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Ayahuasca: The Vine of Souls

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 27, 234 - 259, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1002647

Öz

It is known that psychoactive plants containing hallucinogenic compounds that cause changes in perception and condition have been used in rituals by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. In this context, ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage, has an important place in the religious, medical, social, and artistic lives of many indigenous tribes living in the Amazon forests since ancient times. Shamans, who regard ayahuasca as a means of opening people's perception of the spiritual world, used it for a wide variety of purposes such as magic, divination, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, hunting, etc. Ayahuasca is an extract obtained by mixing and boiling two plants native to the Amazon Forest, Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. The active chemical components of these herbs include harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). When either plant is ingested alone, it shows no noticeable effect. However, when the two plants are brewed together for many hours, they induce an extraordinary visionary mood. The main function of ayahuasca is to establish contact with other realms through these visions. Because of the hallucinogenic visions that make this contact possible, the drink is used among Amazonian groups in mass ceremonies as a means of spiritual guidance, protection from spirits, gaining knowledge, and also curing diseases. Indigenous people state that they comprehend the truths about themselves and the universe by accessing important information through visions formed under the influence of this plant. In addition, it is seen that the ayahuasca ritual also acts as a social network that transfers the spiritual and cultural accumulation of the tribe from generation to generation. With all these elements, ayahuasca ceremonies have been the most important spiritual ritual in this region for centuries. But Ayahuasca is a very powerful brew that ought to be taken with respect and under the right conditions for indigenous people, otherwise its haphazard use can turn into a dangerous and often confusing experience, rather than an enlightening one. Although its first use probably appeared among the inhabitants of the rainforests, ayahuasca is recorded today in most major urban centers in South America, particularly in Brazil, as well as in the United States, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, and even Japan. Many works have been written in the West about ayahuasca, which has moved far beyond its geographical and cultural borders today, and the subject continues to be investigated from various aspects. In our country, there is no independent research on this plant, which is considered sacred by the Amazon natives, in the field of History of Religions. With this study, we aim to contribute to the research to be carried out in our field by addressing issues such as its characteristics, how the ayahuasca ritual is performed, the visions that occur during the ritual, and the meaning and importance of the ritual for the indigenous people in the Amazon basin.

Kaynakça

  • Amaringo, Pablo vd. The Ayahuasca Visions of Pablo Amaringo. Vermont: Inner Traditions Bear and Company, 2011.
  • Beyer, Stephan V. Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanismin the Upper Amazon. Ebup, University of the New Mexico Press, 2009.
  • Bouso, Jose Carlos - Riba, Jordi. “An Overview of the Literature on the Pharmacology and Neuropsychiatric Long Term Effects of Ayahuasca”. The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca. ed. Rafael Guimaraes dos Santos. 55 - 64. India: Transworld Research Network, 2011.
  • Bristol, Melvin Lee. “The Psychotropic Banisteriopsis Among the Sibundoy of Colombia”. Botanical Museum Leaflets 21/5 (1966), 113-140.
  • Brown, Michael F. Tsewa's Gift: Magic and Meaning in an Amazonian Society. Alabama:University of Alabama Press, 2006.
  • Chevalier, Jacques M. Civilization and the Stolen Gift: Capital, Kin, and Cult in Eastern Peru. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. Beyond The Milky Way: Hallucinatory Imagery of the Tukano Indians. Los Angles: Latin American Center Publications, 1978.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. “Cosmology as Ecological Analysis: A View from the Rain Forest”. Man 11/3 (1976), 307 – 318.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. The Shaman and The Jaguar A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. The Forest Within: The World View Of The Tukano Amazonian Indians. Chiago: Council Oaks Books, 1996.
  • Dobkin de Rios, Marlene. Visionary Vine: Hallucinogenic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon. United States of America: Waveland Press, 1984.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Rites and Symbols of Initiation. Washington: Spring, 1998.
  • Gebhart Sayer, Angelika. “Una Terapia Estetica Los Disenos Visionarios del Ayahuasca Entre los Shipibo- Conibo”. Amazonia Indigena 46/1 (1986), 189 - 218.
  • Giove, Rosa. “The Icaro or Shamanic Song”. Taxiwasi. Erişim 03 Şubat 2021. https://takiwasi.com/docs/arti_ing/about_the_ikaro_or_shamanic_song.pdf
  • Gow, Peter. Of mixed blood: Kinship and Its His¬tory in Peruvian Amazonia. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.
  • Harner, Michael. The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing. Toronto, New York: Bantam Books, 1980.
  • Harner, Michael J. “Common Themes in South American Indian Yage Experiences”. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ed. Michael J. Harner. 155 -175. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Heaven, Ross. “Plant Medicines and Shamanic Healing”. Positive Health (2008), 9 - 12.
  • Kusel, Heinz. “Ayahuasca Drinkers Among the Chama Indians of the Northeast Peru”. Psychedelic Review 6 (1965), 58 - 66.
  • Kensinger, Kenneth M. “Banisteriopsis usage among the Peruvian Cashinahua”. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ed. Michael J. Harner. 9 - 14. London, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Kounen, Jan. Visionary Ayahuasca A Manual for Therapeutic and Spiritual Journeys. Trans. Jack Cain. Canada: Park Street Press, 2015.
  • Luke, David (ed.) - Spowers, Rory (ed.). DMT Dialogues: Encounters with the Spirit Molecule. Vermont: Park Street Press, 2018.
  • Luna, Luis Eduardo.“Indigenous and Mestizo Use of Ayahuasca An Overview”. The Etnopharmacology of Ayahuasca. Ed. Rafael Guimaraes dos Santos. 1-20. India: Transworld Research Network, 2011.
  • Luna, Luis Eduardo. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986.
  • Luna, Luis Eduardo - Amaringo, Pablo. Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of a Peruvian Shaman. California: North Atlantic Books, 1999.
  • McKenna, Dennis J. vd. “The Scientific Investigation of Ayahuasca: A Review of Past and Current Research”. The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research 1 (1998), 65 - 76.
  • McKenna, Dennis J. – Towers, G. H. N. vd. “Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants: Tryptamine and beta-Carboline Constituents of Ayahuasca”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 10 (1984), 195-223.
  • McKenna, Terence. Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge, A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. London: Bantam Press, 1993.
  • Metzner, Ralph. “Amazonian Vine of Visions”. The Ayahuasca Experience: A Sourcebook on the Sacred Vine of Spirits. ed. Ralph Metzner. Canada: Park Street Press, 2014.
  • Miller, Melanie J vd. “Chemical Evidence for the Use of Multiple Psychotropic Plants in a 1,000 Year Old Ritual Bundle from South America”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 116/23 (2019), 11207 - 11212.
  • Narby, Jeremy. The Cosmic Serpent: DNA and the Origins of Knowledge. London: Phoenix Books, 1999.
  • Regueiro, Javier. Ayahuasca: Soul Medicine of the Amazon Jungle. Epub, Lifestyle Entrepreneurs Press, 2016.
  • Rivier, Laurent - Lindgren, Jan Erik. “Ayahuasca The South American Hallucinogenic Drink: Ethnobotanical and Chemical Investigation”. Economic Botany 26/2 (1972), 101-129.
  • Sanchez, Constanza - Bouso, Jose Carlos. “Ayahuasca: From the Amazon to the Global Village”. Drug Policy Briefing 43 (2015), 1-23.
  • Sayın, Ümit. Psikoaktif Bitkiler Psikoaktif Bitkilerin Tarihi ve Farklı Bilinç Hallerinin Psikofarmakolojisi. İstanbul: Tantra Akademi, 2016.
  • Schultes, Richard Evans. “An Overview of Hallucinogens in the Western Hemisphere”. Flesh of the Gods. Ed. Peter Furst. 3 - 54. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972.
  • Schultes, Richard Evans. “The Beta-Carboline Hallucinogens of South America”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 14/3 (1982), 205-220.
  • Shannon, Benny. “The Epistemics of Ayahuasca Visions”. Phenom and the Cognitive Science 9 (2010), 263 - 280.
  • Shanon, Benny. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Taussig, Michael. Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
  • Tutun Hidayet- Ayan Adnan. “Türkiye’de Antelmintik Etkili Bitkiler”, Tıp Bilimlerinde Farklı Bakışlar. ed. Ali Şimşek vd. 285 - 314. Ankara: İksad Publishing House, 2019.
  • Weiss, Gerald. “Shamanism and Priesthood in the Light of the Campa Ayahuasca Ceremony”. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ed. Michael J. Harner. 40-48. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Virtaten, Pirjo Kristina. “Shamanism and Indigenous Youthhood in the Brazilian Amazon”. Amazonica 1/1(2009), 152 - 177.
  • Virtanen, Pirjo Kristina. “The Urban Manchin¬ery Youth and Social Capital in Western Amazonian Contemporary Rituals”. Anthro¬pos 101/1 (2006), 159-167.
  • Winkelman, Michael. Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing. California: Praeger, 2010.

Ayahuasca: Ruhların Sarmaşığı

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 27, 234 - 259, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1002647

Öz

Algı ve durum değişikliğine neden olan halüsinojenik bileşikler içeren psikoaktif bitkilerin binlerce yıldır yerli halklar tarafından ritüellerde kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda psikoaktif bir içecek olan ayahuasca eski zamanlardan beri Amazon ormanlarında yaşayan çok sayıda yerli kabilenin dinî, tıbbî, sosyal ve sanatsal yaşamlarında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ayahuascayı insanın ruhsal dünyaya ilişkin algısını açmanın bir aracı olarak gören şamanlar onu büyü, kehanet, hastalıkların teşhisi ve tedavisi, avcılık vs. gibi çok çeşitli amaçlar için kullanmışlardır. Ayahuasca Amazon Ormanı’na özgü Banisteriopsis caapi ve Psychotria viridis isimli iki bitkinin karıştırılıp kaynatılmasıyla elde edilen bir özdür. Bu iki bitkinin aktif kimyasal bileşenleri arasında harmin, harmalin, tetrahidroharmin ve dimetiltriptamin (DMT) bulunur. Her iki bitki de tek başına alındığında gözle görülür bir etki oluşturmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte iki bitki saatlerce birlikte demlendiğinde bahsi geçen bileşiklerin etkileşimi sayesinde olağanüstü bir vizyoner duruma neden olmaktadır. Ayahuascanın başlıca işlevi oluşturduğu bu vizyonlar aracılığıyla diğer âlemlerle teması sağlamaktır. İçecek bu teması mümkün kılan halüsinojenik vizyonları nedeniyle Amazon grupları arasında toplu törenlerde manevî rehberlik, ruhlardan korunma, bilgi edinme ve ayrıca hastalıkları tedavi etme aracı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yerliler bu bitkinin tesiri altında oluşan vizyonlar yoluyla önemli bilgilere erişerek kendilerine ve evrene dair hakikatleri idrak ettiklerini belirtmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra ayahuasca ritüelinin kabilenin manevî ve kültürel birikimini nesilden nesile aktaran sosyal bir ağ vazifesi de yürüttüğü görülmektedir. Bütün bu unsurları ile ayahuasca törenleri yüzyıllardır bu bölgedeki en önemli manevî ritüeli oluşturmaktadır. Ancak yerliler için ayahuasca saygıyla ve doğru koşullar altında alınması gereken çok güçlü bir içecektir, aksi takdirde gelişigüzel kullanımı aydınlatıcı olmaktan çok tehlikeli ve çoğu zaman kafa karıştırıcı bir deneyime dönüşebilir. Kullanımı muhtemelen yağmur ormanlarının sakinleri arasında ortaya çıkmasına rağmen, ayahuascanın bugün Brezilya başta olmak üzere Güney Amerika’daki büyük şehir merkezlerinin çoğunda ve ayrıca Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Hollanda, İspanya, İtalya ve hatta Japonya’da kullanıldığı kaydedilmektedir. Günümüzde coğrafi ve kültürel sınırlarının çok ötesine taşınmış olan ayahuasca hakkında Batı’da pek çok eser kaleme alınmıştır ve konu çeşitli yönleriyle araştırılmaya devam etmektedir. Ülkemizde ise Dinler Tarihi alanında Amazon yerlilerinin kutsal kabul ettiği ayahuasca ile ilgili müstakil bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile ayahuascanın özellikleri, ayahuasca ritüelinin nasıl icra edildiği, ritüel sırasında meydana gelen vizyonlar, ritüelin Amazon havzasındaki yerliler için anlam ve önemi gibi hususları ele alarak alanımızda konu ile ilgili yapılacak olan araştırmalara katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktayız.

Kaynakça

  • Amaringo, Pablo vd. The Ayahuasca Visions of Pablo Amaringo. Vermont: Inner Traditions Bear and Company, 2011.
  • Beyer, Stephan V. Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanismin the Upper Amazon. Ebup, University of the New Mexico Press, 2009.
  • Bouso, Jose Carlos - Riba, Jordi. “An Overview of the Literature on the Pharmacology and Neuropsychiatric Long Term Effects of Ayahuasca”. The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca. ed. Rafael Guimaraes dos Santos. 55 - 64. India: Transworld Research Network, 2011.
  • Bristol, Melvin Lee. “The Psychotropic Banisteriopsis Among the Sibundoy of Colombia”. Botanical Museum Leaflets 21/5 (1966), 113-140.
  • Brown, Michael F. Tsewa's Gift: Magic and Meaning in an Amazonian Society. Alabama:University of Alabama Press, 2006.
  • Chevalier, Jacques M. Civilization and the Stolen Gift: Capital, Kin, and Cult in Eastern Peru. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. Beyond The Milky Way: Hallucinatory Imagery of the Tukano Indians. Los Angles: Latin American Center Publications, 1978.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. “Cosmology as Ecological Analysis: A View from the Rain Forest”. Man 11/3 (1976), 307 – 318.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. The Shaman and The Jaguar A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1975.
  • Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reichel. The Forest Within: The World View Of The Tukano Amazonian Indians. Chiago: Council Oaks Books, 1996.
  • Dobkin de Rios, Marlene. Visionary Vine: Hallucinogenic Healing in the Peruvian Amazon. United States of America: Waveland Press, 1984.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Rites and Symbols of Initiation. Washington: Spring, 1998.
  • Gebhart Sayer, Angelika. “Una Terapia Estetica Los Disenos Visionarios del Ayahuasca Entre los Shipibo- Conibo”. Amazonia Indigena 46/1 (1986), 189 - 218.
  • Giove, Rosa. “The Icaro or Shamanic Song”. Taxiwasi. Erişim 03 Şubat 2021. https://takiwasi.com/docs/arti_ing/about_the_ikaro_or_shamanic_song.pdf
  • Gow, Peter. Of mixed blood: Kinship and Its His¬tory in Peruvian Amazonia. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.
  • Harner, Michael. The Way of the Shaman: A Guide to Power and Healing. Toronto, New York: Bantam Books, 1980.
  • Harner, Michael J. “Common Themes in South American Indian Yage Experiences”. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ed. Michael J. Harner. 155 -175. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Heaven, Ross. “Plant Medicines and Shamanic Healing”. Positive Health (2008), 9 - 12.
  • Kusel, Heinz. “Ayahuasca Drinkers Among the Chama Indians of the Northeast Peru”. Psychedelic Review 6 (1965), 58 - 66.
  • Kensinger, Kenneth M. “Banisteriopsis usage among the Peruvian Cashinahua”. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ed. Michael J. Harner. 9 - 14. London, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Kounen, Jan. Visionary Ayahuasca A Manual for Therapeutic and Spiritual Journeys. Trans. Jack Cain. Canada: Park Street Press, 2015.
  • Luke, David (ed.) - Spowers, Rory (ed.). DMT Dialogues: Encounters with the Spirit Molecule. Vermont: Park Street Press, 2018.
  • Luna, Luis Eduardo.“Indigenous and Mestizo Use of Ayahuasca An Overview”. The Etnopharmacology of Ayahuasca. Ed. Rafael Guimaraes dos Santos. 1-20. India: Transworld Research Network, 2011.
  • Luna, Luis Eduardo. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986.
  • Luna, Luis Eduardo - Amaringo, Pablo. Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of a Peruvian Shaman. California: North Atlantic Books, 1999.
  • McKenna, Dennis J. vd. “The Scientific Investigation of Ayahuasca: A Review of Past and Current Research”. The Heffter Review of Psychedelic Research 1 (1998), 65 - 76.
  • McKenna, Dennis J. – Towers, G. H. N. vd. “Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants: Tryptamine and beta-Carboline Constituents of Ayahuasca”. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 10 (1984), 195-223.
  • McKenna, Terence. Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge, A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. London: Bantam Press, 1993.
  • Metzner, Ralph. “Amazonian Vine of Visions”. The Ayahuasca Experience: A Sourcebook on the Sacred Vine of Spirits. ed. Ralph Metzner. Canada: Park Street Press, 2014.
  • Miller, Melanie J vd. “Chemical Evidence for the Use of Multiple Psychotropic Plants in a 1,000 Year Old Ritual Bundle from South America”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 116/23 (2019), 11207 - 11212.
  • Narby, Jeremy. The Cosmic Serpent: DNA and the Origins of Knowledge. London: Phoenix Books, 1999.
  • Regueiro, Javier. Ayahuasca: Soul Medicine of the Amazon Jungle. Epub, Lifestyle Entrepreneurs Press, 2016.
  • Rivier, Laurent - Lindgren, Jan Erik. “Ayahuasca The South American Hallucinogenic Drink: Ethnobotanical and Chemical Investigation”. Economic Botany 26/2 (1972), 101-129.
  • Sanchez, Constanza - Bouso, Jose Carlos. “Ayahuasca: From the Amazon to the Global Village”. Drug Policy Briefing 43 (2015), 1-23.
  • Sayın, Ümit. Psikoaktif Bitkiler Psikoaktif Bitkilerin Tarihi ve Farklı Bilinç Hallerinin Psikofarmakolojisi. İstanbul: Tantra Akademi, 2016.
  • Schultes, Richard Evans. “An Overview of Hallucinogens in the Western Hemisphere”. Flesh of the Gods. Ed. Peter Furst. 3 - 54. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1972.
  • Schultes, Richard Evans. “The Beta-Carboline Hallucinogens of South America”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 14/3 (1982), 205-220.
  • Shannon, Benny. “The Epistemics of Ayahuasca Visions”. Phenom and the Cognitive Science 9 (2010), 263 - 280.
  • Shanon, Benny. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Taussig, Michael. Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
  • Tutun Hidayet- Ayan Adnan. “Türkiye’de Antelmintik Etkili Bitkiler”, Tıp Bilimlerinde Farklı Bakışlar. ed. Ali Şimşek vd. 285 - 314. Ankara: İksad Publishing House, 2019.
  • Weiss, Gerald. “Shamanism and Priesthood in the Light of the Campa Ayahuasca Ceremony”. Hallucinogens and Shamanism. ed. Michael J. Harner. 40-48. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
  • Virtaten, Pirjo Kristina. “Shamanism and Indigenous Youthhood in the Brazilian Amazon”. Amazonica 1/1(2009), 152 - 177.
  • Virtanen, Pirjo Kristina. “The Urban Manchin¬ery Youth and Social Capital in Western Amazonian Contemporary Rituals”. Anthro¬pos 101/1 (2006), 159-167.
  • Winkelman, Michael. Shamanism: A Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing. California: Praeger, 2010.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Nadide Şahin 0000-0001-8986-3686

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 27

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Şahin, Nadide. “Ayahuasca: Ruhların Sarmaşığı”. Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 27 (Aralık 2021), 234-259. https://doi.org/10.35415/sirnakifd.1002647.

Şırnak Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.