QUO VADIS JIHADISM? RECONSTRUCTION OF THE JIHADIST DISCOURSE IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 58 - 81, 01.07.2015

Hacer Coşkun Ayşe Ömür

Öz

Middle Eastern politics is occupied by jihadist discourse because of its motivating role in military campaigns. Jihad is a Qur’anic term which means that its definition is fixed within the sacred book and, according to Islamic rules, is not subject to re-interpretation. Despite its clear meaning within the Qur’an, political actors have appropriated it according to various political conditions. In contrast to the classical understanding of jihad, contemporary radical Islamic movements have used jihadist discourse in an effort to destroy the current international system, erase state borders among Muslim societies and reconstruct sharia rules. The discursive transformation from jihad to jihadism reflects how Islam has been manipulated as a political device in the Middle East. This article examines the varying meanings of jihad across time and space within their historical contexts. It is argued that jihad has performed numerous functions through history: as a state policy, a doctrinal tool, and an instrument with which dozens of wars, invasions, conquests, and resistances have been waged

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jihad, Jihadism, Constructivism, Discourse Construction, Political Islam.

CİHATÇILIK NEREYE? ORTADOĞU’DA CİHATÇI SÖYLEMİN YENİDEN İNŞASI

Öz

Ortadoğu siyaseti, askeri faaliyetlerdeki motive edici rolünden dolayı, cihat söylemi ile iştigal edilmiştir. Cihat Kur’ani bir kavramdır, bu da kutsal kitapta tanımı yapılan terimin İslami kurallara göre yeniden yorumlanmaya mevzu bahis olmaması anlamına gelmektedir. Kur’an’daki açık anlamına rağmen siyasi aktörler terimi farklı politik koşullara göre uyarlamaktadırlar. Klasik cihat anlayışından farklı olarak, günümüz radikal İslami hareketler cihatçı söylemi var olan uluslararası sistemi yıkmak, Müslüman toplumlar arasındaki sınırları yok etmek ve şeriat kurallarını yeniden kurmak amacıyla kullanmaktadırlar. Cihat’tan cihatçılığa doğru gelişen söylemsel dönüşüm ise Ortadoğu’da İslam’ın siyasi bir araç olarak nasıl manipüle edildiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, zaman ve mekanın tarihsel bağlamları içerisinde cihadın farklı anlamlarını incelemektedir. Çalışmada cihat kavramının tarih boyunca bir devlet politikası, bir doktrin aracı ve onlarca savaş, işgal, fetih ve direnişe sebep olan bir enstrüman olmak üzere çok çeşitli biçimlerde kullanıldığını ileri sürülmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cihat, Cihatçılık, İnşacılık, Söylem İnşası, Siyasi İslam

Kaynakça

• Ahmed, Akbar S. and Donnan, Hastings (eds.), Islam, Globalization and Post- modernity, (New York: Routledge, 1994).
• Akbarzadeh, Shahram and Saeed, Abdullah, Islam and Political Legitimacy, (New York: Routledge, 2003).
• Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad, “The Dawn of the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham”, Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Middle East Forum, v.6, (January, 2014).
• Alexiev, Alex, “Tablighi Jamaat: Jihad’s Stealthy Legions”, Middle East Quar- terly, vol.11, i.1, (Winter 2005).
• Ayubi, Nazih, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World, (New York: Routledge, 1991).
• BBC News, “Profile: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS)”, http:// www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24179084.
• BBC News, “ISIS Rebels Declare ‘Islamic State’ in Iraq and Syria” http:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-28082962.
• Beverley Milton-Edwards, Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945, (New York: Routledge, 2004).
• Bin Ali, Muhammed, “Jihad in Syria: Fallacies of ISIS”, RSIS Commentaries, no.194, Nynang Technologies University, http://dr.ntu.edu.sg/han- dle/10220/24352.
• Bonner, Michael, Jihad in Islamic History Doctrines and Practice, (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006).
• Bonney, Richard, Jihad from Qur’an to bin Laden, (London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
• Brachman, Jarret M., Global Jihadism Theory and Practice, (New York and London: Routledge, 2008).
• Cook, David, Undertsanding Jihad, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
• Coughlin, Stephen Collins, “To Our Great Detriment: Ignoring What Ex- tremes Say about Jihad”, Master of Science of Strategic Intelligence, (July 2007).
• Dağı, İhsan D., Ortadoğu’da İslam ve Siyaset, (İstanbul: Boyut Yayın, 2000).
• Frisch, Hillel and Inbar, Efraim (eds.), Radical Islam and International Securi- ty: Challenges and Responses, (New York: Routledge, 2008).
• Fuller, Graham E., Future of Political Islam, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
• Gürler, Recep Tayyip and Özdemir, Ömer Behram, “From Al-Qaeda to Post-Qaeda: The Evolution of ISIS”, Turkish Journal of Middle East- ern Studies, vol.1, i.1, (May 2014).
• Heck, Paul L., “Jihad Revisited”, Journal of Religious Ethics, vol.32, i.1, (2004).
• Hiro, Dilip, The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict, (New York: Routledge, 1991).
• International Crisis Group, “Understanding Islamism”, The Middle East and North Africa Report, no.37, (March, 2005).
• Kamrava, Mehran, The Modern Middle East: A Political History Since World War I, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013).
• Leiken, Robert S. and Brooke, Steven, “The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood”, Foreign Affairs, vol.86, i.2 (March-April, 2007).
• Linjakumpu, Aini, Political Islam in The Global World, (Great Britain: Ithaca Press, 2008).
• Oxford Islamic Studies Online, “Dawah” http://www.oxfordislamicstudies. com/article/opr/t125/e511.
• Peters, Rudolph, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader, (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996).
• Phares, Walid, Future Jihad:Terrorist Strategies Against the West, (New York:Pal- grave Macmillan, 2006).
• Roshandel, Jalil and Chadha, Sharon, Jihad and International Security, (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2006).
• Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Jihad and the Islamic Law of War (Jordan: Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute Publication, 2002).
• Rubin, Barry, The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
• Shaffer, Brenda, The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign Policy, (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 2006).
• Schulze, Reinhard, A Modern History of the Islamic World, (London: I.B. Tau- ris, 2000).
• Springer, Devin R. at al, Islamic Radicalism and Global Jihad, (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2009).
• Streusand, Douglas E., “What Does Jihad Mean?”, Middle East Quarterly, vol.4, no.3, (September 1997).
• Tibi, Bassam, Politcal Islam World Politics and Europe, (New York: Routledge, 2008).
• Withnall, Adam, “Iraq Crisis: ISIS Changes Name and Declares its Terri- tories a New Islamic State with ‘Restoration of Caliphate’ in Mid- dle East” The Independent, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/ world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east- with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from- its-name-9571374.html.
• Yurtseven, Yılmaz, “Osmanlı Klasik Döneminde İdeoloji, Din ve Siyasi Meşruiyet”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol.11, no.1- 2, (2007).
• Zelin, Aaron Y., “The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement”, Research Notes of The Washington Insti- tute for Near East Policy, no. 20, (June 2014).