Organizational Identification with the Effect of Organizational Socialization: The Validity of Social Identity Theory

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19, 30.04.2023

Işık Çiçek

https://doi.org/10.29249/selcuksbmyd.1121576

Öz

There is increasing interest in how to enhance the level of organizational identification as an attitude that organizations desire for their employees to develop in today's new generation enterprises. The search for new antecedents to increase the level of identification has proceeded for a long time in several organizational settings. An antecedent of the identification can be the organizational socialization process that employees experience through the organization’s direction. The validity of the theory for hypothesized relations gains importance as the conditions change in this context. It is expected that the socialization level of the employees increases the level of organizational identification in the institutions in the light of social identity theory. The main research question is to test the validity of social identity theory on the relationship. According to the findings of the quantitative-research with 448 participants, high level of explanatory effect of organizational socialization process on organizational identification was not found in accordance with the proposals of social identity theory. The findings of the study reveal the necessity of exploring new antecedent factors for organizational identification.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Organizational Socialization, Identification, Social Identity Theory

Örgütsel Sosyalleşme Etkisinde Örgütsel Özdeşleşme: Sosyal Kimlik Teorisinin Geçerliliği

Öz

Günümüz yeni nesil işletmelerde, çalışanların geliştirmelerini arzu ettikleri bir tutum olarak örgütsel özdeşleşme düzeylerini ne şekilde arttıracaklarına olan ilgi artmakta, özdeşleşmeyi artıracak yeni öncül faktörlerin neler olabileceğine yönelik arayışlar devam etmektedir. Çalışanın kurumun yönlendirmesiyle deneyimleyeceği örgütsel sosyalleşme sürecinin özdeşleşme için bir öncül değişken olabilecektir. Bu bağlamda, önerilen öncül değişkenler için hangi teorik temelin önermelerinin geçerli olacağı koşullar değiştikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Çalışanların yer aldıkları kurumlarda sosyalleşme düzeylerinin sosyal kimlik teorisi bağlamında örgütsel özdeşleşme düzeylerini arttıracağı beklenir. Bu araştırmanın temel sorunsalı, örgütsel sosyalleşmenin örgütsel özdeşleşme için bir öncül değişken olmasında sosyal kimlik teorisi önermelerinin geçerliliğini test etmektir. 441 katılımcılı nicel araştırma yönteminin benimsendiği araştırmada, sosyal kimlik teorisi önermelerine göre kurum tarafından yönlendirilecek bir örgütsel sosyalleşme sürecinin örgütsel özdeşleme için yüksek düzeyde açıklayıcılığı ortaya çıkmamıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, örgütsel özdeşleşme için yeni öncül faktörlerin teşhisinin gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Örgütsel Sosyalleşme, Örgütsel Özdeşleşme, Sosyal Kimlik Teorisi

Kaynakça

• Ahmadian, Jamile, Fariba Kableh Soori, Nasim Ghaderi., Serveh Hejrat, and Soran Mowlaie, (2016) “Comparing Organizational Socialization Techniques and Organizational Identification in Governmental and Private KnowledgeBased Organizations”, J. Ecophysiol. Occup. Hlth 16 (3&4), 118–129.
• Albert, Stuart. and David Whetten, (1985) “Organizational Identity”, Research in Organizational Behavior 7, 263-95
• Albert, Stuart., Blake. E. Ashforth and Jane. E. Dutton, (2000) “Organizational Identity and Identification, Charting New Waters and Building New Bridges”, Academy of Management Review 25, 13-17
• Aliyev, Yussuf. and Musab Işık, (2014) “Örgütsel Sosyalleşme ve Örgütsel Özdeşleşme Arasındaki İlişki: Bir Araştırma [An examination of the Relationship between organizational socialization and organizational identification]”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 37, 131-149
• Allen, Natalie. J., and John. P. Meyer, (1990) “The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization”, Journal of Occupational Psychology 63(1), 1–18
• Arthur Andersen, 2001'e Doğru Insan Kaynaklari Arastirmasi [Human Resource Management Research towards 2001], çev. Faruk Türkoğlu, (2000) Sabah Yayincilik, Istanbul
• Ashforth, Blake .E., (2001) Role Transitions in Organizational Life: An Identity Based Perspective, Erlbaum, .Mahwah, NJ
• Ashforth, Blake .E. and Fred Mael, (1989) “Social Identity Theory and the Organizations”, Academy Of Management Review, 14, 20-39.
• Ashforth, Blake E. and Alan .M. Sak, (1996) “Socialization Tactics: Longitudinal Effects On Newcomer Adjustment”, The Academy Of Management Journal 39 (1), 149-178.
• Ashforth, Blake. E., and David M. Sluss, (2008) “How relational and organizational identification converge: Processes and conditions”, Organization Science 19, 807-823.
• Balcı, Ali, Ali Baltacı, Tuncer Fidan, Caner Cereci and Uğur Acar, (2012) “Örgütsel sosyalleşmenin, örgütsel özdeşleşme ve örgütsel vatandaşlıkla ilişkisi: İlköğretim okulu yöneticileri üzerinde bir araştırma [The relationship of organizational socialization with organizational identification and organizational citizenship behavior”], Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2 (2), 47-74.
• Bartels, Jos, (2006) “Organizational Identification and Communication: Employees’ Evaluation of Internal Communication and Its Effects on Identification at Different Organizational Levels”, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University Of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
• Bauer, Talya Niehaus, Elizabeth Wolfe Morrison, and, Ronda Roberts Callister, (1998) “Organizational socialization: A review and directions for future research”, Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management 16, 149–214.
• Benzinger,. Diana, (2016) “Organizational Socialization Tactics and Newcomer Information Seeking in the Contingent Workforce”, Personnel Review, 45, 1-43
• Bodoh, Madeline. N., (2012) “Mastery of Socialization Content and Citizenship Behavior Associated with Organization and Newcomer Commitment: A Correlational Analysis”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Northcentral University Graduate Faculty of the School of Business and Technology Management. USA.
• Boivie, Seven., Donald Lange., Michael McDonald,. and James. D. Westphal, (2011) “Me or we: The Effects of CEO Organizational Identification on Agency Costs”, Academy of Management Journal, 54, 551-576.
• Brim, Orville G. and Stanton Wheeler, (1966) Socialization after childhood: Two essays, Wiley, New York
• Byars, Lloyd. and Leslie W. Rue, (2000) Human Resources Management. 6th ed., Mc Graw-Hill, Boston, Irwin
• Chao, Georgia.T., Anne .M., O’Leary-Kelly, Samantha Wolf,., Howard. J. Klein, and Philip Gardner, (1994). “Organizational Socialization: Its Content and Consequences”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 730–43.
• Chatman, Jennifer.A, (1991) “Matching people and organizations: Selection and socialization in public accounting firms”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (3), 459–484.
• Cheney, George. and Philip .K. Tompkin (1987) “Coming to Terms with Organizational Identification and Commitment”, Central States Speech Journal, 38(1), 1-15.
• Cortina, Jose .M, (1993) “What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 98–104
• Çakınberk, Arzu, Neslihan Derin,., and, Erkan Demirel, (2011) “Shaping of Organizational Identification by Organizational Commitment: Example of Private Education Institutions in Malatya and Tunceli”, Research Journal of Business, 3 (1), 89-121.
• Çiçek, Işık, (2017) “A way of organizational trust: Organizational socialization”, 1th International Congress on Management, Economics, and Business,. Zonguldak: Bülent Ecevit University, s. 400-413.
• Çiçek, Işık. and Gülnur Çalışkan, (2018) “Identification different concept from commitment: the effect of tenure”, 17th International Business Congress İzmir: İzmir Katip Çelebi University, s. 1492-1498.
• De Coninck, Jomes. B., (2011) “The effects of ethical climate on organizational identification, supervisory trust, and turnover among salespeople”, Journal of Business Research, 64, 617-624
• Decreton, Benoit., Phillp C. Nell., and Diego Stea, (2019) “Headquarters involvement, socialization, entrepreneurial behaviors in MNC subsidiaries”, Longe Range Planning, 52, 1-18
• Demirtaş, H. Andaç, (2003) “Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı, Temel Kavram ve Varsayımlar [Theory of Social Identity, Principles Concepts and Approaches]”, İletişim Araştırmaları, 1(1), 123-144.
• Dessler, Gary and Jean Phillips, (2008) Managing Now, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston
• Diane, Aerthur, (1991) Recruiting, Interviewing, Selecting and Orienting New Employees. Amacom, New York
• Dirks, Kurt. and Donald Ferrin, (2001) “The role of trust in organizational settings”, Organization Science 12, 450–467.
• Dutton, Jane., Janet Dukerich,. and Celia V. Harquail, (1994) “Organizational Images and Membership”, Commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39 (2), 239-263.
• Edwards, Jeffrey and Daniel Cable, (2009) “The Value of Value Congruence”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 654-77
• Edwards, Martin. R., (2005) “Organizational Identification: A Conceptual and Operational Review”, International Journal Of Management Reviews, 7 (4), 210.
• Edwards, Martin. R. and Peccei Ricardo, (2010) “Perceived organizational support, organizational identification, and employee outcomes: Testing a simultaneous multifoci model”, Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9 (1), 17-26
• Eli, Ilana., and Judith. T. Shuva, (1982) “Professional socialization in dentistry: A longitudinal analysis of attitude changes among dental students towards the dental profession”, Social Science & Medicine, 16(9), 951–955.
• Feldman, Daniel. C., (1980) “A Socialization process that help new recruits succeed”, Perspectives on Behaviour in Organization, (ed.) J. R. Hackman, E. E. Lawler, L. W. Porter, Mc Graw-Hill Book Company, s. 170-178
• Feldman, Daniel. C., (1981) “The multiple socialization of organization members”, Academy of Management Review, 6, 309-319.
• Feldman, Kenneth A., (1989) “The association between student ratings of specific instructional dimensions and student achievement: Refining and extending the synthesis of data from multisection validity studies”, Research in Higher Education, 30, 583–645
• Foss, Nicolai, Jacop Lyngsie, and Shaker Zahr, (2013) “The Role of External Knowledge Sources and Organizational Design in the Process of Opportunity Exploitation”, Strategic Management Journal, 34 (12). 1453-1471.
• Gandz, Jeffrey. and Victor. V. Murray, (1980) “The experience of workplace politics”, Academy of Management Journal, 23 (2), 237–251.
• Gaur, Ajau. S., Andrew Delios, Kulwant Singh, (2007) “Institutional environments, staffing strategies, and subsidiary performance”, Journal of Management, 33 (4), 611–636.
• Ge, Jienhua., Xumei Su., and Yan Zhou, (2010) “Organizational Socialization, organizational identification, and organizational citizenship behavior. An empirical research of Chinese high tech manufacturing enterprises”, Nankai Business Review International, 1(2), 166-179.
• Guglielmi, D., Panari, C , Simbula, S. and Mazzetti, G., (2014) “Is it Possible to Motivate Teachers? The Role of Organizational Identification”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1842 – 1847
• Hair, Joseph H., (2005) Multivariate data analysis: a global perspective, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA
• Hair, Joseph .F., William C. Black, Barry .J Babin & Rolph .E. Anderson, (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. Seventh Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River New Jersey.
• Haueter, Jill. A., Therese. H. Macan,. And Joel Winter, (2003) “Measurement of newcomer socialization: Construct validation of a multidimensional scale” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 20–39.
• Hatch, Mary.J. and Majken. Schultz, (2002) “The dynamics of organizational identity”, Human Relations, 8, 989-1018
• Haueter, Jill. A., Therese. H. Macan, and Joel Winter, (2003) “Measurement of newcomer socialization: Construct validation of a multidimensional scale”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(1), 20–39
• Hayashi, Shohei, (2013) “Organizational Socialization and Collective Self-Esteem as Drivers of Organizational Identification”, International Business Research, 6 (12), 156-167
• Hsieh, Ying-Che., Jingjing Weng., and Ting Lin, (2018) “How social enterprises manage their organizational identification: a theoretical framework of identity management approach through attraction, selection, and socialization”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(20), 2880-2904
• Hogg, Michael. A. and Dominic Abrams, (1988) Social identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes, Taylor & Frances, Routledge.
• Kammeyer-Mueller, John. D. and Connie R. Wanberg, (2003) “Unwrapping the organizational entry process: Disentangling multiple antecedents and their pathways to adjustment”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 779–794
• Kato, Nami, (2010) “Psychological Acculturation, Organizational Socialization and Organizational Commitment: The Case of Japanese Brazilian Working in Japan” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California State University
• Katz, Ralph, (1980) “Time and work: toward an integrative perspective”, Research in organizational behavior, (eds.) B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, (2), s. 81–127
• Kırmızıgül, Bayram, (2018) “The effect of organizational socialism on organizational identification: a research in banking sector” Turkish Studies, 13 (30), 225-241.
• Klein, Howard. J. and Natasha A. Weaver, (2000) “The effectiveness of an organizational-level orientation training program in the socialization of new hires”, Personnel Psychology, 53(1), 47–66.
• Klein, Howard. J., Jinyan Fan, and Kristopher Preacher, (2006) “The effects of early socialization experiences on content mastery and outcomes: A mediational approach”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 96-115.
• Larson, Gregory .S. and Gerald L. Pepper, (2003) “Strategies for Managing Multiple Organizational Identifications”, Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4), 528-557.
• Lee Hung-Wen, (2013) “Locus of Control, Socialization, and Organizational Identification”, Management Decision, 51, 1047 - 1055
• Lee, J.ongwook, Sanghee Oh., and, Gary Burnett, (2016) “Organizational Socialization of Academic Librarians in United States”, The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 42, 382–389
• Lipponen, Jukka., Klaus Helkama,, Maria-Elena Olkkonen., Milla Juslin, (2005) “Predicting the Different Profiles of Organizational Identification: a Case of Shipyard Subcontractors”, Journal of Occupational And Organizational Psychology, 78, 97-112.
• Louis, Meryl. R., (1980) “Surprise and sense making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226–251
• Louis, Meryl. R., Barry. Z.. Posner, and Gary. N. Powell, (1983) “The availability and helpfulness of socialization practices”, Personnel Psychology, 36, 857–881
• Maden, Ceyda, (2010). “Person-environment fit, social exchange relationships, and employee outcomes in organizations”, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. Boğaziçi University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
• Mael, Fred. and Blake Ashforth, (1992) “Alumni and Their Alma Mater: A Partial Test of The Reformulated Model of Organizational Identification”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 103-123.
• Mael, Fred .A. and Lois .E. Tetrick, (1992) “Identifying organizational identification”, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 4, 813-24.
• Mael, Fred, and Blake E. Ashforth, (1995) “Loyal Day One: Bıodata, Organızatıonal Identıfıcatıon And Turnover Among Newcomers”, Personnel Psychology, 48(2), 309-333.
• Meglino, Bruce. M. and Elizabeth C. Ravlin, (1998) “Individual values in organizations: concepts, controversies, and research”, Journal of Management, 24, 351-389.
• Memduhoğlu, Hasan Basri, (2008) “Örgütsel sosyalleşme ve Türk eğitim sisteminde örgütsel sosyalleşme süreci. [Organizational Socialization and the Process of Organizational Socialization in The Turkish Educational System]”, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (2), 137-153.
• Miles, J. N. V., Davies, M. N. O., and Walker, S., (2000)” Coefficient alpha: A useful indicator of reliability?“, Personality and Individual Differences, 28(2), 229–237
• Nartgün, Şenay Sezgin and, Sibel Demirer, (2016) “Öğretmenlerin Örgütsel Sosyalleşme ve Özdeşleşme Düzeyleri ile Birlikte Çalışma Yeterlikleri Arasındaki İlişki [The relationship between levels of teachers’ organizational socialization and identification with teachers’ collective efficacy]”, Abant İzzet Baysal Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 237-269
• Noe, Raymond. A., (1999). Employee Training and Development. McGraw Hill. Boston.
• Noe, Raymond., John Hollenbeck., Barry Gerhart., and Patrick Wright, (2003). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. 4th ed., McGraw Hill, Boston.
• Nohria, Nitrin. and Sumantra Ghoshal, (1994) “Differentiated Fit and Shared Values: Alternatives for Managing Headquarters-Subsidiary Relations”, Strategic Management Journal, 15 (6), 491-502
• Olkkonen, Maria.-Ellanen., and, Jukka Lipponen., (2006) “Relationships between organizational justice, identification with organization and work unit, and group-related outcomes”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(2), 202–215.
• Özçelik, Firuzhan, (2008) “The effect of organizational socialization on organizational commitment: A research”, Unpublished Master Thesis, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
• Özçelik, Oya, (2010) “Eğitim ve Geliştirme [Training and Development]”, Human Resource Management, (ed.) Cavide Uyargil, 5th edition, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul, s. 161-208.
• Özdemir, Yasin. and Sinem Ergun, (2015) “The relationship between organizational socialization and organizational citizenship behavior: the mediating role of person environment fit”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 432 – 443.
• Phillips, Jack. J., (1987) Recruiting, Training, and Retraining New Employees. Josset Bass, California.
• Pratt, Michael. G., (1998) To be or not to be: Central Question in Organizational Identification D.A. Whetten and P.C. Godfrey Identity in Organizations: Building Theory Through Conversation. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA
• Pratt, Michael. G., (2000) “The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent: Managing Identification among Amway”, Distributors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3), 456-493
• Puusa Anu and Ulla Tulvanen, (2006) “Organizational Identity and Trust”, Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies. 1, 24
• Reade, Carol, (2001) “Dual Identification in Multinational Corporations: Local Managers and Their Psychological Attachment to The Subsidiary versus the Global Organization”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12 (3), 405-424.
• Reichers, Arnon. E., (1987) “An interactionist perspective on newcomer socialization rates”, Academy of Management Review, 12, 278–287
• Robinson Sandra.L., (1996) “Trust and breach of the psychological contract”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 574-599
• Saruhan, Sümeyra, (2017) “The Effect of Organizational socialization on the organizational identification”, Unpublished Master Thesis, Kırıkkale University Institute of Social Sciences, Kırıkkale.
• Schein, Edgar. H., (1968) “Organizational socialization and the profession of management”, Industrial Management Review (MIT), 9, 1-15.
• Schneider, Benjamin and Reichers, Armon E. , (1983) “ On the Etiology of Climates”. Personnel Psychology, 36, 19-39.
• Schneider, Benjamin, (1987) “The people make the place”, Personnel Psychology, 40, 437-453
• Schultz, Martin, (2003) “Pathways of Relevance: Exploring Inflows of Knowledge into Subunits of Multinational Corporations”, Organization Science, 14(4), 440-459
• Stets, Jan. E. and Peter J. Burke, (2000) “Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory”. Social Psychology Quarterly 63(3), 224-237.
• Sun, J. M. and Wang, H., (2011) Organizational identification in China, Annual Meeting of Academy of Management, CA
• Şencan, Hüner, (2005) Reliability and Validity in Social and Behavioral Measurement, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Tabachnick, Barbara. G & Linda S. Fidell, (2013) Using multivariate statistics, 6th ed., Allyn and Bacon, Boston,
• Tajfel, Henri. and John C. Turner, (1985) “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behaviour”. Psychology of Intergroup Relations , (eds.) S. Worchel and W.G. Austin, 2nd Edition, Nelson Hall, Chicago, s. 7-24.
• Tangirala, Subrahmaniam., Stephen Green, and Rangaraj Ramanujam, (2007) “In the shadow of the boss's boss: Effects of supervisors' upward exchange relationships on employees”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 309-20
• Tiyek, Ramazan, (2014) “Evaluation of Orientation Training Programme: A Research”, Journal of Çankırı Karatekin University Social Sciences Institute, 5(1), 333-353
• Topaloğlu, Melih and Hakan Koç, (2002) Ofis Yönetimi: Kavramlar ve İlkeler [Office Managemet: Concepts and Principles], Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara
• Turkish Statistical Institute Official Web site: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Ucretli-Calisan-Istatistikleri-Eylul-2021-37506
• Turner, John. C., (1985) “Social categorization and the self-concept: A social-cognitive theory of group behavior”, Advances in group processes: Theory and research, (eds) E. J. Lawler Vol. 2, CT: JAI Press, Greenwich s. 77-122.
• Turner, John. C., Michael A. Hogg, Penelope J. Oakes, Stephen D. Reicher, and Margaret S. Wetherell, (1987). Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory, Blackwell, . Oxford & New York
• Turunç, Ömer, (2011) “The effect of organizational justice on organizational identification and turnover intention: The mediation role of identification”, The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 13 (1), 143-166
• Tüzün, İpek. and İrfan Çağlar, (2008) “The concept of organizational identification and the relationships of organizational communication”, Journal of Yasar University, 3(9), 1011-1027
• Tüzün İpek and Çağlar İrfan, (2009) “Investigating the Antecedents of Organizational Identification”, Journal of Dogus University, 10(2), 284-293.
• Van Maanen, John and. Edgar H. Schein, (1979) “Toward of Theory of Organizational Socialization”, Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 209-264.
• Wachtfogel, Marc, (2009) “Organizational Socialization, Person–Environment Fit and Commitment of Recent College Graduates”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development.
• Wetherell, Margaret, (1996) “Group conflict and the social psychology of racism” Identities, groups and social issues , (ed.) M. Wetherell,. Sage Publications, Inc, Open University Press, ss. 175–238
• Whetten, David. A. and Alison Mackey, (2002) “A Social Actor Conception of Organizational Identity and Its Implications for the Study of Organizational Reputation”, Business & Society, 41(4), 393-414
• Wieseke, Jan., Michael Ahearne, Son Lam, and Rolf van Dick, (2009) “The Role of Leaders in Internal Marketing”, Journal of Marketing, 73(2), 123-145
• Yamane, Taro , Temel Örnekleme Yöntemleri. çev. Alptekin Esin (2001), Literatür Yay, İstanbul
• Yaşlıoğlu, Murat, (2017) “Sosyal Bilimlerde Faktör Analizi ve Geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizlerinin Kullanılması”, Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 46 (Special Iss), 74-85.
• Yazıcıoğlu, İrfan, (2014) “Örgütlerde İş Tatmini ve İşgören Performansı İlişkisi: Türkiye ve Kazakistan Karşılaştırması”. Bilig, 55, 243-264.
• Yi, Xiang and Jin Freng Uen, (2006) “Relationship between organizational socialization and organization identification of professionals: Moderating effects of Personal Work Experience and Growth Need Strength”, The Journal of American Academy of Business, 10 (1), 362–371.