NARSİSİZM VE ÇELİŞİK DUYGULU CİNSİYETÇİLİK: CİNSİYET BAĞLAMINDA BİR İNCELEME

Öz

Bu çalışma, narsisizm ile çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçilik arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Narsisistik özellikler taşıyan erkek ve kadınların düşmanca ve korumacı cinsiyetçilik tutumlarının farklılaşıp farklaşmadığını araştırmak için Anadolu Üniversitesi’nde (Eskişehir) İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi İşletme öğrencileri katılımcı olarak seçilmiştir. Yaş orta-laması 22.58 (S=1.6) olarak hesaplanan 105 erkek ve yaş ortalaması 22.14 (S= 1.3) olan 105 kadın olmak üzere toplam 210 katılımcı ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak Narsisistik Kişilik Envanteri ve Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. MANOVA ile cinsiyete göre narsisizmin ve düşmanca cinsiyetçilik tutumunun farklılaş-tığı, erkelerin kadınlara göre daha narsist ve daha düşmanca cinsiyetçilik tutumuna sahip oldukları bulgulanmıştır. Bağımsız örneklem testleri ise narsisistik özellikleri fazla olan erkek ve kadınların, düşük olanlara kıyasla daha güçlü düşmanca cinsiyetçilik tutumuna sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. Narsisizm ve cinsiyetçilik tutumlarının cinsiyet bağla-mında erkek ve kadınlar için ayrı ayrı incelenmesinin daha uygun olacağını gösteren bu çalışma, cinsiyetçilik tutumları-nın bir kişilik özelliği olarak narsisizm ile ilişkisinin incelendiği ilk çalışmadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• cinsiyetçilik,narsisizm

Kaynakça

1. Allen, T. D., Johnson, H. A. M., Xu, X., Biga, A., Rodopman, O. B., ve Ottinot, R. C. (2009). “Mentoring And Protégé Narcissistic Entitlement”, Journal Of Career Development, 35(4), 385-405.
2. Ames, D. R., Rose, P., ve Anderson, C. P. (2006). “The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism”, Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450.
3. Barreto, M., ve Ellemers, N. (2005). The Burden Of Benevolent Sexism: How It Contributes To The Mainte-nance Of Gender Inequalities. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 35(5), 633-642.
4. Bushman, B. J., ve Baumeister, R. F. (1998). “Threatened Egotism, Narcissism, Self-Esteem, And Direct And Displaced Aggression: Does Self-Love Or Self-Hate Lead To Violence?”, Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 75(1), 219-229.
5. Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., Van Dijk, M., ve Baumeister, R. F. (2003). “Narcissism, Sexual Refusal, And Ag-gression: Testing A Narcissistic Reactance Model Of Sexual Coercion”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1027-1040.
6. Campbell, W. K., ve Foster, J. D. (2007). “The Narcissistic Self: Background, An Extended Agency Model, And Ongoing Controversies”, The Self, 115-138.
7. Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., ve Finkel, E. J. (2006). “Narcissism, Interpersonal Self-Regulation, and Roman-tic Relationships: An Agency Model Approach”, (Ed: K. D. Vohs ve E. J. Finkel), Self and relationships: Con-necting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (s. 57–83). Guilford Press.
8. Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A., ve Sedikides, C. (2002). “Narcissism, Self-Esteem, And The Positivity Of Self-Views: Two Portraits Of Self-Love”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 358-368.

9. Campbell, W. K., Bush, C. P., Brunell, A. B., ve Shelton, J. (2005). “Understanding The Social Costs Of Narcis-sism: The Case Of The Tragedy Of The Commons”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1358-1368.
10. Carnahan, T., ve McFarland, S. (2007). “Revisiting The Stanford Prison Experiment: Could Participant Self-Selection Have Led To The Cruelty?”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 603-614.
11. Cichocka, A., Dhont, K., ve Makwana, A. P. (2017). “On Self‐Love And Outgroup Hate: Opposite Effects Of Narcissism On Prejudice Via Social Dominance Orientation And Right‐Wing Authoritarianism”, European Journal of Personality, 31(4), 366-384.
12. Connell, R. (2017). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve iktidar. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
13. Eagly, A. H., ve Wood, W. (1999). “The Origins Of Sex Differences In Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles”, American Psychologist, 54(6), 408-423.
14. Emmons, R. A. (1987). “Narcissism: Theory and Measurement”, Journal of Personality and Social Psy-chology, 52(1), 11-17.
15. Fikret Pasa, S., Kabasakal, H., ve Bodur, M. (2001). “Society, Organisations, And Leadership In Turkey”, Ap-plied Psychology, 50(4), 559-589.
16. Foster, J. D., ve Campbell, W. K. (2007). “Are There Such Things As “Narcissists” In Social Psychology? A Tax-ometric Analysis Of The Narcissistic Personality Inventory”, Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1321-1332.
17. Glad, B. (2002). “Why Tyrants Go Too Far: Malignant Narcissism And Absolute Power”, Political Psychology, 23(1), 1-2.
18. Glick, P. (2006). “13 Ambivalent Sexism, Power Distance, And Gender Inequality Across Cultures”. Social comparison and social psychology: Understanding Cognition, Intergroup Relations, and Culture, 283-293.
19. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (1996). “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile And Benevolent Sexism”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512.
20. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (1997). “Hostile And Benevolent Sexism Measuring Ambivalent Sexist Attitudes To-ward Women”. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 119-135.
21. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (2001). “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile And Benevolent Sexism As Complementary Justifications For Gender Inequality”. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118.
22. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (2011). “Ambivalent Sexism Revisited”. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530-535.
23. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D., Masser, B., ... ve Annetje, B. (2000). “Beyond Preju-dice As Simple Antipathy: Hostile And Benevolent Sexism Across Cultures”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 763-775.
24. Glick, P., Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Ferreira, M. C., ve de Souza, M. A. (2002). “Ambivalent Sexism And Attitudes To-ward Wife Abuse In Turkey And Brazil”, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 292-297.
25. Glick, P., Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Akbaş, G., Orta, İ. M., ve Ceylan, S. (2016). “Why Do Women Endorse Honor Be-liefs? Ambivalent Sexism And Religiosity As Predictors”, Sex Roles, 75(11-12), 543-554.
26. Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., ve Yan, T. (2015). “Gender Differences İn Narcissism: A Meta-Analytic Review”, Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261-310.
27. Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., ve Twenge, J. M. (2014). “Psychological Entitlement And Ambivalent Sexism: Under-standing The Role Of Entitlement İn Predicting Two Forms Of Sexism”, Sex Roles, 70(5-6), 209-220.
28. Hammond, M. D., ve Sibley, C. G. (2011). “Why Are Benevolent Sexists Happier?”, Sex Roles, 65(5-6), 332-343.
29. Hammond, M. D., Sibley, C. G., ve Overall, N. C. (2014). “The Allure Of Sexism: Psychological Entitlement Fos-ters Women’S Endorsement Of Benevolent Sexism Over Time”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 422-429.
30. Hodson, G., Hogg, S. M., ve MacInnis, C. C. (2009). “The Role Of “Dark Personalities”(Narcissism, Machiavelli-anism, Psychopathy), Big Five Personality Factors, And Ideology In Explaining Prejudice”, Journal of Re-search in Personality, 43(4), 686-690.
31. Horney, K. (2013). New Ways In Psychoanalysis. UK: Routledge.
32. Jost, J. T., ve Kay, A. C. (2005). “Exposure To Benevolent Sexism And Complementary Gender Stereotypes: Consequences For Specific And Diffuse Forms Of System Justification”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 498-509.
33. Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O., ve Ni Sullivan, B. (2003). “Social Inequality And The Reduction Of Ideo-logical Dissonance On Behalf Of The System: Evidence Of Enhanced System Justification Among The Disad-vantaged”, European journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 13-36.
34. Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., ve Hardin, C. D. (2008). “Shared Reality, System Justification, And The Relational Basis Of Ideological Beliefs”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 171-186.
35. Keiller, S. W. (2010). “Male Narcissism And Attitudes Toward Heterosexual Women And Men, Lesbian Wom-en, And Gay Men: Hostility Toward Heterosexual Women Most Of All”, Sex Roles, 63(7-8), 530-541.
36. Kernberg, O. (1974). “Further Contributions To The Treatment Of Narcissistic Personalities”, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 55, 215–240.
37. Kernberg, O. (1967). “Borderline Personality Organization”, Journal of the American psychoanalytic As-sociation, 15(3), 641-685.
38. Kernberg, O. (2016). Sınır durumlar ve patolojik narsisizm. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
39. Kilianski, S. E., ve Rudman, L. A. (1998). “Wanting It Both Ways: Do Women Approve Of Benevolent Sexism?”, Sex Roles, 39(5-6), 333-352.
40. Kohut, H. (1966). “Forms And Transformations Of Narcissism”, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14(2), 243-272.
41. Konrath, S. H. (2007). “Egos İnflating Over Time: Rising Narcissism And Its İmplications For Self-Construal, Cognitive Style, And Behavior”. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/57606/skonrath_2.pdf (erişim tarihi: 02.05.2019).
42. Konrath, S., Bushman, B. J., ve Campbell, W. K. (2006). “Attenuating The Link Between Threatened Egotism And Aggression”, Psychological Science, 17(11), 995-1001.
43. Masser, B. M., ve Abrams, D. (2004). “Reinforcing The Glass Ceiling: The Consequences Of Hostile Sexism For Female Managerial Candidates”, Sex Roles, 51(9-10), 609-615.
44. Miller, J. D., Maples, J. L., Buffardi, L., Cai, H., Gentile, B., Kisbu-Sakarya, Y., ... ve Siedor, L. (2015). “Narcissism And United States’ Culture: The View From Home And Around The World”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1068-1089.
45. Morf, C. C., ve Rhodewalt, F. (1993). “Narcissism And Self-Evaluation Maintenance: Explorations In Object Relations”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 668-676.
46. Phelan, J. E., ve Rudman, L. A. (2010). “Prejudice Toward Female Leaders: Backlash Effects And Women’s İmpression Management Dilemma”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 807-820.
47. Pincus, A. L., ve Lukowitsky, M. R. (2009). “Pathological Narcissism And Narcissistic Personality Disorder”, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421-446.
48. Raskin, R. N., ve Hall, C. S. (1979). “A Narcissistic Personality İnventory”, Psychological Reports,45(2), 490.
49. Reich, A. (1960). “Pathologic Forms Of Self-Esteem Regulation”, The psychoanalytic study of the child, 15(1), 215-232.
50. Reich, W. (2014). Karakter analizi. (Çev: Leyla Uslu). İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
51. Ronningstam, E. (2016). “Pathological Narcissism And Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Recent Research And Clinical Implications”, Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 3(1), 34-42.
52. Rudman, L. A., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Phelan, J. E., ve Nauts, S. (2012). “Status İncongruity And Backlash Effects: Defending The Gender Hierarchy Motivates Prejudice Against Female Leaders”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 165-179.
53. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2002). “Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Türk Psiko-loji Dergisi, 17(49), 47-58.
54. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Yalçın, Z. S., ve Glick, P. (2007). “Ambivalent Sexism, Belief In A Just World, And Empathy As Predictors Of Turkish Students’ Attitudes Toward Rape Victims”, Sex Roles, 57(11-12), 889-895.
55. Sakalı‐Uğurlu, N., ve Glick, P. (2003). “Ambivalent Sexism And Attitudes Toward Women Who Engage In Pre-marital Sex In Turkey”, Journal of Sex Research, 40(3), 296-302.
56. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Salman, S., ve Turgut, S. (2010). “Predictors Of Turkish Women’S And Men’S Attitudes Toward Sexual Harassment: Ambivalent Sexism, And Ambivalence Toward Men”, Sex Roles, 63(11-12), 871-881.
57. Schwartz, J. P., ve Tylka, T. L. (2008). “Exploring Entitlement As A Moderator And Mediator Of The Relation-ship Between Masculine Gender Role Conflict And Men's Body Esteem”, Psychology of Men and Mascu-linity, 9(2), 67-81.
58. Sibley, C. G., Overall, N. C., ve Duckitt, J. (2007). “When Women Become More Hostilely Sexist Toward Their Gender: The System-Justifying Effect Of Benevolent Sexism”, Sex Roles, 57(9-10), 743-754.
59. Taşdemir, N., ve Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2010). “The Relationships Between Ambivalent Sexism And Religiosity Among Turkish University Students”, Sex Roles, 62(7-8), 420-426.
60. Temel, D. (2008). The Role Of Perceived Social Problem Solving, Narcissism, Self-Esteem And Gender In Pre-dicting Aggressive Behaviors Of High School Students (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
61. Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Campbell, W. K., ve Bushman, B. J. (2008). “Further evidence of an increase in narcissism among college students”, Journal of Personality, 76(4), 919-928.
62. Yumuşak, A. (2013). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Flört Şiddetine Yönelik Tutumları, Toplamsal Cinsiyetçilik Ve Narsisistik Kişilik Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişki.(Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Tokat: Gaziosmanpaşa Üni-versitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
63. Zitek, E. M., ve Jordan, A. H. (2016). “Narcissism Predicts Support For Hierarchy (At Least When Narcissists Think They Can Rise To The Top)”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 707-716.
64. Allen, T. D., Johnson, H. A. M., Xu, X., Biga, A., Rodopman, O. B., ve Ottinot, R. C. (2009). “Mentoring And Protégé Narcissistic Entitlement”, Journal Of Career Development, 35(4), 385-405.
65. Ames, D. R., Rose, P., ve Anderson, C. P. (2006). “The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism”, Journal of Research in Personality, 40(4), 440-450.
66. Barreto, M., ve Ellemers, N. (2005). The Burden Of Benevolent Sexism: How It Contributes To The Mainte-nance Of Gender Inequalities. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 35(5), 633-642.
67. Bushman, B. J., ve Baumeister, R. F. (1998). “Threatened Egotism, Narcissism, Self-Esteem, And Direct And Displaced Aggression: Does Self-Love Or Self-Hate Lead To Violence?”, Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 75(1), 219-229.
68. Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., Van Dijk, M., ve Baumeister, R. F. (2003). “Narcissism, Sexual Refusal, And Ag-gression: Testing A Narcissistic Reactance Model Of Sexual Coercion”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1027-1040.
69. Campbell, W. K., ve Foster, J. D. (2007). “The Narcissistic Self: Background, An Extended Agency Model, And Ongoing Controversies”, The Self, 115-138.
70. Campbell, W. K., Brunell, A. B., ve Finkel, E. J. (2006). “Narcissism, Interpersonal Self-Regulation, and Roman-tic Relationships: An Agency Model Approach”, (Ed: K. D. Vohs ve E. J. Finkel), Self and relationships: Con-necting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes (s. 57–83). Guilford Press.
71. Campbell, W. K., Rudich, E. A., ve Sedikides, C. (2002). “Narcissism, Self-Esteem, And The Positivity Of Self-Views: Two Portraits Of Self-Love”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 358-368.
72. Campbell, W. K., Bush, C. P., Brunell, A. B., ve Shelton, J. (2005). “Understanding The Social Costs Of Narcis-sism: The Case Of The Tragedy Of The Commons”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1358-1368.
73. Carnahan, T., ve McFarland, S. (2007). “Revisiting The Stanford Prison Experiment: Could Participant Self-Selection Have Led To The Cruelty?”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 603-614.
74. Cichocka, A., Dhont, K., ve Makwana, A. P. (2017). “On Self‐Love And Outgroup Hate: Opposite Effects Of Narcissism On Prejudice Via Social Dominance Orientation And Right‐Wing Authoritarianism”, European Journal of Personality, 31(4), 366-384.
75. Connell, R. (2017). Toplumsal cinsiyet ve iktidar. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
76. Eagly, A. H., ve Wood, W. (1999). “The Origins Of Sex Differences In Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles”, American Psychologist, 54(6), 408-423.
77. Emmons, R. A. (1987). “Narcissism: Theory and Measurement”, Journal of Personality and Social Psy-chology, 52(1), 11-17.
78. Fikret Pasa, S., Kabasakal, H., ve Bodur, M. (2001). “Society, Organisations, And Leadership In Turkey”, Ap-plied Psychology, 50(4), 559-589.
79. Foster, J. D., ve Campbell, W. K. (2007). “Are There Such Things As “Narcissists” In Social Psychology? A Tax-ometric Analysis Of The Narcissistic Personality Inventory”, Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1321-1332.
80. Glad, B. (2002). “Why Tyrants Go Too Far: Malignant Narcissism And Absolute Power”, Political Psychology, 23(1), 1-2.
81. Glick, P. (2006). “13 Ambivalent Sexism, Power Distance, And Gender Inequality Across Cultures”. Social comparison and social psychology: Understanding Cognition, Intergroup Relations, and Culture, 283-293.
82. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (1996). “The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile And Benevolent Sexism”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512.
83. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (1997). “Hostile And Benevolent Sexism Measuring Ambivalent Sexist Attitudes To-ward Women”. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(1), 119-135.
84. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (2001). “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile And Benevolent Sexism As Complementary Justifications For Gender Inequality”. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118.
85. Glick, P., ve Fiske, S. T. (2011). “Ambivalent Sexism Revisited”. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(3), 530-535.
86. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J. L., Abrams, D., Masser, B., ... ve Annetje, B. (2000). “Beyond Preju-dice As Simple Antipathy: Hostile And Benevolent Sexism Across Cultures”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 763-775.
87. Glick, P., Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Ferreira, M. C., ve de Souza, M. A. (2002). “Ambivalent Sexism And Attitudes To-ward Wife Abuse In Turkey And Brazil”, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 292-297.
88. Glick, P., Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Akbaş, G., Orta, İ. M., ve Ceylan, S. (2016). “Why Do Women Endorse Honor Be-liefs? Ambivalent Sexism And Religiosity As Predictors”, Sex Roles, 75(11-12), 543-554.
89. Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., ve Yan, T. (2015). “Gender Differences İn Narcissism: A Meta-Analytic Review”, Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261-310.
90. Grubbs, J. B., Exline, J. J., ve Twenge, J. M. (2014). “Psychological Entitlement And Ambivalent Sexism: Under-standing The Role Of Entitlement İn Predicting Two Forms Of Sexism”, Sex Roles, 70(5-6), 209-220.
91. Hammond, M. D., ve Sibley, C. G. (2011). “Why Are Benevolent Sexists Happier?”, Sex Roles, 65(5-6), 332-343.
92. Hammond, M. D., Sibley, C. G., ve Overall, N. C. (2014). “The Allure Of Sexism: Psychological Entitlement Fos-ters Women’S Endorsement Of Benevolent Sexism Over Time”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 422-429.
93. Hodson, G., Hogg, S. M., ve MacInnis, C. C. (2009). “The Role Of “Dark Personalities”(Narcissism, Machiavelli-anism, Psychopathy), Big Five Personality Factors, And Ideology In Explaining Prejudice”, Journal of Re-search in Personality, 43(4), 686-690.
94. Horney, K. (2013). New Ways In Psychoanalysis. UK: Routledge.
95. Jost, J. T., ve Kay, A. C. (2005). “Exposure To Benevolent Sexism And Complementary Gender Stereotypes: Consequences For Specific And Diffuse Forms Of System Justification”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 498-509.
96. Jost, J. T., Pelham, B. W., Sheldon, O., ve Ni Sullivan, B. (2003). “Social Inequality And The Reduction Of Ideo-logical Dissonance On Behalf Of The System: Evidence Of Enhanced System Justification Among The Disad-vantaged”, European journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 13-36.
97. Jost, J. T., Ledgerwood, A., ve Hardin, C. D. (2008). “Shared Reality, System Justification, And The Relational Basis Of Ideological Beliefs”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 171-186.
98. Keiller, S. W. (2010). “Male Narcissism And Attitudes Toward Heterosexual Women And Men, Lesbian Wom-en, And Gay Men: Hostility Toward Heterosexual Women Most Of All”, Sex Roles, 63(7-8), 530-541.
99. Kernberg, O. (1974). “Further Contributions To The Treatment Of Narcissistic Personalities”, International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 55, 215–240.
100. Kernberg, O. (1967). “Borderline Personality Organization”, Journal of the American psychoanalytic As-sociation, 15(3), 641-685.
101. Kernberg, O. (2016). Sınır durumlar ve patolojik narsisizm. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
102. Kilianski, S. E., ve Rudman, L. A. (1998). “Wanting It Both Ways: Do Women Approve Of Benevolent Sexism?”, Sex Roles, 39(5-6), 333-352.
103. Kohut, H. (1966). “Forms And Transformations Of Narcissism”, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14(2), 243-272.
104. Konrath, S. H. (2007). “Egos İnflating Over Time: Rising Narcissism And Its İmplications For Self-Construal, Cognitive Style, And Behavior”. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/57606/skonrath_2.pdf (erişim tarihi: 02.05.2019).
105. Konrath, S., Bushman, B. J., ve Campbell, W. K. (2006). “Attenuating The Link Between Threatened Egotism And Aggression”, Psychological Science, 17(11), 995-1001.
106. Masser, B. M., ve Abrams, D. (2004). “Reinforcing The Glass Ceiling: The Consequences Of Hostile Sexism For Female Managerial Candidates”, Sex Roles, 51(9-10), 609-615.
107. Miller, J. D., Maples, J. L., Buffardi, L., Cai, H., Gentile, B., Kisbu-Sakarya, Y., ... ve Siedor, L. (2015). “Narcissism And United States’ Culture: The View From Home And Around The World”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1068-1089.
108. Morf, C. C., ve Rhodewalt, F. (1993). “Narcissism And Self-Evaluation Maintenance: Explorations In Object Relations”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 668-676.
109. Phelan, J. E., ve Rudman, L. A. (2010). “Prejudice Toward Female Leaders: Backlash Effects And Women’s İmpression Management Dilemma”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 807-820.
110. Pincus, A. L., ve Lukowitsky, M. R. (2009). “Pathological Narcissism And Narcissistic Personality Disorder”, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421-446.
111. Raskin, R. N., ve Hall, C. S. (1979). “A Narcissistic Personality İnventory”, Psychological Reports,45(2), 490.
112. Reich, A. (1960). “Pathologic Forms Of Self-Esteem Regulation”, The psychoanalytic study of the child, 15(1), 215-232.
113. Reich, W. (2014). Karakter analizi. (Çev: Leyla Uslu). İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
114. Ronningstam, E. (2016). “Pathological Narcissism And Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Recent Research And Clinical Implications”, Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 3(1), 34-42.
115. Rudman, L. A., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Phelan, J. E., ve Nauts, S. (2012). “Status İncongruity And Backlash Effects: Defending The Gender Hierarchy Motivates Prejudice Against Female Leaders”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 165-179.
116. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2002). “Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Türk Psiko-loji Dergisi, 17(49), 47-58.
117. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Yalçın, Z. S., ve Glick, P. (2007). “Ambivalent Sexism, Belief In A Just World, And Empathy As Predictors Of Turkish Students’ Attitudes Toward Rape Victims”, Sex Roles, 57(11-12), 889-895.
118. Sakalı‐Uğurlu, N., ve Glick, P. (2003). “Ambivalent Sexism And Attitudes Toward Women Who Engage In Pre-marital Sex In Turkey”, Journal of Sex Research, 40(3), 296-302.
119. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Salman, S., ve Turgut, S. (2010). “Predictors Of Turkish Women’S And Men’S Attitudes Toward Sexual Harassment: Ambivalent Sexism, And Ambivalence Toward Men”, Sex Roles, 63(11-12), 871-881.
120. Schwartz, J. P., ve Tylka, T. L. (2008). “Exploring Entitlement As A Moderator And Mediator Of The Relation-ship Between Masculine Gender Role Conflict And Men's Body Esteem”, Psychology of Men and Mascu-linity, 9(2), 67-81.
121. Sibley, C. G., Overall, N. C., ve Duckitt, J. (2007). “When Women Become More Hostilely Sexist Toward Their Gender: The System-Justifying Effect Of Benevolent Sexism”, Sex Roles, 57(9-10), 743-754.
122. Taşdemir, N., ve Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2010). “The Relationships Between Ambivalent Sexism And Religiosity Among Turkish University Students”, Sex Roles, 62(7-8), 420-426.
123. Temel, D. (2008). The Role Of Perceived Social Problem Solving, Narcissism, Self-Esteem And Gender In Pre-dicting Aggressive Behaviors Of High School Students (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
124. Twenge, J. M., Konrath, S., Foster, J. D., Campbell, W. K., ve Bushman, B. J. (2008). “Further evidence of an increase in narcissism among college students”, Journal of Personality, 76(4), 919-928.
125. Yumuşak, A. (2013). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Flört Şiddetine Yönelik Tutumları, Toplamsal Cinsiyetçilik Ve Narsisistik Kişilik Özellikleri Arasındaki İlişki.(Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Tokat: Gaziosmanpaşa Üni-versitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
126. Zitek, E. M., ve Jordan, A. H. (2016). “Narcissism Predicts Support For Hierarchy (At Least When Narcissists Think They Can Rise To The Top)”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(7), 707-716.