Türkiye’deki gay erkeklerin kültürel kimlik müzakeresi: Aitlikten yabancılaşmaya ve küresel gay diyasporasına geçiş

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 28, 532 - 548, 21.06.2022

Yusuf Öztürk Ayşegül Baykan

https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.1132596

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu makale, Türkiye’deki gay erkeklerin Türk kültürünü nasıl tanımladıklarına ve kendilerini Türk kültürünün sıradan tüketicileri ya da onun yabancıları olarak tanıtmalarına odaklanarak, kültürel kimliklerini nasıl inşa ettiklerini ve Türk kültürüne ne kadar aidiyet hissettiklerini bulmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, makale ayrıca kültürel kimliğin oluşumunda oldukça etkili olan küreselleşmeye de önem vermektedir. Yani, Türkiye’deki mevcut şartların yanı sıra küreselleşmenin ve küresel gay kültürünün tanıdığı imkânların da gay bireylerin kültürel kimliklerini oluşturmada nasıl bir rol oynadıklarını da tartışmayı amaçlamaktayız. Dolayısıyla sorularımızı gay bireylerin Türk kültürünü nasıl tanımladıklarını, kendilerini bu kültürün içinde nasıl konumlandırdıklarını, ne kadar içinde hissettiklerini ve küresel gey kültürünü Türkiye'deki koşullarla karşılaştırarak nasıl yorumladıklarını göz önüne alarak şekillendiriyoruz. Görüşmelere dayanarak, Türkiye'deki geylerin kendilerini yalnızca organik olarak ilişkili oldukları ve kendilerini genellikle yabancı hissettikleri Türk kültürüyle özdeşleştirmedikleri sonucuna varıyoruz. Ayrıca, küreselleşmenin etkisinin bir sonucu olarak kendilerini kültürel olarak diyasporik gey topluluklarının üyeleri olarak hissetmektedirler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültürel kimlik, Türkiye’deki gay erkekler, yabancı, küresel gay kültürü, diyaspora

Negotiating cultural identity among gay men in Turkey: From belonging to becoming Strangers, to the diaspora of global gay

Öz

This article aims to figure out how gay men in Turkey construct their cultural identities and to what extend they feel a sense of belonging to Turkish culture by focusing on how they define Turkish culture, whether they identify themselves as ordinary consumers of Turkish culture or as strangers to it. While doing so, the article also pays attention to impact of globalization which is considerably influential upon the formation of cultural identities. That is, in addition to the circumstances available in Turkey, we aim to discuss how the possibilities enabled by globalization and global gay culture play a significant role for the ways gays construct their cultural identities. Thus, our questions are formed in accordance with the way they define Turkish culture, how they position themselves within it, to what extend they feel as a part of it, and how they interpret global gay culture by comparing it to the circumstances available in Turkey. Based on interviews, we conclude that gays in Turkey do not identify themselves merely with the Turkish culture that they are organically related to and within which they often feel as strangers. Moreover, they culturally feel as members of the diasporic gay communities as a result of the impact of globalization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cultural Identity, Gay Men in Turkey, Stranger, Global Gay Culture, Diaspora

Kaynakça

• Alexander, J. C. (2004). Rethinking Strangeness: From Structures in Space to Discourses in Civil Society. Thesis Eleven, 79, 87-104.
• Altman, D. (1997). Global Gaze/Global Gays. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 3(4), 417-436.
• Altman, D. (2001). Global Sex. Chicago&London: The University of Chicago Press.
• Anderson, J., & Koç, Y. (2015). Exploring Patterns of Explicit and Implicit Anti-Gay Attitudes in Muslims and Atheists. European Journal of Social Psychology, 687-701.
• Appadurai, A. (1999). Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy. In S. During (Ed.), The Cultural Studies Reader (pp. 220-233). London, New York: Routledge.
• Arnold, M. (2006). Culture and Anarchy. (J. Garnett, Ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Ataman, H. (2011). Less than Citizens: The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Questions in Turkey. In R. Ö. Dönmez, & P. Enneli (Eds.), Societal Peace and Ideal Citizenship for Turkey (pp. 125-159). New York: Lexington Books.
• Barker, C. (2004). The SAGE Dictionary of Cultural Studies. London-Thousand Oaks-New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
• Beck, U. (2000). The Cosmopolitan Perspective: Sociology of the Second Age of Modernity. British Journal of Sociology, 51(1), 79-105.
• Bolat, D. (2016). Zorunlu Heteroseksüellik ve Türkiye Muhalefet Alanı Üzerine Bir Tartışma. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 71(4), 1091-1117.
• Boratav, H. B., Fişek, G. O., & Ziya, H. E. (2014). Unpacking Masculinities in the Context of Social Change: Internal Complexities of the Identities of Married Men in Turkey. Men and Masculinities, 17(3), 299-324.
• Bravmann, S. (1997). Queer Fictions of the Past: History, Culture, and Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Çağlar, A. (1997). Hyphenated Identities and the Limits of 'Culture'. In T. Modood, & P. Werbner (Eds.), The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe: Racism, Identity, and Community (pp. 169-186). New York: Zed Books Ltd.
• Çakırlar, C., & Delice, S. (2012). Giriş: Yerel ile Küresel Arasında Türkiye'de Cinsellik, Kültür ve Toplumsallık. In C. Çakırlar, & S. Delice (Eds.), Cinsellik Muamması: Türkiye'de Queer Kültür ve Muhalefet (pp. 11-37). İstanbul: Metis.
• Castells, M. (2010). The Power of Identity (2nd ed.). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Cesur-Kılıçarslan, S., & Işık, T. (2017). Being LGBTI in Turkey: Views of Society, Rights and Violations. Journal of Strategic Resource in Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-20.
• D’Emilio, J. (1993). Capitalism and Gay Identity. In H. Abelove, M. A. Barale, & D. M. Halperin (Eds.), The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (pp. 467-476). New York: Routledge.
• Duyan, V., & Duyan, G. (2005). Turkish Social Work Students’ Attitudes Toward Sexuality. Sex Roles, 52(9), 697-706.
• Duyvendak, J. W. (1995). The Power of Politics : New Social Movements in France. Boulder: Westview Press.
• Eslen-Ziya, H., & Koç, Y. (2016). Being a Gay Man in Turkey: Internalised Sexual Prejudice as a Function of Prevalent Hegemonic Masculinity Perceptions. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18(7), 799-811.
• Esmer, Y. (2012). Değişimin Kültürel Sınırları Türkiye Değerler Atlası. İstanbul: Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Gelbal, S., & Duyan, V. (2006). Attitudes of University Students Toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Turkey. Sex Roles, 55, 573-579.
• Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford: Polity Press.
• Grewal, I., & Kaplan, C. (2001). Global Identities: Theorizing Transnational Studies of Sexuality. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 7(4), 663-679.
• Hall, S. (1992). The Question of Cultural Identity. In Modernity and Its Futures (pp. 273-327). Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Hall, S. (1992a). The Question of Cultural Identity. In S. Hall, D. Held, & T. McGrew (Eds.), Modernity and Its Futures (pp. 273-327). Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Hall, S. (1994). Cultural Identity and Diaspora. In P. Williams, & L. Chrisman (Eds.), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (pp. 227-237). London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
• Hall, S. (1997). Introduction. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (pp. 1-13). London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
• Hall, S. (1997). The Work of Representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices (pp. 13-75). London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi.
• Harris, C., Jackson, L., Piekut, A., & Valentine, G. (2015). Attitudes Towards the 'Stranger': Negotiating Encounters with Difference in the UK and Poland. Social & Cultural Geography, 18(1), 16-33.
• Heckathorn, D. D. (1997). Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problem, 44(2), 174-200.
• Hoggart, R. (1957). The Uses of Literacy. Victoria: Penguin Books.
• Jessop, B. (2019). Critical Discourse Analysis in Laclau and Mouffe’s Post-Marxism. Simbiótica, 6(2), 8-30.
• Kalra, V. S., Kaur, R., & Hutnyk, J. (2005). Diaspora & Hybridity. London: Sage Publications.
• Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with Patriarchy. Gender and Society, 2(3), 274-290.
• Kandiyoti, D. (1995). Patterns of Patriarchy: Notes for an Analysis of Male Dominance in Turkish Society. In Ş. Tekelli (Ed.), Women in Modern Turkish Society: A Reader (pp. 306-318). London: Zed Books.
• KaosGL. (2020a). Türkiye’de Kamu Çalışanı Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel, Trans, İnterseks ve Artıların Durumu: 2020 Yılı Araştırması. Ankara: Kaos GL Derneği.
• KaosGL. (2020b). Türkiye’de Özel Sektör Çalışanı Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksüel, Trans, İnterseks ve Artıların Durumu: 2020 Yılı Araştırması. Ankara: Kaos GL Derneği.
• King, K. (2002). "There Are No Lesbians Here": Lesbianisms, Fenisnism, and Global Gay Formations. In A. Cruz-Malavé, & M. F. Manalansan (Eds.), Queer Globalizations: Citizenship and the Afterlife of Colonialism (pp. 33-49). New York: New York University Press.
• Kollman, K., & Waites, M. (2009). The Global Politics of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Human Rights: An Introduction. Contemporary Politics, 15(1), 1-17.
• Labaree, R. (2002). The Risk of ‘Going Observationalist’: Negotiating the Hidden Dilemmas of Being an Insider Participant Observer. Qualitative Research, 2(1), 97-122.
• Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (1985). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics . London: Verso.
• Long, S. (1999). Gay and Lesbian Movements in Eastern Europe: Romania, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. In B. D. Adam, J. W. Duyvendak, & A. Krouwel (Eds.), The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement (pp. 242-266). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
• Lowe, D. M. (1995). The Body in Late-Capitalist USA. Durham: Duke University Press.
• Marotta, V. (2012). Georg Simmel, the Stranger and the Sociology of Knowledge. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33(6), 675-689.
• Martel, F. (2018). Global Gay: How Gay Culture Is Changing the World. (P. Baudoin, Trans.) Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Mercer, J. (2007). The Challenges of Insider Research in Educational Institutions: Wielding a Double‐Edged Sword and Resolving Delicate Dilemmas. Oxford Review of Education, 33(1), 1-17.
• Muñoz, J. (1999). Disidentifications: Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Oksal, A. (2008). Turkish Family Members’ Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men. Sex Roles, 58(7), 514-525.
• Özbay, C. (2015). Same-Sex Sexualities in Turkey. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Vol. 20, pp. 870–874). Oxford: Elsevier.
• Özbay, C. (2016). "Men Are Less Manly, Women Are More Feminine”: The Shopping Mall as a Site for Gender Crisis in Istanbul. In G. Özyeğin (Ed.), Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures (pp. 73-95). London: Routledge.
• Özbay, C., & Erol, M. (2018). No Andropause for Gay Men? The Body, Aging and Sexuality in Turkey. Journal of Gender Studies, 27(7), 847-859.
• Öztürk, M. B. (2011). Sexual Orientation Discrimination: Exploring the Experiences of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Employees in Turkey. Human Relations, 64(8), 1099-1118.
• Parker, R., Garcia, J., & Buffington, R. M. (2014). Sexuality and the Contemporary World: Globalization and Sexual Rights. In R. M. Buffngton, E. Luibhéid, & D. J. Guy (Eds.), A Global History of Sexuality: The Modern Era (pp. 221–260). Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
• Phillips, O. (2000). Constituting the Global Gay: Issues of Individual Subjectivity and Sexuality in Southern Africa. In C. Stychin, & D. Herman (Eds.), Sexuality in the Legal Arena (pp. 17-35). London: The Athlone Press.
• Ritzer, G. (2011). Sociological Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
• Sakallı, N. (2002a). Pictures of Male Homosexuals in the Heads of Turkish College Students: The Effects of Sex Difference and Social Contact on Streotyping. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 111-126.
• Sakallı, N. (2002b). Relationship Between Sexism and Attitudes Toward Homosexuality in a Sample of Turkish University College Students. Journal of Homosexuality, 43, 53-64.
• Sakallı, N., & Uğurlu, O. (2001). Effects of Social Contact with Homosexuals on Heterosexual University Students' Attitudes Towards Homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 53-62.
• Simmel, G. (2004). The Philosophy of Money. (D. Frisby, Ed., T. Bottomore, & D. Frisby, Trans.) London: Routledge.
• Simmel, G. (2018). Social Theory: The Multicultural, Global, and Classic Readings (6th ed.). (C. Lemert, Ed.) New York: Routledge.
• Takács, J. (2015). Homophobia and Genderphobia in the European Union: Policy Contexts and Empirical Evidence. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.
• Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. London: Bradbury, Evans, And Co., Printers.
• Weeks, J. (2011). The Languages of Sexuality. London and New York: Routledge.
• Williams, R. (2008). Culture. In T. S. Oakes, & P. L. Price (Eds.), The Cultural Geography Reader (pp. 15-20). London and New York: Routhledge Taylor&Francis Group.
• Wissler, C. (1929). An Introduction to Social Anthropology. New York.
• Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Yüzgün, A. (1993). Homosexuality and Police Terror in Turkey. Journal of Homosexuality, 24(3-4), 159-170.