Organik domates yetiştiriciliğinde ön bitki ve organik gübre uygulamalarına bağlı olarak toprak mikobiyotasındaki değişiklikler

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 207 - 214, 21.07.2016

Berna Tunalı , Gülen Özyazıcı , Aysun Pekşen

https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.260976

Öz

Bu araştırma, organik domates üretiminden önce uygulanan ön bitki ve organik gübrelerin topraktaki mikobiyota değişimine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2011-2014 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Tarla denemeleri, Tesadüf Bloklar deneme deseninde bölünmüş parsellere göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada soğangil, lahanagil ve baklagil+buğdaygillerden üç farklı ön bitki uygulaması (pırasa, brokoli ve fiğ+arpa karışımı) ile kontrol (kışı boş geçiren parsel) ana parsellere, üç farklı organik gübre kaynağı (kompost, organik ticari gübre-1 ve organik ticari gübre-2) ise alt parsellere yerleştirilmiştir. Her bir ön bitki ve organik gübre uygulaması sonrası domates hasadından sonra alınan topraklarda tespit edilen fungal mikroorganizma tür ve miktarının başlangıçtakine göre farklı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ön bitki ve organik gübre uygulandıktan sonra domates yetiştirilen topraklardaki Penicillium ve Aspergillus cinslerinin sayısının denemenin başlangıcındaki izolat sayısına göre oldukça azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Fusarium cinsi içinde en yoğun bulunan tür ise F. oxysporum olarak bulunmuştur. Denemenin başlangıç yılında ve takiben 2012’de, Pythium ve Rhizoctonia gibi çökerten etmenleri yanında antagonist Acremonium cinsi tespit edilmemişken, 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında bu funguslar gözlenmiştir. Deneme başlangıcına göre toplam patojen ve antagonist mikroorganizma miktarı artmıştır. Ön bitki ve organik gübrelemenin domates yetiştirilen parsellerde Trichoderma ve diğer antagonistik mikroorganizmaların artışı için uygun şartları oluşturduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Toprak mikobiyotasının bitkilerdeki hastalıklar üzerine etkileri hakkında detaylı çalışmalar yapılması uygun olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Domates, ekim nöbeti; fungus; organik gübre; organik tarım; ön bitki

Changes in soil mycobiota in response to previous crop and organic fertilizer applications in organic tomato cultivation

Öz

This study was conducted to determine the effects of the previous crop and organic fertilizer applications prior to tomato production on changes in soil fungal communities between 2011 and 2014. Field experiments were established according to Split Plots in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. In the study, three previous crop treatments from Alliaceae, Cruciferae, Fabaceae+Gramineae families (leek, broccoli and vetch+barley mixture) and control (no previous crop during winter season) were placed in the main plots whereas three different fertilizer sources (compost, organic commercial fertilizer-1 and organic commercial fertilizer-2) were placed in the sub-plots. It was determined that fungal microorganism species and their numbers determined in the soil samples taken after tomato harvest following each previous crop and fertilizer applications were different from the initial fungal microorganism profile and number. The numbers of isolates belonging to Penicillium and Aspergillus genera in tomato-grown soils after the previous crop and organic fertilizer applications decreased when compared with the number of initial isolates at the beginning of the experiment. F. oxysporum was found as the most prevalent species in Fusarium genus. While damping-off pathogens, Pythium and Rhizoctonia, and antagonist Acremonium were not observed in the beginning and 2012, they were detected in 2013 and 2014 years. Antagonist and pathogenic microbial community increased, compared to pre-sowing season. It was thought that the previous crop and organic fertilization applications created favorable conditions for the development of Trichoderma and other antagonistic organisms in tomato-grown plots. It can be useful to conduct more detailed studies on the impacts of soil mycobiota on plant diseases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tomato, rotation; fungi; organic fertilizer; organic agriculture; previous crop; Solanum lycopersicum

Kaynakça

• Abawi, G.S., Widmer, TL., 2000. Impact of soil health management practices on soil-borne pathogens, nematodes and root dieseases of vegetable crops. Applied Soil Ecology, 15: 37-47.
• Anonim, 2010. Gübre denetim rehberi. http://www.tugem.gov.tr/document/gubre_denetim_rehberi.doc. Erişim: 01.12. 2012.
• Asan, A., 2004. Check list of Aspergillus and Penicillium species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon, 89(1): 155-157.
• Azaz, A.D., Hasenekoğlu, I., 1997. An investigation into the microfungal flora of field soils in the GAP (Southeastern Anatolia Project) Irrigation Area of Harran Plain. Tr. J. of Botany, 21: 165-172.
• Barnett, H.L., Hunter Barry, B., 1998. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, APS Press. Fourth Edition, p. 218.
• Bulluck, L.R., Brosius, M., Evanoylo, G.K., Ristaino, J.B., 2002. Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms. Appl. Soil Ecol., 19: 147-160.
• Cheuk, W., Lo, K.V., Coperman, R., Joffie, P., Fraser, B.S., 2005. Disease suppressio on glasshouse tomotoes using plant waste compost. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 40(30): 449-461.
• Cwalina-Ambroziak,,B., Bowszys, T., 2009. Changes in fungal communities in organically fertilized soil. Plant Soil Environ., 55(1): 25–32.
• Dhingra, O.D., Sinclair, J.B., 1995. Basic Plant Pathology Methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
• Dick, M.W., 1990. Keys to Pythium. College of Estate Management, Reading, 64 s, UK.
• Duman, İ, Algan, N., 2012. Organik tarımda ekim nöbeti uygulaması. Organik Tarım. (Güncellenmiş 2. Baskı). Ankara.
• Erol, F.Y., Tunalı, B., 2009. Determination root and crown rot diseases in tomato growing area of Samsun province. Acta Horticulturae, 808: 65-69.
• Eyjolfsdottir, G.G., 1995. Soil fungi isolated from Icelendic farmland. Acta-Botanica-Islandica, 12: 53-62.
• Gerlach, W., Nirenberg, H., 1982. The Genus Fusarium-a Pictorial Atlas. Kommissionsverlag Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg. pp.406.
• Lamey, H.A., Diaper, M.A., 1992. Disease management in home-grown tomatoes. NDSU. www.ag.ndsu.edu.
• Lazarovits, G., Hill, J., Patterson, G., Conn, KL., Crum, NS., 2008. Edaphic soil levels of mineral nutrients, pH, organic matter and cationic exchange capacity in the geocaulosphere associated with potato common scab. Phytopathology. 97(9): 1071-1082.
• Lessie, J., Summerell, B.A., 2006. The Fusarium. Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK. Pp: 278.
• Mills, D.J., Hoffman, CB., Teasdale, J.R., 2002. Factor associated with foliar disease of staked fresh tomatoes grown under differing bed strategies. Plant Disease, 86: 356-361.
• Oskay, F., 2007. Çankırı İli Eldivan İlçesi Karaçam Ormanı Topraklarındaki Fungal Floranın ve İn-Vitro’da Antagonistik Etkileşimlerinin Belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
• Serra-Wittling, C., Houot, S., Alabouvette, C., 1996. Increased soil suppressiveness to Fusarium wilt of flex after additional of municipal solid waste compost. Soil Biol. Biochem. 28: 1207-1214.
• Singh, C.P., Mishra, M.M., Yadav, K.S., 1980. Solubilization of insoluble phosphates by thermophilic fungi. Ann Microbiol 131: 289-296.
• Smith, J.L., Collins, H.P., 2007.Management of organisms and their processes in sols. In soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry, third ed. Ed. EA Paul, pp. 471-502, Academic Press, Salt Lake City.
• Suzuki, C., Takenaka, M., Oka, N., Nagaoka, K., Karasawa, T., 2012. A DGGE analysis shows that crop rotation systems influence the bacterial and fungal communities in soils. Soil Sciene and Plant Nutrition, 58: 288-296.
• Swer, H., Dkhar, M.S., Kayang, H., 2011. Fungal population and diversity in organically amended agricultural soils of Meghalaya, India. Journal of Organic Systems, 6(2): 3-12.
• Tsror-Lahkim, Barack, R., Sneh, B., 2001. Biological control of black scurf on potato under organic management. Crop Protection, 20: 145-150.
• Turhan, G., Turhan, K., Duman, İ., Yolageldi, L., Bozokalfa, K., 2007. Bazı lahana grubu (Cruciferae fam.) sebzelerden sonra yetiştirilen domates, biber ve patlıcan bitkilerinde toprak kaynaklı fungal hastalıkların oluşumu ve bitki gelişim özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. TÜBİTAK, TOVAG 3173 Nolu Proje Kesin Sonuç Raporu.
• Wakelin, S.A., Gupta, V.V., Harvey, P.R., Ryder, M.H., 2007. The effect of Penicillium fungi on plant growth and phosphorus mobilization in neutral to alkaline soils from southern Australia. Can J Microbiol, 53: 106-115.
• Wu, T., Chellemi, D.O., Graham, J.H., Martin, K.J., Rosskopf, E.N., 2008. Comparison of soil bacterial communities under diverse agricultural land management and crop production practices. Microb. Ecol. 55: 293-310.
• Zhou, D., Hyde, K.D., 2002. Host specificity, host-exclucively and host-recurence in sabrobic fungi. Mycological Research, 105: 1449-1457.