Sorunlar ve Beklentilerin Algılanmasında Kadın Mülteciler ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 48, 343 - 376, 28.04.2021

Asuman Özgür Keysan Burcu Şentürk

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.17

Cited By: 2

Öz

Tüm dünyada sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK) göç ve göçmenlerle ilgili konularda etkin olmaya başlamıştır. Suriye’deki iç savaş ile birlikte Türkiye’de ise, mülteci meselesinin çeşitli alanlarında aktif olarak faaliyet gösteren ulusal ve uluslararası STK’lar ortaya çıkmıştır. Bugüne dek, Suriyeli mültecilerin statü, ihtiyaç ve sorunlarına ve STK’ların bu ihtiyaçları karşılamadaki konumu ve rolüne eğilen çeşitli çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma diğer çalışmalardan farklı olarak, İstanbul, İzmir, Konya, Adana ve Gaziantep’te yer alan 14 STK’dan 64 STK temsilcisi ve 83 Suriyeli mülteci kadın ile Mayıs-Ekim 2018 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiş derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanarak, mültecilere yönelik çalışma yapan STK’lar ve bu STK’lardan destek alan mülteci kadınların mülteci olmaya yönelik var olan sorunları algılama biçimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Çalışma STK’lar ile mülteci kadınların sorunları algılamasında bir makas bulunduğunu savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK), Suriye, Mülteci Kadınlar, Türkiye

Destekleyen Kurum

Tubitak

Proje Numarası

217k337

Teşekkür

Bu araştırma TUBİTAK tarafından desteklenmiştir. (Proje No: 217k337)

Female Refugees and NGOs in the Perception of Problems and Expectations

Öz

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have recently started to play a more active role within the context of migration, dealing with the problems of immigrants extensively across the world. With the Syrian civil war outbreak, national and international NGOs have taken quick steps to operate in various refugee issues in Turkey actively. To date, various studies have been carried out that focus on the status, needs, and problems of Syrian refugees and the position and role of the NGOs in meeting these needs. The present study differs from the others. It aims to analyse the possible differences in the perception of problems of expectations of the refugees possibly existing between the NGOs and the Syrian female refugees. The research is drawn upon in-depth interviews conducted between May and October of 2018 with 83 Syrian refugee women and 64 NGO representatives from 14 NGOs located in Istanbul, Izmir, Konya, Adana, and Gaziantep. This study argues that there is a rift between the refugee women and the NGO representatives in the perception of problems of expectations of the refugees.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs), Syria, Refugee Women, Turkey

Proje Numarası

217k337

Kaynakça

• AFAD (2014), “Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Kadınlar”, <https://www.afad.gov.tr/upload/Node/3932/xfiles/turkiye_deki-suriyeli-kadinlar_-2014.pdf>, 08.12.2019.
• Akbaş, E. (2012), “Göçmenler Arasındaki Dayanışmacı Ağların Dönüşümü Göçmen Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin Yeni Misyonu”, içinde: (der. S.G. Ihlamur-Öner & Ş. Öner) Küreselleşme Çağında Göç, İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
• Aksurmeli, M. & Z.S. Tekten (2016), “İnanç Temelli Organizasyonlar ve Toplumsal Birlik: Konya Örneği”, içinde: (der. M. Çınar & H.İ. Karaarslan & İ.H. İlgi) Toplumsal Birliğin Güçlendirilmesinde Dini Söylemin Önemi, İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat.
• Al-Rousan, T. & Z. Schwabkey & L. Jirmanus & B.D. Nelson (2018), “Health needs and priorities of Syrian refugees in camps and urban settings in Jordan: perspectives of refugees and health care providers”, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (EMHJ), 24(3), 243-254.
• Ambrosini, M. & J. Van der Leun (2015), “Introduction to the Special Issue: Implementing Human Rights: Civil Society and Migration Policies”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 13(2), 103-115.
• Ambrosini, M. (2013a), “We are against a multi-ethnic society’: Policies of exclusion at the urban level in Italy”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(1), 136-155.
• Ambrosini, M. (2013b), “Fighting discrimination and exclusion: Civil society and immigration policies in Italy”, Migration Letters, 10(3), 313-323.
• Ambrosini, M. (2015), “NGOs and Health Services for Irregular Immigrants in Italy: When the Protection of Human Rights Challenges the Laws”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 13(2), 116-134.
• Aras, B. & Y. Duman (2018), “I/NGOs’ Assistance to Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Opportunities and Challenges”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 21(4), 478-491.
• Aslan, M. & J.W. Yılmaz (2019), “Pathways towards Social Inclusion of Refugees in Turkey”, <http://turkishpolicy.com/article/955/pathways-towards-social-inclusion-of-refugees-in-turkey>, 08.12.2019.
• Ballarino, G. & N. Panichella (2018), “The occupational integration of migrant women in Western European labour markets”, Acta Sociologica, 61(2), 126-142.
• Barın, H. (2015), “Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Kadınların Toplumsal Bağlamda Yaşadıkları Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 10-56.
• Bastia, T. & N. Piper (2019), “Women migrants in the global economy: A global overview (and regional perspectives)”, Gender & Development, 27(1), 15-30.
• BM (t.y.) İnsani Yardım, <http://www.unicankara.org.tr/today/5.html>, 08.12.2019.
• BM Kadın Birimi & SGDD (2018), Türkiye’de Geçici Koruma Altındaki Suriyeli Kadın ve Kız Çocukların İhtiyaç Analizi, <http://eca.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/08/needs-assessment-of-syrian-women-and-girls-under-temporary-protection-status-in-turkey>, 08.12.2019.
• Boserup, E. (1970), Women’s role in economic development, London: Allen & Unwin.
• Boyd, M. & E. Grieco (2003), “Women and migration: Incorporating gender into international migration theory”, Migration Information Source, 1(35), 28.
• Buz, S. (2007), “Göçte Kadınlar: Feminist Yaklaşım Çerçevesinde Bir Çalışma”, Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 18(2), 37-50.
• Cankurtaran, Ö. & H. Albayrak (2019), From Syria to Turkey: Being a Woman, Ankara: Merdiven Publishing.
• Castle, S. vd. (2014), The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world, (5. Basım), Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Clarke, G. (1996), “Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Politics in the Developing World”, Papers in International Development 20, Swansea: Centre for Development Studies, 1-25.
• Çebi, E. (2017), “The role of Turkish NGOs in social cohesion of Syrians”, Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 135-170.
• Çınar, M. (1994), “Unskilled urban migrant women and disguised employment: Home-working women in Istanbul, Turkey”, World Development, 22(3), 369-380.
• Daley, P. (1991), “Gender, displacement and social reproduction: Settling Burundi refugees in Western Tanzania”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 4(3), 248-266.
• Douglas, M. & R. Levitan & L. Kiama (2017), “Expanding the role of NGOs in resettlement”, Forced Migration Review, 54, 35-37.
• Eastman, C.L.S. (2012), Shaping the Immigration Debate: Contending Civil Societies on the US-Mexico Border, Boulder: First Forum Press.
• Eghdamian, K. (2016), “Religious Identity and Experiences of Displacement: An Examination into the Discursive Representations of Syrian Refugees and Their Effects on Religious Minorities Living in Jordan”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 30(3), 447-467.
• Elbers vd. (2014), “Trust or Control? Private Cooperation at the Crossroads”, Public Administration and Development, 34, 1-13.
• Erden, Ö. (2016), “Building Bridges for Refugee Empowerment”, Journal of International Migration and Integration, 18(1), 249-265.
• Erman, T. (2014), “Kentin kıyısında kadın olmak Gecekondudan TOKİ kentsel dönüşüm sitesine geçişte kadın deneyimleri”, içinde: (ed. F. Cantek) Kenarın Kitabı: “Ara”da Kalmak, Çeperde Yaşamak, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 89-120.
• Ette, M. (2007), “Empowerment”, içinde: (ed. G. Blakely & V. Bryson), The Impact of Feminism on Political Concepts and Debates, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Fleury, A. (2016), “Understanding women and migration: A literature review”, Knomad Workıng Paper, 8 Washington, DC, <http://www.atina.org.rs/sites/default/files/KNOMAD%20Understaning%20Women%20and%20Migration.pdf>, 08.12.2019.
• Flora-Lau, P.Y. (2019), “Empowerment in the Asylum-seeker Regime? The Roles of Policies, the Non-profit Sector and Refugee Community Organizations in Hong Kong”, Journal of Refugee Studies, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez090, 0812.2019.
• Friedman, A.R. (1992), “Rape and domestic violence: The experience of refugee women”, Women & Therapy, 13(1-2), 65-78.
• Geddes, A. (2003), The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe, London: Sage.
• Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2015), Kitlesel Akınlar, <http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik3/kitlesel-akinlar_409_558_559>, 08.12.2019.
• Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (2020), İstatistikler, <https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638>, 08.12.2019.
• Herwig, R. (2017), “Strategies of Resistance of Syrian Female Refugees in Sanlıurfa”, Movements, 3(2), 179-194.
• Hsu, J. (2012), “Spaces of Civil society: The Role of Migrant Non-governmental Organizations in Beijing and Shanghai”, Progress in Development Studies, 12(1), 63-76.
• Hyndman, J. (2000), Managing Displacement: Refugees and the Politics of Humanitarianism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• IGAM (2013), Sivil Toplum Örgütlerinin Türkiye’deki Suriyeli Mülteciler İçin Yaptıkları Çalışmalar ile İlgili Rapor, <http://www.igamder.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Suriye-STK- Raporu.pdf>, 08.12.2019.
• Ihlamur-Öner, S.G. (2012), “Ulus Ötesi Göç Sürecinde Dini Ağlar ve Örgütler”, içinde: (ed. S.G. Ihlamur-Öner & S. Öner), Küreselleşme Çağında Göç, İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
• KAMER (2013), Suriyeli Göçmenler Dışarıda Kalanlar, <http://www.kamer.org.tr/icerik_detay.php?id=178>, 08.12.2019.
• Kelson, G.A. & D.L. DeLaet (1999), Gender and immigration, London: Macmillan.
• Kıvılcım, Z. (2016), “Legal Violence Against Syrian Female Refugees in Turkey”, Fem Leg Stud, 24, 193-214.
• Koffman, E. vd. (2005), Gender and International Migration in Europe: Employment, Welfare and Politics, London: Routledge.
• Körükmez, L. vd. (2020), Mecburiyet, Müzakere, Değişim: Suryeli Kadınların Çalışma Deneyimleri ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet İlişkileri, GAR (Göç Araştırmaları Derneği) Kitap Serisi, No. 2 ISBN: 978-605-80592-2-1.
• Kutlu, Z. (2015), Bekleme Odasından Oturma Odasına: Suriyeli Göçmenlere Yönelik Çalışmalar Yürüten Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarına Dair Kısa Bir Değerlendirme, <http://aciktoplumvakfi.org.tr/medya/02062015beklemeodasi.pdf>, 08.12.2019.
• Laubenthal, B. (2007), “The Emergence of Pro-regularization Movements in Western Europe”, International Migration, 45(3), 101-133.
• Lester, E. (2005), “A Place at the Table: The Role of NGOS in Refugee Protection: International Advocacy and Policy-making”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, 24(2), 125-142.
• Letherby, G. (2003), Feminist Research in Theory and Practice, Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press.
• Mackreath, H. & S.G. Sağnıç (2017), Civil Society and Syrian Refugees in Turkey, Istanbul: Citizens Assembly, <http://www.hyd.org.tr/attachments/article/214/civil-society-and-syrian-refugees-in-turkey.pdf>, 08.12.2019.
• Malkki, L.H. (1996), “Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism and Dehistoricization”, Cultural Anthropology, 11(3), 377-404.
• Maynard, M. (1994), “Methods, Practice and Epistemology. The Debate about Feminism and Research”, içinde: (der. M. Maynard & J. Purvis), Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Persective, London, Bristol: Taylor and Francis, 10-26.
• MAZLUMDER (2014), Kamp Dışında Yaşayan Suriyeli Kadın Sığınmacılar Raporu, <http://mazlumder.org/webimage/MAZLUMDER%20KAMP%20DI%C5%9EINDA%20YA%C5%9EAYAN%20KADIN%20SI%C4%9EINMACILAR%20RAPORU(9).pdf>, 08.12.2019.
• Nesteruk, O. & L. Marks & M.E.B. Garrison (2009), “Immigrant Parents’ Concerns Regarding Their Children’s Education in the United States”, Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 37(4), 422-441.
• Nicholls, W.J. (2013), “Fragmenting Citizenship: Dynamics of Cooperation and Conflict in France’s Immigrant Rights Movement”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(4), 611-631.
• Özgür-Keysan, A. & B. Şentürk (2020b), “Philanthropists, Professionals and Feminists: Refugee NGOs and the Empowerment of Syrian Women in Gaziantep, Turkey”, International Migration, <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/imig.12728?af=R>, 08.12.2019.
• Özgür-Keysan, A. (2020a), “Refugee-focused NGOs in Turkey: Difficulties and Expectations”, içinde: S. Kolukırık & E. Gün (eds.), Migration Generating Geographies and International Irregular Migrations, Berlin: Peter Lang Publishing, 129-149.
• Özkan, M. (2012), “Transnational Islam, Immigrant NGOs and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of the IGMGJ”, Journal of International Development, 24, 467-484.
• Öztürk, L. vd. (2019), “Challenges and Obstacles for Syrian Refugee Women in the Turkish Labor Market”, Societies, 9(3), 1-10.
• Pedraza, S. (1991), “Women and Migration: The Social Consequences of Gender”, Annual Review of Sociology, 17, 303-325.
• Phizacklea, A. (1998), “Migration and globalization: A feminist perspective”, içinde: K. Koser & H. Lutz (eds.), The new migration in Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 21-38.
• Piotukh, V. (2015), Biopolitics, Governmentality and Humanitarianism: “Caring” for the population in Afghanistan and Belarus, New York: Routledge.
• Pratt, G. & B.S.A. Yeoh (2003), “Transnational (Counter) Topographies”, Gender, Place and Culture, 10(2), 159-166.
• Qin, D.B. (2006), “Our Child Doesn’t Talk to Us Anymore: Alienation in Immigrant Chinese Families”, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 37(2), 162-179.
• Raghuram, P. (2008), “Migrant women in male‐dominated sectors of the labour market: a research agenda”, Population, space and place, 14(1), 43-57.
• Rosenau-Williams, K. & Z. Sezgin (2014), “Islamic Migrant Organizations: Little-Studied Actors in Humanitarian Action, International Migration Review, 48(2), 324-353.
• Sijbrandi, M. vd. (2017), “Strengthening mental health care systems for Syrian refugees in Europe and the Middle East: integrating scalable psychological interventions in eight countries”, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(2), 1-11.
• Sun, K. & W. Cadge (2013), “How do Organizations Respond to New Immigrants? Comparing two New England Cities”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 11(2), 157-177.
• Sunata, U. & S. Tosun (2018), “Assessing the Civil Society’s Role in Refugee Integration in Turkey: NGO-R as a New Typology”, Journal of Refugee Studies, 1-21.
• Syed, J. & P. Murray (2009), “Combating the English language deficit: The labour market experiences of migrant women in Australia”, Human Resource Management Journal, 19(4), 413-432.
• Szczepanikova, A. (2010), “Performing Refugeness in Czech Republic: Gendered Depoliticisation through NGO Assistance”, Gender, Place and Culture, 17(4), 461-477.
• Şentürk, B. (2015), Bu çamuru Beraber Çiğnedik, Bir Gecekondu Mahallesi Hikayesi, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Tobin, S.A. & M.O. Campbell (2016), “NGO Governance and Syrian Refugee “Subjects” in Jordan”, Middle East Report, MER278, 46.
• Todd, Z. (2019), By the Numbers: Syrian Refugees Around the World, <https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/numbers-syrian-refugees-around-world/>, 08.12.2019.
• Tomlinson, F. & S. Egan (2002), “From marginalization to (dis)empowerment: Organizing training and employment services for refugees”, Human Relations, 55(8), 1019-1043.
• Van der Leun, J. & H. Bouter (2015), “Shelter: Inclusion and Exclusion of Irregular Immigrants in Dutch Civil Society”, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 13(2), 135-155.
• Walby, S. (2016), Patriyarka kuramı, Çev. H. Osmanoğlu, Ankara, Dipnot Yayınları.
• Wedel, H. (2001), Siyaset ve Cinsiyet: İstanbul Gecekondularında Kadınların Siyasal Katılımı, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Wolf, D.L. (1996), “Situating Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork”, içinde: D.L. Wolf (ed.), Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork, Colorado, Oxford: Westview Press, 1-56.
• Wood, E.M. (1998), Retreating from Class: The New ‘True’ Socialism, London, NewYork: Verso Books.
• Yenilmez, M. İ. (2017), “The Impact of Forced Migration in the Middle East: Syrian and Palestinian Refugees”, Perceptions, (4), 183-201.
• Yılgör, A.G. (2019), “Krizlerin toplumsal cinsiyet boyutu ile analizi”, Toplum ve Hekim, (34)3, 176-181.