İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda ABD’nin Posterler Üzerinden Bilgi Gizleme Propagandası

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda istihbarat, gerek Müttefik Devletleri gerekse Mihver Devletleri için savaşın kazanılmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Savaş sırasında her iki taraf da elde ettikleri istihbarat bilgilerini kullanarak birbirlerine karşı üstün gelmeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu nedenle her iki taraf da askeri operasyonlarını büyük bir gizlilik içerisinde yürütmeye çalışmıştır. Bu süreçte ABD yönetimi, Mihver Devletleri’ne karşı gerçekleştireceği askeri operasyonlara yönelik bilgilerin gizlenmesini teşvik etmek amacıyla posterler üzerinden bilgi gizleme propagandasına yönelmiştir. Çalışmada İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda ABD’nin Mihver Devletleri’ne karşı propaganda posterlerini bilgi gizleme propagandası amacıyla ne yönde kullandığının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada ABD’nin bilgi gizleme propagandası amacıyla kullanılan posterlerdeki görsel ve yazılı göstergeler, John Langshaw Austin’in Söz Eylem Kuramı bağlamında analiz edilmiştir. Amaçlı örneklem metodu kullanılarak belirlenen 7 propaganda posteri, Stanford Üniversitesi Hoover Enstitüsü Kütüphanesi ve Arşivleri'nden alınmıştır. Çalışmada posterlerdeki görseller yoluyla ABD halkına hangi mesajların verildiğinin ve ABD halkının ne yönde hareket etmesinin amaçlandığının ortaya konulmasına çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında propaganda posterlerinde istihbarat bilgisinin sızması durumunda meydana gelmesi olası olumsuz sonuçlar yansıtılarak korku çekiciliği tekniğinden yararlanıldığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu şekilde propaganda posterleri üzerinden korku çekiciliği tekniği kullanılarak askeri operasyonlarla ilgili bilgilerin paylaşılmasının önüne geçilmeye çalışıldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İkinci Dünya Savaşı
• ABD
• Propaganda
• Bilgi Gizleme
• İstihbarat

The Propaganda of Information Hiding of the USA through Posters in the Second World War

Öz

In the Second World War(SWW), intelligence played an important role in winning the war for both the Allied-Powers and the Axis-Powers. During the war, both sides aimed to prevail against each other by using the intelligence information they obtained. Therefore, both sides sought to carry out their military operations in great secrecy. In this process, the US administration turned to the propaganda of hiding information through posters to encourage the concealment of information regarding the military operations to be carried out against the Axis-Powers. In the study, it was aimed to reveal how the USA used propaganda posters against the Axis Powers for the purpose of hiding information propaganda during the SWW. For this purpose, the visual and written indicators on the posters used for the USA's information hiding propaganda were analyzed in the context of John Langshaw Austin's Speech Act Theory. The seven propaganda posters identified using the purposive sampling method were obtained from the Stanford University Hoover Institute Library and Archives. In the study, it was sought to reveal what messages were given to the American people through the images on the posters, and in what direction the American people were intended to act. Considering findings, it was revealed that the fear appeal technique was used by reflecting the possible negative consequences of the leakage of intelligence information in the propaganda posters. Thus, it was concluded that the sharing of information about military operations was sought to be prevented by using the fear appeal technique on propaganda posters.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• world war II
• usa
• propaganda
• information hiding
• intelligence

Kaynakça

1. Aid, M. M. (2011). Sins of omission and commission: Strategic cultural factors and US intelligence failures during the cold war. Intelligence and National Security, 26(4), 478-494.
2. Aldrich, R. J. (1998). British Intelligence and the Anglo-American ‘special relationship’ during the Cold War. Review of International Studies, 24(3), 331-351.
3. Ambrose, S. E. (1981). Eisenhower and the intelligence community in World War II. Journal of Contemporary History, 16(1), 153-166.
4. Anderson, H. (1943). Dördüncü Propaganda Poster. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/39556. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
5. Andrew, C. (1998). Intelligence and international relations in the early Cold War. Review of International Studies, 24(3), 321-330.
6. Andrew, C., & Aldrich, R. J. (1999). The intelligence services in the Second World War. Contemporary British History, 13(4), 130-169.
7. Arena, P., & Wolford, S. (2012). Arms, intelligence, and war. International Studies Quarterly, 56(2), 351-365.
8. Aşar, S. (2003). Çanakkale Savaşları'nda istihbarat ve propaganda. Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı, 1(1), 64-102.

9. Ateş, A. (2020). Current challenges and trends in intelligence. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 177-204.
10. Atherton, J. (1943). Beşinci Propaganda Poster. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/39615. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
11. Austin, J. L. (1962). How to Do Things with Words: The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955. Amen House, London: Oxford University Press.
12. Aydın, S. (2020). Osmanlı Devleti’nde askerî istihbarat (1864-1914). Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (65), 332-338.
13. Balcıoğlu, M. (2014). Milli mücadelede Merkez Ordusu'nun istihbarat faaliyetleri. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 5(1), 5-14.
14. Ball, D. J. (1978). Allied intelligence cooperation involving Australia during World War II. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 32(3), 299-309.
15. Bar-Joseph, U. (2007). Israel's military intelligence performance in the Second Lebanon War. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 20(4), 583-601.
16. Boog, H. (1990). German air intelligence in the second world war. Intelligence and National Security, 5(2), 350-424.
17. Brindle, M. (1941-1945). İkinci Propaganda Poster. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/39647. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
18. Byman, D. (2014). The intelligence war on terrorism. Intelligence and National Security, 29(6), 837-863.
19. Cabrera, M. G. (2021). British geographic intelligence during the Second World War: a case study of the Canary Islands. Intelligence and National Security, 1-19.
20. Çakır, Ç. (2019). Selçuklularda istihbarat. Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 5(3), 893-897.
21. Demir, M. (2020). Osmanlı Devleti’nde askeri istihbarat. Tarih Kritik Dergisi, 6(2), 203-210.
22. Denning, N. (1967). Naval Intelligence in the Second World War. Royal United Services Institution. Journal, 112(647), 221-228.
23. Dohanos, S. (1939-1945). Birinci Propaganda Poster. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/39628. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
24. Dohanos, S. (1944). Altıncı Propaganda Poster. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/39619. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
25. Ertem, A. V. (2022). Türk istihbarat tarihi. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi, 8(17), 320-330.
26. Fedorowich, K. (1999). Axis prisoners of war as sources for British military intelligence, 1939–42. Intelligence and National Security, 14(2), 156-178.
27. Fox, J. (2012). Careless talk: tensions within British domestic propaganda during the Second World War. Journal of British studies, 51(4), 936-966.
28. Graaff, B. D. (1987). Hot Intelligence in the Tropics: Dutch Intelligence Operations in the Netherlands East Indies during the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 22(4), 563-584.
29. Guglielmo, M. (2008). The contribution of economists to military intelligence during World War II. The Journal of Economic History, 68(1), 109-150.
30. Herman, M. (1996). Intelligence power in peace and war. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
31. Hinsley, F. H. (1990). British Intelligence in the Second World War: An Overview. Cryptologia, 14(1), 1-10.
32. Hoover. (1939-1945). “Düşman Kulak Misafiri Oluyor”. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/14280. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2022).
33. Hoover. (1939). “Sessiz Ol”. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/14193. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2022).
34. Hoover. (2022). “ABD’nin Propaganda Posterleri”. https://tinyurl.com/ymnwxk9v. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
35. Horner, D. M. (1978). Special intelligence in the South‐West Pacific area in World War II. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 32(3), 310-327.
36. Hubbard-Hall, C., & O’Sullivan, A. (2022). Landscapes of intelligence in the Third Reich: visualising Abwehr operations during the Second World War. Journal of Intelligence History, 21(1), 88-112.
37. Iacobelli, P. (2021). Japan’s Intelligence Network in Chile During the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 56(1), 77-95.
38. Kearns, O. (2022). Forget what you hear: Careless Talk, espionage and ways of listening in on the British secret state. Review of International Studies, 48(2), 301-325.
39. Küçükyılmaz, Y. O. (2019). Ulusal güvenlik bağlamında istihbarata karşı koymanın önemi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(8), 89-105.
40. Larsen, D. (2014). Intelligence in the First World War: The state of the field. Intelligence and National Security, 29(2), 282-302.
41. Lenzenweger, M. F. (2015). Factors underlying the psychological and behavioral characteristics of Office of Strategic Services candidates: The Assessment of Men data revisited. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97(1), 100-110.
42. Morrison, J. N. (2014). Intelligence in the Cold War. Cold War History, 14(4), 575-591.
43. Nikolaevna, V. N., & Viktorovich, D. N. (1941). “Sohbet Etme”. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/617-keep-your-mouth-shut-.html?themeId=18. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2022).
44. Nugent, D. (2007). Social science knowledge and military intelligence: global conflict, territorial control and the birth of area studies during WWII. Anuário Antropológico, 32(1), 33-68.
45. Phythian, M. (2006). The Perfect Intelligence Failure? US Pre‐War Intelligence on Iraqi Weapons of Mass Destruction. Politics & Policy, 34(2), 400-424.
46. Pöhlmann, M. (2005). German intelligence at war, 1914–1918. Journal of Intelligence History, 5(2), 25-54.
47. Rose, E. P. (2019). Aerial photographic intelligence during World War II: contributions by some distinguished British geologists. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 473(1), 275-296.
48. Ruggles, R., & Brodie, H. (1947). An empirical approach to economic intelligence in World War II. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 42(237), 72-91.
49. Samoiloviç, Z. B. (1943). “Yoldaş! Tetikte olun, düşmana sırlar vermeyin”. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1613-comrade-be-vigilant-do-not-blurt-out-secrets-to-the-enemy-.html?themeId=18. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2022).
50. Sbisà, M. (2014). Austin on Language and Action. Ed. Brian Garvey. In JL Austin on Language (pp. 13-31), London: Palgrave Macmillan.
51. Shen, Y. (2001). SACO re-examined: Sino-American intelligence cooperation during World War II. Intelligence and National Security, 16(4), 149-174.
52. Sonyel, S. R. (2001). Kurtuluş Savaşı döneminde İstanbul kabineleri ve İngiliz İstihbarat Servisi. BELLETEN, 65(243), 661-708.
53. Stephan, R. (1987). Smersh: Soviet military counter-intelligence during the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History, 22(4), 585-613.
54. Stoops, H. M. (1944). Yedinci Propaganda Poster. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/39593. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
55. Stout, M. (2017). World War I and the birth of American intelligence culture. Intelligence and National Security, 32(3), 378-394.
56. Tombs, I. (2002). Scrutinizing France: collecting and using newspaper intelligence during World War II. Intelligence and National Security, 17(2), 105-126.
57. Treidler, A. (1942). Üçüncü Propaganda Poster. http://digitalcollections.hoover.org/objects/39558. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2022).
58. Varnava, A. (2012). British military intelligence in Cyprus during the Great War. War in History, 19(3), 353-378.
59. Vladimir, K. (1941). "Konuşma, düşman dinliyor!”. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1727-do-not-talk-the-enemy-is-listening-.html?themeId=18. (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2022).
60. Zubok, V. (1995). Soviet Intelligence and the Cold War: The “Small” Committee of Information, 1952–53. Diplomatic History, 19(3), 453-472.