Ordoliberalizmden Günümüze Sosyal Piyasa Ekonomisi: Bir Üçüncü Yol Arayışı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 22, 72 - 84, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Gedik

https://doi.org/10.25306/skad.1687509

Öz

Sosyal piyasa ekonomisi, serbest piyasa ilkeleri ile sosyal adalet hedeflerini uzlaştırmayı amaçlayan, ordoliberal düşünceye dayalı olarak 20. yüzyılın ortalarında Almanya'da şekillenmiş özgün bir ekonomik modeldir. Bu yaklaşım, klasik liberalizmin piyasa merkezli mantığını korurken, piyasa ekonomisinin hukuk devleti çerçevesinde denetlenmesi ve sosyal refah ilkeleriyle desteklenmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. Almanya’da Ludwig Erhard’ın liderliğinde uygulamaya konulan bu model, savaş sonrası dönemde “Alman Mucizesi” olarak adlandırılan hızlı ekonomik toparlanma ve toplumsal istikrarın temel dayanaklarından biri olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, sosyal piyasa ekonomisinin kuramsal temelleri, Fichte’nin ulusal ekonomi anlayışı, List’in kalkınmacı korumacı modeli ve Weber’in kurumsal rasyonalite yaklaşımı üzerinden tarihsel bağlam içerisinde ele alınmaktadır. Freiburg Okulu ve ordoliberalizmin rekabeti esas alan piyasa düzeni anlayışı ise modelin teorik bütünlüğünü sağlamaktadır. Bu makale, Almanya deneyimine paralel olarak, Fransa’nın 1945–1975 yılları arasındaki “Şanlı Otuz Yıl” süreci analiz edilmekte ve devlet müdahalesine dayalı sosyal refah devleti modelinin ekonomik büyüme ile toplumsal dönüşüm üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmektedir. Fransa’nın planlamacı kalkınma politikaları, sosyal güvenlik reformları ve kurumsal dönüşüm süreçleri, sosyal piyasa ekonomisinin gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki potansiyel uygulamalarına dair önemli çıkarımlar sunmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, Almanya ve Fransa örnekleri üzerinden, sosyal piyasa ekonomisinin gelişmekte olan ülkelerde dışa bağımlılığı azaltma, kurumsal kapasiteyi güçlendirme ve sosyal eşitsizlikleri dengeleme potansiyeli analiz edilmektedir. Covid-19 pandemisi sonrası dönemde yeniden yükselen devlet müdahalesi eğilimleri göz önünde bulundurularak, sosyal piyasa ekonomisinin neoliberal politikalara karşı sürdürülebilir, dengeli ve kapsayıcı bir alternatif model olarak taşıdığı değer vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal Piyasa Ekonomisi , Ordoliberalizm , Şanlı Otuz Yıl , Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler , Devlet Müdahalesi

The Social Market Economy from Ordoliberalism to the Present: Searching for a Third Way

Öz

The social market economy is a distinctive economic model that emerged in mid-20th century Germany, aiming to reconcile the principles of free market capitalism with the goals of social justice. Rooted in ordoliberal thought, this approach preserves the market-driven logic of classical liberalism while insisting on state regulation within the framework of the rule of law and the reinforcement of social welfare mechanisms. Implemented under the leadership of Ludwig Erhard, the model constituted one of the main pillars of post-war West Germany’s rapid economic recovery and societal stabilization, a period commonly referred to as the “German Economic Miracle”. This study examines the intellectual foundations of the social market economy within a historical context by focusing on Fichte’s national economic perspective, List’s developmental protectionism, and Weber’s theory of institutional rationality. The Freiburg School and the ordoliberal emphasis on a competition-based market order provide the theoretical coherence of the model. In parallel with the German experience, this article also analyzes France’s “Trente Glorieuses” (1945–1975), evaluating how a state-driven welfare model shaped economic growth and social transformation. France’s planning-based development policies, social security reforms, and institutional restructuring offer valuable insights into the potential applicability of the social market economy in developing countries. Through a comparative perspective, the study explores how the model may contribute to reducing external dependency, strengthening institutional capacity, and mitigating social inequality in such contexts. Finally, considering the resurgence of state interventionism following the Covid-19 pandemic, the social market economy is argued to represent a sustainable, balanced, and inclusive alternative to dominant neoliberal policy paradigms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social Market Economy , Ordoliberalism , Trente Glorieuses , Developing Countries , State Intervention

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