass and exopolysaccharides production by Hirsutella sp. in submerged fermentation and evaluation of exopolysaccharides antibacterial activity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(2): 195-202.
32. Lin, J.H., Yang, S.S., 2006. Mycelium and polysaccharide production of Agaricus blazei Murrill by submerged fermentation. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 39(2): 98-108.
33. Manjunathan, J., Kaviyarasan, V., 2011. Optimization of mycelia growth and antimicrobial activity of new edible mushroom, Lentinus tuberregium (Fr.). Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 3(1): 497-504.
34. Moore, D., Chiu, S.W., 2001. Fungal products as food. Chapter 10 in Bio-Exploitation of Filamentous Fungi (ed. S. B. Pointing & K. D. Hyde), pp. 223-251. Fungal Diversity Press: Hong Kong.
35. Nwokoye, A.I., Kuforiji, O.O., Oni, P.I., 2010. Studies on mycelial growth requirements of Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Singer. International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 10(2): 47-53.
36. Park, J.P., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Yun, J.W., 2001. Optimization of submerged culture conditions for the mycelial growth and exo-biopolymer production by Cordyceps militaris. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 33: 76-81.
37. Pekşen, A., Kibar, B., Yakupoğlu, G., 2008. Edible nature mushrooms: Macrolepiota procera and Polyporus squamosus. VIII. Congress of Turkey Edible Mushrooms. 15-17 October. Kocaeli.
38. Pekşen, A., Kibar, B., Yakupoğlu, G., 2013. Favourable culture conditions for mycelial growth of Hydnum repandum, a medicinal mushroom. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines, 10(6): 431-434.
39. Phillips, R., 1994. Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe. Milan, Italy, p. 288.
40. Ramesh, V., Karunakaran, C., Rajendran, A., 2014. Optimization of submerged culture conditions for mycelial biomass production with enhanced antibacterial activity of the medicinal macro fungus Xylaria sp. Strain R006 against drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology, 4(1): 88-98.
41. Shih, I.L., Pan, K., Hsieh, C., 2006. Influence of nutritional components and oxygen supply on the mycelial growth and bioactive metabolites production in submerged culture of Antrodia cinnamomea, Process Biochemistry, 41 (5): 1129-1135.
42. Shih, I.L., Chou, B.W., Chen, C.C., Wu, J.Y., Hsieh, C., 2008. Study of mycelial growth and bioactive polysaccharide production in batch and fed-batch culture of Grifola frondosa. Bioresource Technology, 99: 785-793.
43. Shu, C.H., Lin, K.J., Wen, B.J., 2004. Effects of culture pH on the production of bioactive polysaccharides by Agaricus blazei in batch cultures. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 79: 998-1002.
44. Tang, Y.J., Zhu, L.W., Li, H.M., Li, D.S., 2007. Submerged culture of mushrooms in bioreactors-challenges, current state of the art, and future. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 45(3): 221-229.
45. Vellinga, E.C., de Kok, R.P.J., Brus, T.D., 2003. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae). Mycologia, 95(3): 442-456.
46. Wei, C.H., Zhou, Z., Shi, F.C., Yong, Q.L., 2008. Optimization for the production of exopolysaccharides from Fomes fomentarius in submerged culture and its antitumor effect in vitro. Bioresource Technology, 99: 3187-3194.
47. Wu, C.Y., Liang, Z.C., Lu, C.P., Wu, S.H., 2008. Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production and carbohydrate composition of exopolysaccharides by submerged culture of Pleurotus citrinopileatus. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 16(2): 61-67.
48. Xu, C.P., Kim, S.W., Hwang, H.J., Choi, J.W., Yun, J.W., 2003. Optimization of submerged culture conditions for mycelial growth and exo-biopolymer production by Paecilomyces tenuipes C240. Process Biochemistry, 38: 1025-1030.
49. Yang, F.C., Liau, C.B., 1998. Effects of cultivating conditions on the mycelial growth of Ganoderma lucidum in submerged flask cultures. Bioprocess Engineering, 19: 233-236.
50. Yang, F.C., Huang, H.C., Yang, M.J., 2003. The influence of environmental conditions on the mycelial growth of Antrodia cinnamomea in submerged cultures. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 33: 395-402.
51. Zhang, Z., Shen, W., Liu, D., Li, J., 2011. Enhanced production of mycelial biomass and ganoderic acid in submerged culture of Ganoderma applanatum ACCC-52297 elicited by feeding rutin. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(21): 3452-3461.
52. Zhou, L.H., Zhang, Y.Q., Wang, R.J., Shen, X.L., Li, Y.Q., Guan, W.J., 2009a. Optimization of mycelial biomass and protease production by Laccocephalum mylittae in submerged fermentation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(8): 1591-1601.
53. Zhou, Y., Hong-Bo, S., Chen, D.Y., 2009b. Effects of organic nitrogen and carbon sources on mycelial growth and polysaccharides production and their optimization in the submerged culture of Grifola umbellate, a Chinese medicinal herb. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(20): 5208-5214.