Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-school Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education
This study aims to determine the self-efficacy beliefs and attitudes of pre-school teacher candidates towards environmental education and to examine the relationship between these two variables. The research was conducted based on an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design. The participants of the study are 114 pre-school teacher candidates studying at a state university in the central Anatolia region during the 2019-2020 academic year. In the study, quantitative data was collected using the attitude scale towards environmental issues, and a self-efficacy scale for environmental education, while qualitative data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 35 teacher candidates. Quantitative data were analyzed in the SPSS program using statistical analyses suitable for research problems. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. As a result, it was found that the self-efficacy beliefs and attitudes of pre-school teacher candidates in environmental education were moderate. While these factors do not show a significant difference by gender, they show a significant difference compared to the variables of self-efficacy in taking previous courses related to environmental education and giving a course related to environmental education in the future. In addition, it has been found that there is a positive relationship between self-efficacy beliefs in environmental education and in attitudes towards environmental issues. The results obtained in the interviews are consistent with these results. As a result of the research, recommendations were made such as providing courses related to environmental education at all levels of education; and providing opportunities for pre-school teacher candidates to practice environmental education in the process of their university education.
Apaydın Timur, S. (2020). Study of self-efficacy levels of social studies teachers in the field of environmental education. Master Thesis, Aksaray University Social Sciences Institute, Aksaray. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=Eb5EkakJlp3olBdo_wNEGWB_kccO7kqSzvbQtE6MfSAPTFUe5k6Hp33dwgZqonYN
Artvinli, E., & Demir, Z. M. (2018). A study of developing an environmental attitude scale for primary school students. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 4(1), 32-45. DOI: 10.21891/jeseh.387478
Artvinli, E., Aydın, R., & Terzi, İ. (2019). Environmental attitude levels of primary teachers’ candidates. Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 62-78. Retrieved from https://ojer.ogu.edu.tr/Storage/OsmangaziJournalOfEducationalResearch/Uploads/OJER-V6-N2-1(1).pdf
Atasoy, E. (2005). Environmantal education: A study for elementary school students` environmental attitude and knowledge. Doctoral Thesis, UludaĞ University Social Sciences Institute, Bursa. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=-L8ilcwn9ZRRc_YMKxXW1oevSBpFHvAVWWLSAIZ5F7hoZsXFK0yXMXvv1LnsE6uP
Aydın, F. (2010). Geography teacher candidates’ views about environment problems and environment education (Gazi University Case). International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(3), 818-839. Retrieved from https://iojes.net/?mod=tammetin&makaleadi=&makaleurl=IOJES_256.pdf&key=41343
Aydın, N. (2008). Influence of class level, seniority and value orientation on self-efficacy beliefs through environmental education of class teachers and proxective teachers. Master Thesis, Adnan Menderes University Social Sciences Institute, Aydın. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=wBmNpkQC9Nhi90NLW7E7-dlySQW9EIK0_K2MXk7RRFBVx0on3O3_RtEAp-wFBYTh
Ayeni, O.O. (2014). The influence of socio-demographic factors on environmental education. Awareness of first year students at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology South Africa. The international Journal of science in Society, 5(2), 1-8. DOI:10.18848/1836-6236/CGP/v05i02/51418
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior Vol. 4, 71-81. New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freenman and Company.
Brouwers, A., & Tomic, W. (2000). A longitudinal study of teacher burnout and perceived self-efficacy in classroom management. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 239-253. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/55534212.pdf
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Data analysis for social sciences. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
Cass, D., Wood, C., Ingram, M., & Edwin, L. (2003). Career development interventions academic self-efficecy and motivation: A Pilot Study. National Resarch Center for Career a Technical Education University of Minnesto. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED480312.pdf
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. California: Sage Publications
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Çetkin, E. (2019). Determination of education faculty students on self-efficacy beliefs about environmental education. Master Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University Social Sciences Institute, Afyon. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=FgmkGchPKo23qQqBeqzVZnWx-HbSMK_WGhFjqiWkWOCv5a9Gtb4hN8J8ufHOJYfv
Çimen, H., & Benzer, S. (2019). Examination of science and classroom teacher candidates' attitudes towards sustainable environment. İnsan & İnsan, 6(21), 525-542. DOI: 10.29224/insanveinsan.475471
Demirtaş, H., Cömert, M., & Özer, N. (2011). Pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and attitudes towards profession. Education and Science, 36(159), 96-111. Retrieved from http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/278/241
Eagles, P. F. J., & Demare, R. (1999). Factors influencing children’s environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 30(4), 33-37. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271994465_Factors_Influencing_Children's_Environmental_Attitudes
Erten, S. (2005). Investigation of preservice preschool teachers’ behaviors related to environmental awareness. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28, 91-100. Retrieved from http://efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/774-published.pdf
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Friedman, I.A., & Kass, E. (2002). Teacher self-efficacy: A classroom-organization conceptualization. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 675-686. DOI: 10.1016/S0742-051X(02)00027-6
Gardner, C. C. (2009). Self-efficacy in environmental education: Experiences of elementary education preservice teachers. Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Carolina. Retrieved from https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........36G/abstract
Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Research methods in social sciences: Philosophy, method, analysis. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.
Hovardas, T., & Korfiatis, K. (2012). Effects of an environmental education course on consensus estimates for proenvironmental intentions. Environment and Behavior, 44(6) 760-784. DOI: 10.1177/0013916511407308
Hsu, S. J. (2004). The effects of an environmental education program on responsible environmental behavior and associated environmental literacy variables in Taiwanese college students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 35(2), 37-48. DOI: 10.3200/ JOEE.35.2.37-48
Hungerford H. R. (2010). Environmental Education (EE) for the 21st century: Where have we been? Where are we now? Where are we headed? The Journal of Environmental Education, 41(1), 1–6. DOI: 10.1080/00958960903206773
Kahyaoğlu, M. (2011). Relationship between the self efficacy beliefs towards environmental education and the learning styles of pre‐service teachers. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 1(2), 67-82. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/696393
Kahyaoğlu, M., Daban, Ş., & Yangın, S. (2008). Attitudes of primary candidate teachers about environmental. Dicle University Ziya Gökalp Journal of Education, 11, 42-52. Retrieved from http://www.dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/787154
Karatekin, K. (2011). The determination of environmental literacy levels of pre-service teachers of social studies. Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University Education Sciences Institute, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=zD1B0cW7zVr3VcnZjitVXh-47KNOFWwDl0UwJNbcqmcsPFaaTM_oyATgTjV-6axu
Kıyıcı, F. B., Yiğit, E. A., & Darçın, E. S. (2014). Investigation of pre-service teacher’s opinion and environmental literacy level change with nature education. Trakya University Journal of Education, 4(1), 17-27. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/200325
Kim, C., & Fortner, R. W. (2006). Issue-specific barriers to addressing environmental ıssues in the classroom: an exploratory study. The Journal of Environmental Education, 37(3), 15-22. DOI: 10.3200/JOEE.37.3.15-22
Knapp, D. H., & Barrie, E. (2001). Content evaluation of an environmental science field trip. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 10(4), 351-357. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012247203157
Lincoln, S. Y., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Mays, N., & Pope, C. (2000). Qualitative research in health care, assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ, 320, 50-52. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.320.7226.50
Moseley, C., Huss, J., & Utley, J. (2010). Assessing K–12 teachers' personal environmental education teaching efficacy and outcome expectancy. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 9(1), 5-17. DOI: 10.1080/15330150903566398
Negev, M., Garb, Y., Biller, R., Sagy, G., & Tal, A. (2010). Environmental problems, causes, and solutions: An open question. The Journal of Environmental Education, 41(2), 101–115. DOI: 10.1080/00958960903295258
Okumuş, S. & Öztürk, B. (2019). Investigating of preservice elementary teachers’ environmental self-efficacy perceptions in terms of various variables. E-Kafkas ournal of Educational Research, 6(2), 9-18. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/817649
Önal, N. (2017). Use of interactive whiteboard in the mathematics classroom: Students’ perceptions within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 67-86. 6. DOI: 10.12973/iji.2017.1045a
Özdemir, A., Aydın, N., & Akar Vural, R. (2009). A scale development study on self-efficacy beliefs through environmental education. Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Buca Education Faculty, 26, 1-8. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deubefd/issue/25438/268408
Pajares, F., & Valiante, G. (2001). Influence of self-efficacy on elementary students’ writing. Journal of Educational Research, 90, 353-360. DOI: 10.1080/00220671.1997.10544593
Plevyak, L. H., Bendixen-Noe, M., Henderson, J., Roth, R. E., & Wilke. R. (2001). Level of teacher preparation and ımplementation of EE: Mandated and non, mandated EE teacher preparation states. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(2), 28–36. DOI: 10.1080/00958960109599135
Roth, C. E. (1992). Environmental literacy: Its roots, evolution and directions in the 1990s.
Columbus, OH: ERIC/SMEAC Information Reference Center. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED348235.pdf
Saracaloğlu, A. S., & Yenice, N. (2009). Investigating the self-efficacy beliefs of science and elementary teachers with respect to some variables. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(2), 244- 260. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/63234
Saraç, E., & Kan, A. (2015). The validity and reliability analysis of the attitude scale on the environmental issues for the prospective teachers. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 4(2), 142-150. Retrieved from http://www.jret.org/FileUpload/ks281142/File/14..esra_sarac.pdf
Sarıbaş, D., Teksöz, G., & Ertepınar, H. (2014). The relationship between environmental literacy and self-efficacy beliefs toward environmental education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3664-3668. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.820
Schunk, D. H. (2011). Learning theories: An educational perspective. Inc: Pearson Education.
Şimşekli, Y. (2001). The evolution of the activities done in the schools which have been chosen for the project of “Applied Environmental Training” in Bursa on the terms of the contribution of the school administrator and the charged teachers. Uludağ University Journal of Education, 14(1), 73-82. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/153171
Tanık Önal, N., Önal, N., & Çakır, H. (2020). An investigation of cyberbullying and cyber-victimization of mathematics and science pre-service teachers. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 8(4), 23-34. DOI: 10.17220/mojet.2020.04.002
Uyanık, G. (2016). Examining of attitudes and knowledge levels towards environmental problems of candidate teachers. Online Science Education Journal, 1(1), 30-41. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/229376
Uzel, N., Adıgüzel, M., Yılmaz, M., & Gül, A (2018). The effect of different variables on pre-service teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy on environmental education. Erzincan University Journal of Education, 21(3), 93-107. DOI: 10.17556/erziefd.475408
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Qualitative research methods in the social sciences. Ankara: Seckin Publishing.
Yılmaz, M., & Çimen, O. (2008). Self-efficiency belief levels of biology education of master students without thesis in biology education. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Education, 5(1), 20-29. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/146322
Yin, R.K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd Edition). Sage: Thousand Oaks.
Zayimoğlu Öztürk, F., Öztürk, T., & Şahin, A. (2015). Examination of environmental education self-efficacy perceptions of classroom teacher candidates. Amasya University Journal of Education Faculty, 4(2), 293-311.
Apaydın Timur, S. (2020). Study of self-efficacy levels of social studies teachers in the field of environmental education. Master Thesis, Aksaray University Social Sciences Institute, Aksaray. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=Eb5EkakJlp3olBdo_wNEGWB_kccO7kqSzvbQtE6MfSAPTFUe5k6Hp33dwgZqonYN
Artvinli, E., & Demir, Z. M. (2018). A study of developing an environmental attitude scale for primary school students. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health (JESEH), 4(1), 32-45. DOI: 10.21891/jeseh.387478
Artvinli, E., Aydın, R., & Terzi, İ. (2019). Environmental attitude levels of primary teachers’ candidates. Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research, 6(2), 62-78. Retrieved from https://ojer.ogu.edu.tr/Storage/OsmangaziJournalOfEducationalResearch/Uploads/OJER-V6-N2-1(1).pdf
Atasoy, E. (2005). Environmantal education: A study for elementary school students` environmental attitude and knowledge. Doctoral Thesis, UludaĞ University Social Sciences Institute, Bursa. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=-L8ilcwn9ZRRc_YMKxXW1oevSBpFHvAVWWLSAIZ5F7hoZsXFK0yXMXvv1LnsE6uP
Aydın, F. (2010). Geography teacher candidates’ views about environment problems and environment education (Gazi University Case). International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(3), 818-839. Retrieved from https://iojes.net/?mod=tammetin&makaleadi=&makaleurl=IOJES_256.pdf&key=41343
Aydın, N. (2008). Influence of class level, seniority and value orientation on self-efficacy beliefs through environmental education of class teachers and proxective teachers. Master Thesis, Adnan Menderes University Social Sciences Institute, Aydın. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=wBmNpkQC9Nhi90NLW7E7-dlySQW9EIK0_K2MXk7RRFBVx0on3O3_RtEAp-wFBYTh
Ayeni, O.O. (2014). The influence of socio-demographic factors on environmental education. Awareness of first year students at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology South Africa. The international Journal of science in Society, 5(2), 1-8. DOI:10.18848/1836-6236/CGP/v05i02/51418
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior Vol. 4, 71-81. New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freenman and Company.
Brouwers, A., & Tomic, W. (2000). A longitudinal study of teacher burnout and perceived self-efficacy in classroom management. Teaching and Teacher Education, 16, 239-253. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/55534212.pdf
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2017). Data analysis for social sciences. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
Cass, D., Wood, C., Ingram, M., & Edwin, L. (2003). Career development interventions academic self-efficecy and motivation: A Pilot Study. National Resarch Center for Career a Technical Education University of Minnesto. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED480312.pdf
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. California: Sage Publications
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Çetkin, E. (2019). Determination of education faculty students on self-efficacy beliefs about environmental education. Master Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University Social Sciences Institute, Afyon. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=FgmkGchPKo23qQqBeqzVZnWx-HbSMK_WGhFjqiWkWOCv5a9Gtb4hN8J8ufHOJYfv
Çimen, H., & Benzer, S. (2019). Examination of science and classroom teacher candidates' attitudes towards sustainable environment. İnsan & İnsan, 6(21), 525-542. DOI: 10.29224/insanveinsan.475471
Demirtaş, H., Cömert, M., & Özer, N. (2011). Pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and attitudes towards profession. Education and Science, 36(159), 96-111. Retrieved from http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/278/241
Eagles, P. F. J., & Demare, R. (1999). Factors influencing children’s environmental attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 30(4), 33-37. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271994465_Factors_Influencing_Children's_Environmental_Attitudes
Erten, S. (2005). Investigation of preservice preschool teachers’ behaviors related to environmental awareness. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28, 91-100. Retrieved from http://efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/774-published.pdf
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Friedman, I.A., & Kass, E. (2002). Teacher self-efficacy: A classroom-organization conceptualization. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 675-686. DOI: 10.1016/S0742-051X(02)00027-6
Gardner, C. C. (2009). Self-efficacy in environmental education: Experiences of elementary education preservice teachers. Doctoral Dissertation, University of South Carolina. Retrieved from https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........36G/abstract
Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2016). Research methods in social sciences: Philosophy, method, analysis. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing.
Hovardas, T., & Korfiatis, K. (2012). Effects of an environmental education course on consensus estimates for proenvironmental intentions. Environment and Behavior, 44(6) 760-784. DOI: 10.1177/0013916511407308
Hsu, S. J. (2004). The effects of an environmental education program on responsible environmental behavior and associated environmental literacy variables in Taiwanese college students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 35(2), 37-48. DOI: 10.3200/ JOEE.35.2.37-48
Hungerford H. R. (2010). Environmental Education (EE) for the 21st century: Where have we been? Where are we now? Where are we headed? The Journal of Environmental Education, 41(1), 1–6. DOI: 10.1080/00958960903206773
Kahyaoğlu, M. (2011). Relationship between the self efficacy beliefs towards environmental education and the learning styles of pre‐service teachers. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 1(2), 67-82. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/696393
Kahyaoğlu, M., Daban, Ş., & Yangın, S. (2008). Attitudes of primary candidate teachers about environmental. Dicle University Ziya Gökalp Journal of Education, 11, 42-52. Retrieved from http://www.dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/787154
Karatekin, K. (2011). The determination of environmental literacy levels of pre-service teachers of social studies. Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University Education Sciences Institute, Ankara. Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=zD1B0cW7zVr3VcnZjitVXh-47KNOFWwDl0UwJNbcqmcsPFaaTM_oyATgTjV-6axu
Kıyıcı, F. B., Yiğit, E. A., & Darçın, E. S. (2014). Investigation of pre-service teacher’s opinion and environmental literacy level change with nature education. Trakya University Journal of Education, 4(1), 17-27. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/200325
Kim, C., & Fortner, R. W. (2006). Issue-specific barriers to addressing environmental ıssues in the classroom: an exploratory study. The Journal of Environmental Education, 37(3), 15-22. DOI: 10.3200/JOEE.37.3.15-22
Knapp, D. H., & Barrie, E. (2001). Content evaluation of an environmental science field trip. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 10(4), 351-357. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012247203157
Lincoln, S. Y., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Mays, N., & Pope, C. (2000). Qualitative research in health care, assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ, 320, 50-52. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.320.7226.50
Moseley, C., Huss, J., & Utley, J. (2010). Assessing K–12 teachers' personal environmental education teaching efficacy and outcome expectancy. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 9(1), 5-17. DOI: 10.1080/15330150903566398
Negev, M., Garb, Y., Biller, R., Sagy, G., & Tal, A. (2010). Environmental problems, causes, and solutions: An open question. The Journal of Environmental Education, 41(2), 101–115. DOI: 10.1080/00958960903295258
Okumuş, S. & Öztürk, B. (2019). Investigating of preservice elementary teachers’ environmental self-efficacy perceptions in terms of various variables. E-Kafkas ournal of Educational Research, 6(2), 9-18. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/817649
Önal, N. (2017). Use of interactive whiteboard in the mathematics classroom: Students’ perceptions within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 67-86. 6. DOI: 10.12973/iji.2017.1045a
Özdemir, A., Aydın, N., & Akar Vural, R. (2009). A scale development study on self-efficacy beliefs through environmental education. Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Buca Education Faculty, 26, 1-8. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deubefd/issue/25438/268408
Pajares, F., & Valiante, G. (2001). Influence of self-efficacy on elementary students’ writing. Journal of Educational Research, 90, 353-360. DOI: 10.1080/00220671.1997.10544593
Plevyak, L. H., Bendixen-Noe, M., Henderson, J., Roth, R. E., & Wilke. R. (2001). Level of teacher preparation and ımplementation of EE: Mandated and non, mandated EE teacher preparation states. The Journal of Environmental Education, 32(2), 28–36. DOI: 10.1080/00958960109599135
Roth, C. E. (1992). Environmental literacy: Its roots, evolution and directions in the 1990s.
Columbus, OH: ERIC/SMEAC Information Reference Center. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED348235.pdf
Saracaloğlu, A. S., & Yenice, N. (2009). Investigating the self-efficacy beliefs of science and elementary teachers with respect to some variables. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(2), 244- 260. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/63234
Saraç, E., & Kan, A. (2015). The validity and reliability analysis of the attitude scale on the environmental issues for the prospective teachers. Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, 4(2), 142-150. Retrieved from http://www.jret.org/FileUpload/ks281142/File/14..esra_sarac.pdf
Sarıbaş, D., Teksöz, G., & Ertepınar, H. (2014). The relationship between environmental literacy and self-efficacy beliefs toward environmental education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3664-3668. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.820
Schunk, D. H. (2011). Learning theories: An educational perspective. Inc: Pearson Education.
Şimşekli, Y. (2001). The evolution of the activities done in the schools which have been chosen for the project of “Applied Environmental Training” in Bursa on the terms of the contribution of the school administrator and the charged teachers. Uludağ University Journal of Education, 14(1), 73-82. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/153171
Tanık Önal, N., Önal, N., & Çakır, H. (2020). An investigation of cyberbullying and cyber-victimization of mathematics and science pre-service teachers. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 8(4), 23-34. DOI: 10.17220/mojet.2020.04.002
Uyanık, G. (2016). Examining of attitudes and knowledge levels towards environmental problems of candidate teachers. Online Science Education Journal, 1(1), 30-41. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/229376
Uzel, N., Adıgüzel, M., Yılmaz, M., & Gül, A (2018). The effect of different variables on pre-service teachers’ perceptions of self-efficacy on environmental education. Erzincan University Journal of Education, 21(3), 93-107. DOI: 10.17556/erziefd.475408
Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Qualitative research methods in the social sciences. Ankara: Seckin Publishing.
Yılmaz, M., & Çimen, O. (2008). Self-efficiency belief levels of biology education of master students without thesis in biology education. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Education, 5(1), 20-29. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/146322
Yin, R.K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd Edition). Sage: Thousand Oaks.
Zayimoğlu Öztürk, F., Öztürk, T., & Şahin, A. (2015). Examination of environmental education self-efficacy perceptions of classroom teacher candidates. Amasya University Journal of Education Faculty, 4(2), 293-311.
Tanık Önal, N. (2020). Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-school Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 10(4), 706-727. https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.791614
AMA
Tanık Önal N. Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-school Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education. Review of International Geographical Education Online. Aralık 2020;10(4):706-727. doi:10.33403/rigeo.791614
Chicago
Tanık Önal, Nagihan. “Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-School Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and Their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education”. Review of International Geographical Education Online 10, sy. 4 (Aralık 2020): 706-27. https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.791614.
EndNote
Tanık Önal N (01 Aralık 2020) Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-school Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education. Review of International Geographical Education Online 10 4 706–727.
IEEE
N. Tanık Önal, “Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-school Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education”, Review of International Geographical Education Online, c. 10, sy. 4, ss. 706–727, 2020, doi: 10.33403/rigeo.791614.
ISNAD
Tanık Önal, Nagihan. “Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-School Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and Their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education”. Review of International Geographical Education Online 10/4 (Aralık 2020), 706-727. https://doi.org/10.33403/rigeo.791614.
JAMA
Tanık Önal N. Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-school Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education. Review of International Geographical Education Online. 2020;10:706–727.
MLA
Tanık Önal, Nagihan. “Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-School Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and Their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education”. Review of International Geographical Education Online, c. 10, sy. 4, 2020, ss. 706-27, doi:10.33403/rigeo.791614.
Vancouver
Tanık Önal N. Relationship Between the Attitudes of Pre-school Teacher Candidates Towards Environmental Issues and their Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Environmental Education. Review of International Geographical Education Online. 2020;10(4):706-27.