Internet Aile Tutumunun Yaş ve Cinsiyet Değişkenlerine göre Değişimi
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 47, 145 - 166, 12.09.2019
Mehmet Barış Horzum
,
İbrahim Duman
,
Mehmet Uysal
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı internet aile tutumunun
yaş ve cinsiyete göre değişip değişmediğini incelemektir. Çalışma, nicel
kesitsel araştırma modeline dayanmaktadır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları ortaokul
ve lise öğrencileri arasından rastgele örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak
seçilmiştir. Bu çalışmaya toplam 1839 çocuk katıldı. Araştırma sonucunda, 10–11
yaş grubundaki kız ve erkeklerde aile kontrolü ve aile yakınlığının yüksek
olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum, ailelerin daha genç yaşlarda İnternet ile ilgili
olarak yüksek düzeyde kontrol ve yakınlık sağladıklarını göstermektedir.
Bununla birlikte ilerleyen yaşlarda hem erkeklerde hem de kızlarda kontrol ve
yakınlık azalmaya devam etmektedir. Cinsiyet göz önüne alındığında, erkeklerde
internet ile ilgili aile kontrolünün ve aile yakınlıklarının 12 yaşında önemli
ölçüde azaldığı görülmüştür. Kızlarda internet kullanımında ise aile kontrolü
ve yakınlığının 14 yaşında önemli ölçüde azalmakta olduğu görülmektedir.
Erkeklere kıyasla kızlarda bu düşüş iki yıl daha sonra gerçekleşmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Alvarez, M., Torres, A., Rodríguez, E., Padilla, S., & Rodrigo, M. J. (2013). Attitudes and parenting dimensions in parents’ regulation of Internet use by primary and secondary school children. Computers & Education, 67(2013), 69-78.
- Aricak, O. T., & Ozbay, A. (2016). Investigation of the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization, alexithymia and anger expression styles among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(A), 278e285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.015.
- Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V. (2017). Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 430-454.
- Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2013). Internet addiction and Internet parental style of primary school students. Turkish Psychological Counselling and Guidance Journal, 39(4), 46-57.
- Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
- Chen, S. K., & Lin, S. S. (2016). A latent growth curve analysis of initial depression level and changing rate as predictors of problematic Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 380-387.
- Chiou, W.-B., & Wan, C.-S. (2006). Sexual self-disclosure in cyberspace among Taiwanese adolescents: Gender differences and the interplay of cyberspace and real life. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(1), 46–53.Chisholm, J. (2006). Cyberspace violence against girls and adolescent females. Cyberspacebullying, 1087, 74e89
- Chou, C., & Lee, Y. H. (2017). The moderating effects of internet parenting styles on the relationship between Internet parenting behavior, Internet expectancy, and Internet addiction tendency. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 26(3-4), 137-146.
- Çelik, Ç. B., & Odacı, H. (2013). The relationship between problematic internet use and interpersonal cognitive distortions and life satisfaction in university students. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(3), 505-508.
- Deniz, M., Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T., & Koç, M. (2016). An Examination of Elementary School Students’ Parental Style and Parental Internet Style with Respect to Various Variables. Bartin Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 879-892.
- Duerager, A., & Livingstone, S. (2012). How can parents support children’s internet safety? Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42872/1/How%20can%20parents%20support%20children%E2%80%99s%20internet%20safety%28lsero%29.pdf
- Dunbar, D., Proeve, M., & Roberts, R. (2017). Problematic internet usage self-regulation dilemmas: Effects of presentation format on perceived value of behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 453-459.
- Gutman, L. M., Eccles, J. S., Opeck, S., & Malachuk, O. (2010). The influence of family relations on trajectories of cigarette and alcohol use from early to late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 119–128.
- Huang, R. L., Lu, Z., Liu, J. J., You, Y. M., Pan, Z. Q., Wei, Z., ... & Wang, Z. Z. (2009). Features and predictors of problematic internet use in Chinese college students. Behaviour & Information Technology, 28(5), 485-490.
- Hsu, Y. H. (2005). A study on the network usage and network literacy of fifth and sixth graders in remote areas of taipei county. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Horzum, M. B. (2011). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyunu bağımlılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(159), 56-68.
- Horzum, M. B., & Bektas, M. (2014). Examining the internet use aim and internet parental style of primary school students in terms of various variables. Croatian Journal of Education, 16(3), 745-778.
- Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1e8.
- Lau, W. W., & Yuen, A. H. (2016). The relative importance of paternal and maternal parenting as predictors of adolescents’ home Internet use and usage. Computers & Education, 102, 224-233.
- Lau, W. W., & Yuen, A. H. (2013). Adolescents’ risky online behaviours: The influence of gender, religion, and parenting style. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2690-2696.
- Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. N. (2012a). Impact of internet literacy, internet addiction symptoms, and internet activities on academic performance. Social Science Computer Review, 30(4), 403–418.
- Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 27(2), 157–170.Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105.
- Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of child psychology: formerly Carmichael’s Manual of child psychology/Paul H. Mussen, editor.
- Mikeska, J., Harrison, R. L., & Carlson, L. (2017). A meta‐analysis of parental style and consumer socialization of children. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(2), 245-256.
- Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2005). Protecting youth online: Family use of filtering and blocking software. Child abuse & neglect, 29(7), 753-765.
- Özgür, H. (2016). The relationship between Internet parenting styles and Internet usage of children and adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 411-424.
- Peluchette, J. V., Karl, K., Wood, C., & Williams, J. (2015). Cyberbullying victimization: Do victims’ personality and risky social network behaviors contribute to the problem? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 424-435.
- Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2017). Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here? Aggression and violent behavior, 34, 193-200.
- Phares, V., Fields, S., & Kamboukos, D. (2009). Fathers’ and mothers’ involvement with their adolescents. Journal of child and family studies, 18(1), 1-9.
- Piko, Bettina F.; Balázs, Máté Á. (2012): Authoritative parenting style and adolescent smoking and drinking. In Addictive behaviors 37 (3), pp. 353–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.11.022.
- Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2011). Being pursued online: Applying cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory to cyberstalking victimization. Criminal justice and behavior, 38(11), 1149-1169.
- Roche, K. M., Ahmed, S., & Blum, R. W. (2008). Enduring consequences of parenting for risk behaviors from adolescence into early adulthood. Social Science &Medicine, 66, 2023–2034.
- Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Carrier, L. M. (2008). The association of parenting style and child age with parental limit setting and adolescent MySpace behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 459-471.
- Shih, S. R. (2003). Network characteristics of the virtual world and its influence on the young. Student Counseling Bimonthly, 89, 80-89
- Smoker, M., & March, E. (2017). Predicting perpetration of intimate partner cyberstalking: Gender and the Dark Tetrad. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 390-396.
- Tripp, L. M., & Herr-Stephenson, R. (2009). Making access meaningful: Latino young people using digital media at home and at school. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 1190e1207.
- Tucker, C. J., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2003). Dimensions of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Differential Treatment of Siblings: Links with Adolescents’ Sex‐Typed Personal Qualities. Family Relations, 52(1), 82-89.
- Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on Internet use of primary school children. Computers & Education, 55(2), 454-464.
- Van Rooij, T., & Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2007). Monitor Internet en Jongeren 2006 en 2007: Ontwikkelingen in internetgebruik en de rol van opvoeding. Rotterdam: IVO.
- Yang, S. C., & Tung, C. J. (2007). Comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 79-96.
- Wang, R., Bianchi, S. M., & Raley, S. B. (2005). Teenagers’ Internet use and family rules: A research note. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1249-1258.
- Wegmann, E., Oberst, U., Stodt, B., & Brand, M. (2017). Online-specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 5, 33-42.
- White, J. M., & Klein, D. M. (2008). Family theories (3rd ed ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Children’s Age and Gender Differences in Internet Parenting Styles
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 47, 145 - 166, 12.09.2019
Mehmet Barış Horzum
,
İbrahim Duman
,
Mehmet Uysal
Öz
The aim of this research is to examine whether the Internet family style changes according to age and gender. The study was based on quantitative cross-sectional survey design. The participants of the study were randomly sampled from among secondary and high school students. A total of 1839 children participated in this study. As a result of research, it was seen that parental control and parental warmth were high in both females and males in the 10–11 age group. This shows that families maintained high levels of control and warmth with regard to the Internet at younger ages and that this situation continued to diminish in both males and females in later ages. Considering gender, in males, parental control and parental warmth with regard to the Internet was seen to decline substantially at the age of 12. In females, parental control and warmth for the use of Internet decline substantially at the age of 14. Moreover, when compared to males, this decline occurs two years far ahead.
Kaynakça
- Alvarez, M., Torres, A., Rodríguez, E., Padilla, S., & Rodrigo, M. J. (2013). Attitudes and parenting dimensions in parents’ regulation of Internet use by primary and secondary school children. Computers & Education, 67(2013), 69-78.
- Aricak, O. T., & Ozbay, A. (2016). Investigation of the relationship between cyberbullying, cybervictimization, alexithymia and anger expression styles among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 55(A), 278e285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.015.
- Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V. (2017). Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 430-454.
- Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2013). Internet addiction and Internet parental style of primary school students. Turkish Psychological Counselling and Guidance Journal, 39(4), 46-57.
- Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
- Chen, S. K., & Lin, S. S. (2016). A latent growth curve analysis of initial depression level and changing rate as predictors of problematic Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 380-387.
- Chiou, W.-B., & Wan, C.-S. (2006). Sexual self-disclosure in cyberspace among Taiwanese adolescents: Gender differences and the interplay of cyberspace and real life. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(1), 46–53.Chisholm, J. (2006). Cyberspace violence against girls and adolescent females. Cyberspacebullying, 1087, 74e89
- Chou, C., & Lee, Y. H. (2017). The moderating effects of internet parenting styles on the relationship between Internet parenting behavior, Internet expectancy, and Internet addiction tendency. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 26(3-4), 137-146.
- Çelik, Ç. B., & Odacı, H. (2013). The relationship between problematic internet use and interpersonal cognitive distortions and life satisfaction in university students. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(3), 505-508.
- Deniz, M., Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T., & Koç, M. (2016). An Examination of Elementary School Students’ Parental Style and Parental Internet Style with Respect to Various Variables. Bartin Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 879-892.
- Duerager, A., & Livingstone, S. (2012). How can parents support children’s internet safety? Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/42872/1/How%20can%20parents%20support%20children%E2%80%99s%20internet%20safety%28lsero%29.pdf
- Dunbar, D., Proeve, M., & Roberts, R. (2017). Problematic internet usage self-regulation dilemmas: Effects of presentation format on perceived value of behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 453-459.
- Gutman, L. M., Eccles, J. S., Opeck, S., & Malachuk, O. (2010). The influence of family relations on trajectories of cigarette and alcohol use from early to late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 119–128.
- Huang, R. L., Lu, Z., Liu, J. J., You, Y. M., Pan, Z. Q., Wei, Z., ... & Wang, Z. Z. (2009). Features and predictors of problematic internet use in Chinese college students. Behaviour & Information Technology, 28(5), 485-490.
- Hsu, Y. H. (2005). A study on the network usage and network literacy of fifth and sixth graders in remote areas of taipei county. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Horzum, M. B. (2011). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin bilgisayar oyunu bağımlılık düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(159), 56-68.
- Horzum, M. B., & Bektas, M. (2014). Examining the internet use aim and internet parental style of primary school students in terms of various variables. Croatian Journal of Education, 16(3), 745-778.
- Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1e8.
- Lau, W. W., & Yuen, A. H. (2016). The relative importance of paternal and maternal parenting as predictors of adolescents’ home Internet use and usage. Computers & Education, 102, 224-233.
- Lau, W. W., & Yuen, A. H. (2013). Adolescents’ risky online behaviours: The influence of gender, religion, and parenting style. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2690-2696.
- Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. N. (2012a). Impact of internet literacy, internet addiction symptoms, and internet activities on academic performance. Social Science Computer Review, 30(4), 403–418.
- Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 27(2), 157–170.Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., & Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105.
- Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of child psychology: formerly Carmichael’s Manual of child psychology/Paul H. Mussen, editor.
- Mikeska, J., Harrison, R. L., & Carlson, L. (2017). A meta‐analysis of parental style and consumer socialization of children. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(2), 245-256.
- Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2005). Protecting youth online: Family use of filtering and blocking software. Child abuse & neglect, 29(7), 753-765.
- Özgür, H. (2016). The relationship between Internet parenting styles and Internet usage of children and adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 411-424.
- Peluchette, J. V., Karl, K., Wood, C., & Williams, J. (2015). Cyberbullying victimization: Do victims’ personality and risky social network behaviors contribute to the problem? Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 424-435.
- Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2017). Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here? Aggression and violent behavior, 34, 193-200.
- Phares, V., Fields, S., & Kamboukos, D. (2009). Fathers’ and mothers’ involvement with their adolescents. Journal of child and family studies, 18(1), 1-9.
- Piko, Bettina F.; Balázs, Máté Á. (2012): Authoritative parenting style and adolescent smoking and drinking. In Addictive behaviors 37 (3), pp. 353–356. DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.11.022.
- Reyns, B. W., Henson, B., & Fisher, B. S. (2011). Being pursued online: Applying cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory to cyberstalking victimization. Criminal justice and behavior, 38(11), 1149-1169.
- Roche, K. M., Ahmed, S., & Blum, R. W. (2008). Enduring consequences of parenting for risk behaviors from adolescence into early adulthood. Social Science &Medicine, 66, 2023–2034.
- Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Carrier, L. M. (2008). The association of parenting style and child age with parental limit setting and adolescent MySpace behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 459-471.
- Shih, S. R. (2003). Network characteristics of the virtual world and its influence on the young. Student Counseling Bimonthly, 89, 80-89
- Smoker, M., & March, E. (2017). Predicting perpetration of intimate partner cyberstalking: Gender and the Dark Tetrad. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 390-396.
- Tripp, L. M., & Herr-Stephenson, R. (2009). Making access meaningful: Latino young people using digital media at home and at school. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), 1190e1207.
- Tucker, C. J., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2003). Dimensions of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Differential Treatment of Siblings: Links with Adolescents’ Sex‐Typed Personal Qualities. Family Relations, 52(1), 82-89.
- Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on Internet use of primary school children. Computers & Education, 55(2), 454-464.
- Van Rooij, T., & Van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2007). Monitor Internet en Jongeren 2006 en 2007: Ontwikkelingen in internetgebruik en de rol van opvoeding. Rotterdam: IVO.
- Yang, S. C., & Tung, C. J. (2007). Comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1), 79-96.
- Wang, R., Bianchi, S. M., & Raley, S. B. (2005). Teenagers’ Internet use and family rules: A research note. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1249-1258.
- Wegmann, E., Oberst, U., Stodt, B., & Brand, M. (2017). Online-specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 5, 33-42.
- White, J. M., & Klein, D. M. (2008). Family theories (3rd ed ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.