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COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 50, 277 - 297, 31.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13

Öz

Bu çalışma kavramsal nitelikte olup, Mart 2020 yılından beri tüm dünyanın yaşamakta olduğu küresel halk sağlığı ile ilgili kapsamlı bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır. Geçen bir yıl içinde olup bitenlerin iktisadi yaşam, siyasi alan ve toplumsal etkiler olmak üzere üç ana başlık altında değerlendirildiği çalışmada salgından etkilenen her paydaşa önemli bazı içgörüler sunmaktadır. İktisadi yaşam kendi içinde dört alt başlıkta incelenmiş olup, koronavirüsün tüketim, sosyal medya, çevrimiçi alışveriş ve hizmet sektörü ile ekonomik göstergelere olan yansımasına değinilmiştir. Siyasi alan başlığında hükümet politikalarının halk nezdindeki karşılıkları değerlendirilmiş, uluslararası arenada ülkelerin bu kriz karşısında aldıkları aksiyonlara yer verilmiştir. Toplumsal etkiler başlığında ise sosyal ve psikolojik değişimler, kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk uygulamaları, iş etiği ve sosyal hayat ve akış alt başlıkları derinlikle ele alınmıştır. Küresel olarak yaşanan bu felaket her ne kadar bir halk sağlığı krizi olarak tanımlansa da salgının geniş çaplı etkileri bütün yönleriyle ele alınmalı ve sonuçları hakkında proaktif iletişim biçimleri benimsenmelidir. Yaklaşık 80 makalenin incelendiği bu çalışmada ilgili başlıklara ilişkin dünya literatürünün de bir derlemesi sunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adams-Prassl, A. et al. (2020), “Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: New Survey Evidence for the UK”, Cambridge-INET Working Paper Series, Number 2010.
  • Akhtar, N. et al. (2020), “COVID-19 restrictions and consumers’ psychological reactance toward offline shopping freedom restoration”, The Service Industries Journal, 40(13-14), 891-913.
  • Al Jazeera (2020), Coronavirus: Travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country, Al Jazeera and News Agencies, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country-200318091505922.html>, 11.01.2021.
  • Andersen, A.L. et al. (2020), “Pandemic, Shutdown and Consumer Spending: Lessons from Scandinavian Policy Responses to COVID-19”, arXiv:2005.04630.
  • Arafat, S.M.Y. et al. (2020), “Psychological underpinning of panic buying during pandemic (COVID-19)”, Psychiatry research, doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113061.
  • Baker, S.R. et al. (2020), “How does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic”, The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 834-862.
  • Bartik, A.W. et al. (2020), “How are small businesses Adjusting to COVID-19? Early Evidence from a Survey”, (No. w26989), National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Number 26989.
  • Bobylev, S.N. (2020), “Environmental consequences of COVID-19 on the global and Russian Economics”, Population and Economics, 4(2), 43-48.
  • Botti, S. & A.L. McGill (2011), “The Locus of Choice:Personal Causality and Satisfaction with Hedonic and Utilitarian Decisions”, Journal of Consumer Research, 37(6), 1065-1078.
  • Brodeur, A. et al. (2020), “A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19”, IZA Discussion Paper, No.13411.
  • Bu, F. et al. (2020), “Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Public Health, 186, 31-34.
  • Cacioppo, J.T. & S. Cacioppo (2018), “The growing problem of Loneliness”, Lancet, 391(10119), 426.
  • Campbell, A.M. (2020), “An increasing risk of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives”, Forensic Science International: Reports 2, 100089.
  • Chauhan, V. & H. Shah (2020), “An Empirical Analysis into Sentiments, Media Consumption Habits, and Consumer Behaviour during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak”, Purakala (UGC Care Journal), 31(20), 352-378.
  • Chen, C.-F. et al. (2020), “Coronavirus comes home? Energy use, home energy management, and the social-psychological factors of COVID-19”, Energy Research & Social Science, 68.
  • Chetty, R. et al. (2020), “How Did COVID-19 and Stabilization Policies Affect Spending and Employment? A New Real-Time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data”, NBER Opportunity Insights Working Paper, May (w27431).
  • Chronopoulos, D.K. et al. (2020), “Consumer spending responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: An assessment of Great Britain”, in: C. Wyplosz (ed.), COVID Economics Vetted and Real-Time Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 34(3), 145-186.
  • Cohen, M.J. (2020), “Does the COVID-19 outbreak mark the onset of a sustainable consumption transition?”, Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 1-3.
  • Coibion, O. et al. (2020), “The cost of the COVID-19 crisis: Lockdowns, macroeconomic expectations, and consumer spending”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper (No. w27141).
  • de Vito, A. & J.-P. Gómez (2020), “Estimating the COVID-19 cash crunch: Global evidence and policy”, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 39(2).
  • Depoux, A. et al. (2020), “The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak”, Journal of Travel Medicine, 1-2.
  • Donthu, N. & A. Gustafsson (2020), “Effects of COVID-19 on business and research”, Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289.
  • Durante, K.M. & J. Laran (2016), “The effect of stress on consumer saving and spending”, Journal of Marketing Research, 53(5), 814-828.
  • Eggers, F. (2020), “Masters of disasters? Challenges and opportunities for SMEs in times of crisis”, Journal of Business Research, 116, 199-208.
  • Georgieva, K. (2020), The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression, <https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/03/23/pr2098-imf-managing-director-statement-following-a-g20-ministerial-call-on-the-coronavirus-emergency>, 11.01.2021.
  • Gössling, S. et al. (2020), “Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, doi: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
  • Groarke, J.M. et al. (2020), “Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study”, PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239698 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239698
  • Hall, C.M. et al. (2017), Tourism and resilience: Individual, organisational and destination perspectives, Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Channel View Publications.
  • Hall, M.C. et al. (2020). “Beyond panic buying: consumption displacement and COVID-19”, Journal of Service Management, doi: 10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0151
  • Haroon, O. & S.A.R. Rizvi (2020), “COVID-19: Media coverage and financial markets behavior-A sectoral Inquiry”, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27, 1-5.
  • Hasanat, M.W. et al. (2020), “The Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on E-Business in Malaysia”, Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85-90.
  • Hassan, T.A. et al. (2020), “Firm-level exposure to epidemic diseases: COVID-19, SARS, and H1N1”, National Bureau of Economic Research (No. w26971).
  • He, H. & L. Harris (2020), “The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing Philosophy”, Journal of Business Research, 116, 176-182.
  • Ho, J. et al. (2020), Cautiously optimistic: Chinese consumer behavior post-COVID-19, McKinsey&Company, <https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/cautiously-optimistic-chinese-consumer-behavior-post-COVID-19#>, 11.01.2021.
  • Jiang, Y. & J. Wen (2020), “Effects of COVID-19 on hotel marketing and management: a perspective article”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(8), 2563-2573.
  • Joyce, R. & X. Xu (2020), “Sector Shutdowns during the Coronavirus Crisis: Which Workers are most Exposed?”, IFS Briefing Note, Number BN278.
  • Jribi, S. et al. (2020), “COVID-19 virus outbreak lockdown: What impacts on household food wastage?”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(5), 3939-3955.
  • Karpen, I.O. & J. Conduit (2020), “Engaging in times of COVID-19 and beyond: theorizing customer engagement through different paradigmatic lenses”, Journal of Service Management, 31(6), 1163-1174.
  • Kilgo, D.K. et al. (2019), “Spreading Ebola panic: newspaper and social media coverage of the 2014 Ebola health crisis”, Health Communication, 34, 811-17.
  • Killgore, W.D.S. et al. (2020a), “Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19”, Letter to Editor. Psychiatry Research, 290.
  • Killgore, W.D.S. et al. (2020b), “Three months of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown”, Psychiatry Research, 293, 113392 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113392
  • Killgore, W.D.S. et al. (2020c), “Loneliness during the first half-year of COVID-19 Lockdowns”, Psychiatry Research, 294, 113551 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113551
  • Kirk, C.P. & L.S. Rifkin (2020), “I’ll trade you diamonds for toilet paper: Consumer reacting, coping and adapting behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic”, Journal of Business Research, 117, 124-131.
  • Knowles, J. et al. (2020), “Growth Opportunities for Brands During the COVID-19 Crisis”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 61(4), 2-6.
  • Koh, J.X. & T.M. Liew (2020), “How loneliness is talked about in social media during COVID-19 pandemic: Text mining of 4,492 Twitter feeds”, Journal of Psychiatric Research, in press article, doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.015
  • Kumar, S. et al. (2020), “Applications of industry 4.0 to overcome the COVID-19 operational Challenges”, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14, 1283-1289.
  • Laato, S. et al. (2020), “Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 1-12.
  • Laguna, L. et al. (2020), “The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on food priorities: Results from a preliminary study using social media and an online survey with Spanish consumers”, Food Quality and Preference, 86, 1-9.
  • Lee, A. (2020), These states have implemented stay-at-home orders: Here’s what that means for you, <https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/us/coronavirus-which-states-stay-at-home-order-trnd/index.html>, 11.01.2021.
  • Lenoël, C. & G. Young (2020), “Prospects for the UK Economy”, National Institute Economic Review, 252, F10-F43.
  • Lew, A. (2020), How to Create a Better Post-COVID-19 World, <https://medium.com/@alanalew/creating-a-better-post-COVID-19-world-36b2b3e8a7ae>, 11.01.2021.
  • Loades, M.E. et al. (2020), “Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19”, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, article in press, doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
  • Loxton, M. et al. (2020), “Consumer Behaviour during Crises: Preliminary Research on How Coronavirus Has Manifested Consumer Panic Buying, Herd Mentality, Changing Discretionary Spending and the Role of the Media in Influencing Behaviour”, Journal of Risk Financial Management, 13(166).
  • Luchetti, M. et al. (2020), “The Trajectory of Loneliness in Response to COVID-19”. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897-908.
  • Mariani, M.M. & R. Perez-Vega (2020), “Beyond the hype: psychological mechanisms enabling the acceptance, adoption, and engagement with artificial intelligence technology in marketing”, Psychology and Marketing, forthcoming.
  • Mathios, A. et al. (2020), “Consumer Policy in the Age of COVID-19”, Journal of Consumer Policy, 43, 433-435. Mirza, N. et al. (2020), “Price reaction, volatility timing and funds’ performance during COVID-19”, Finance Research Letters, 36, doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101657
  • Patil, B. & N. Patil (2020), “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Behaviour”, Mukt Shabd Journal, IX(V), 3074-3085.
  • Perlman, D. & L.A. Peplau (1981), “Toward a social psychology of Loneliness”, in R. Gilmour, & S. Duck (eds.), Personal Relationships: 3. Relationships in Disorder,London: Academic Press, 31-56.
  • Prentice, C. et al. (2020), “Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 1-11.
  • Qiu, R.T. et al. (2020), “Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 1-14.
  • Saltzman, L.Y. et al. (2020), “Loneliness, Isolation, and Social Support Factors in Post-COVID-19 Mental Health”, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 55-57.
  • Schell, D. et al. (2020), “This time is indeed different: A study on global market reactions to public health crisis”, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100349
  • Shehzad, K. et al. (2020), “COVID-19’s disasters are perilous than Global Financial Crisis: A rumor or fact?”, Finance Research Letters, doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101669
  • Sheu, J.-B. & H.-T. Kuo (2020), “Dual speculative hoarding: a wholesaler-retailer channel behavioral phenomenon behind potential natural hazard threats”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 44, Art.101430.
  • Sigala, M. (2020), “Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research”, Journal of Business Research, 117, 312-321.
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  • Yuen, K.F. et al. (2020), “The psychological causes of panic buying following a health crisis”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3513 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103513

The Effects of COVID-19 On Economic Life, Political Field, and Society: A Comprehensive Evaluation

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 50, 277 - 297, 31.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13

Öz

This study is conceptual and provides a comprehensive assessment of global public health that the whole world has been experiencing since March 2020. The study, in which what has happened in the past year is evaluated under three main headings: economic life, the political sphere, and social effects, offer some important insights to every stakeholder affected by the epidemic. Economic life has been examined under four sub-headings, and the reflection of the coronavirus on consumption, social media, online shopping, and service sector and economic indicators has been mentioned. In the political domain title, the responses of government policies in the people’s eyes were evaluated, and the actions taken by countries in the international arena against this crisis were included. Sub-titles are discussed in depth under the title of social effects, social and psychological changes, corporate social responsibility practices, business ethics, and social life and flow. Although this global disaster is defined as a public health crisis, the wide-ranging effects of the epidemic should be addressed in all aspects, and proactive forms of communication should be adopted about its consequences. In this study, approximately 80 articles were examined, a review of the world literature on related topics was presented.

Kaynakça

  • Adams-Prassl, A. et al. (2020), “Inequality in the Impact of the Coronavirus Shock: New Survey Evidence for the UK”, Cambridge-INET Working Paper Series, Number 2010.
  • Akhtar, N. et al. (2020), “COVID-19 restrictions and consumers’ psychological reactance toward offline shopping freedom restoration”, The Service Industries Journal, 40(13-14), 891-913.
  • Al Jazeera (2020), Coronavirus: Travel restrictions, border shutdowns by country, Al Jazeera and News Agencies, <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/coronavirus-travel-restrictions-border-shutdowns-country-200318091505922.html>, 11.01.2021.
  • Andersen, A.L. et al. (2020), “Pandemic, Shutdown and Consumer Spending: Lessons from Scandinavian Policy Responses to COVID-19”, arXiv:2005.04630.
  • Arafat, S.M.Y. et al. (2020), “Psychological underpinning of panic buying during pandemic (COVID-19)”, Psychiatry research, doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113061.
  • Baker, S.R. et al. (2020), “How does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic”, The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 834-862.
  • Bartik, A.W. et al. (2020), “How are small businesses Adjusting to COVID-19? Early Evidence from a Survey”, (No. w26989), National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper Number 26989.
  • Bobylev, S.N. (2020), “Environmental consequences of COVID-19 on the global and Russian Economics”, Population and Economics, 4(2), 43-48.
  • Botti, S. & A.L. McGill (2011), “The Locus of Choice:Personal Causality and Satisfaction with Hedonic and Utilitarian Decisions”, Journal of Consumer Research, 37(6), 1065-1078.
  • Brodeur, A. et al. (2020), “A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19”, IZA Discussion Paper, No.13411.
  • Bu, F. et al. (2020), “Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Public Health, 186, 31-34.
  • Cacioppo, J.T. & S. Cacioppo (2018), “The growing problem of Loneliness”, Lancet, 391(10119), 426.
  • Campbell, A.M. (2020), “An increasing risk of family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives”, Forensic Science International: Reports 2, 100089.
  • Chauhan, V. & H. Shah (2020), “An Empirical Analysis into Sentiments, Media Consumption Habits, and Consumer Behaviour during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak”, Purakala (UGC Care Journal), 31(20), 352-378.
  • Chen, C.-F. et al. (2020), “Coronavirus comes home? Energy use, home energy management, and the social-psychological factors of COVID-19”, Energy Research & Social Science, 68.
  • Chetty, R. et al. (2020), “How Did COVID-19 and Stabilization Policies Affect Spending and Employment? A New Real-Time Economic Tracker Based on Private Sector Data”, NBER Opportunity Insights Working Paper, May (w27431).
  • Chronopoulos, D.K. et al. (2020), “Consumer spending responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: An assessment of Great Britain”, in: C. Wyplosz (ed.), COVID Economics Vetted and Real-Time Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 34(3), 145-186.
  • Cohen, M.J. (2020), “Does the COVID-19 outbreak mark the onset of a sustainable consumption transition?”, Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 1-3.
  • Coibion, O. et al. (2020), “The cost of the COVID-19 crisis: Lockdowns, macroeconomic expectations, and consumer spending”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper (No. w27141).
  • de Vito, A. & J.-P. Gómez (2020), “Estimating the COVID-19 cash crunch: Global evidence and policy”, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 39(2).
  • Depoux, A. et al. (2020), “The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the COVID-19 outbreak”, Journal of Travel Medicine, 1-2.
  • Donthu, N. & A. Gustafsson (2020), “Effects of COVID-19 on business and research”, Journal of Business Research, 117, 284-289.
  • Durante, K.M. & J. Laran (2016), “The effect of stress on consumer saving and spending”, Journal of Marketing Research, 53(5), 814-828.
  • Eggers, F. (2020), “Masters of disasters? Challenges and opportunities for SMEs in times of crisis”, Journal of Business Research, 116, 199-208.
  • Georgieva, K. (2020), The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression, <https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/03/23/pr2098-imf-managing-director-statement-following-a-g20-ministerial-call-on-the-coronavirus-emergency>, 11.01.2021.
  • Gössling, S. et al. (2020), “Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19”, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, doi: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
  • Groarke, J.M. et al. (2020), “Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study”, PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239698 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239698
  • Hall, C.M. et al. (2017), Tourism and resilience: Individual, organisational and destination perspectives, Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Channel View Publications.
  • Hall, M.C. et al. (2020). “Beyond panic buying: consumption displacement and COVID-19”, Journal of Service Management, doi: 10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0151
  • Haroon, O. & S.A.R. Rizvi (2020), “COVID-19: Media coverage and financial markets behavior-A sectoral Inquiry”, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27, 1-5.
  • Hasanat, M.W. et al. (2020), “The Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on E-Business in Malaysia”, Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 85-90.
  • Hassan, T.A. et al. (2020), “Firm-level exposure to epidemic diseases: COVID-19, SARS, and H1N1”, National Bureau of Economic Research (No. w26971).
  • He, H. & L. Harris (2020), “The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing Philosophy”, Journal of Business Research, 116, 176-182.
  • Ho, J. et al. (2020), Cautiously optimistic: Chinese consumer behavior post-COVID-19, McKinsey&Company, <https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/cautiously-optimistic-chinese-consumer-behavior-post-COVID-19#>, 11.01.2021.
  • Jiang, Y. & J. Wen (2020), “Effects of COVID-19 on hotel marketing and management: a perspective article”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(8), 2563-2573.
  • Joyce, R. & X. Xu (2020), “Sector Shutdowns during the Coronavirus Crisis: Which Workers are most Exposed?”, IFS Briefing Note, Number BN278.
  • Jribi, S. et al. (2020), “COVID-19 virus outbreak lockdown: What impacts on household food wastage?”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(5), 3939-3955.
  • Karpen, I.O. & J. Conduit (2020), “Engaging in times of COVID-19 and beyond: theorizing customer engagement through different paradigmatic lenses”, Journal of Service Management, 31(6), 1163-1174.
  • Kilgo, D.K. et al. (2019), “Spreading Ebola panic: newspaper and social media coverage of the 2014 Ebola health crisis”, Health Communication, 34, 811-17.
  • Killgore, W.D.S. et al. (2020a), “Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19”, Letter to Editor. Psychiatry Research, 290.
  • Killgore, W.D.S. et al. (2020b), “Three months of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown”, Psychiatry Research, 293, 113392 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113392
  • Killgore, W.D.S. et al. (2020c), “Loneliness during the first half-year of COVID-19 Lockdowns”, Psychiatry Research, 294, 113551 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113551
  • Kirk, C.P. & L.S. Rifkin (2020), “I’ll trade you diamonds for toilet paper: Consumer reacting, coping and adapting behaviors in the COVID-19 pandemic”, Journal of Business Research, 117, 124-131.
  • Knowles, J. et al. (2020), “Growth Opportunities for Brands During the COVID-19 Crisis”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 61(4), 2-6.
  • Koh, J.X. & T.M. Liew (2020), “How loneliness is talked about in social media during COVID-19 pandemic: Text mining of 4,492 Twitter feeds”, Journal of Psychiatric Research, in press article, doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.015
  • Kumar, S. et al. (2020), “Applications of industry 4.0 to overcome the COVID-19 operational Challenges”, Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14, 1283-1289.
  • Laato, S. et al. (2020), “Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 1-12.
  • Laguna, L. et al. (2020), “The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on food priorities: Results from a preliminary study using social media and an online survey with Spanish consumers”, Food Quality and Preference, 86, 1-9.
  • Lee, A. (2020), These states have implemented stay-at-home orders: Here’s what that means for you, <https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/us/coronavirus-which-states-stay-at-home-order-trnd/index.html>, 11.01.2021.
  • Lenoël, C. & G. Young (2020), “Prospects for the UK Economy”, National Institute Economic Review, 252, F10-F43.
  • Lew, A. (2020), How to Create a Better Post-COVID-19 World, <https://medium.com/@alanalew/creating-a-better-post-COVID-19-world-36b2b3e8a7ae>, 11.01.2021.
  • Loades, M.E. et al. (2020), “Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19”, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, article in press, doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
  • Loxton, M. et al. (2020), “Consumer Behaviour during Crises: Preliminary Research on How Coronavirus Has Manifested Consumer Panic Buying, Herd Mentality, Changing Discretionary Spending and the Role of the Media in Influencing Behaviour”, Journal of Risk Financial Management, 13(166).
  • Luchetti, M. et al. (2020), “The Trajectory of Loneliness in Response to COVID-19”. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897-908.
  • Mariani, M.M. & R. Perez-Vega (2020), “Beyond the hype: psychological mechanisms enabling the acceptance, adoption, and engagement with artificial intelligence technology in marketing”, Psychology and Marketing, forthcoming.
  • Mathios, A. et al. (2020), “Consumer Policy in the Age of COVID-19”, Journal of Consumer Policy, 43, 433-435. Mirza, N. et al. (2020), “Price reaction, volatility timing and funds’ performance during COVID-19”, Finance Research Letters, 36, doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101657
  • Patil, B. & N. Patil (2020), “Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Behaviour”, Mukt Shabd Journal, IX(V), 3074-3085.
  • Perlman, D. & L.A. Peplau (1981), “Toward a social psychology of Loneliness”, in R. Gilmour, & S. Duck (eds.), Personal Relationships: 3. Relationships in Disorder,London: Academic Press, 31-56.
  • Prentice, C. et al. (2020), “Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 1-11.
  • Qiu, R.T. et al. (2020), “Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic”, Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 1-14.
  • Saltzman, L.Y. et al. (2020), “Loneliness, Isolation, and Social Support Factors in Post-COVID-19 Mental Health”, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 55-57.
  • Schell, D. et al. (2020), “This time is indeed different: A study on global market reactions to public health crisis”, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27 doi: 10.1016/j.jbef.2020.100349
  • Shehzad, K. et al. (2020), “COVID-19’s disasters are perilous than Global Financial Crisis: A rumor or fact?”, Finance Research Letters, doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2020.101669
  • Sheu, J.-B. & H.-T. Kuo (2020), “Dual speculative hoarding: a wholesaler-retailer channel behavioral phenomenon behind potential natural hazard threats”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 44, Art.101430.
  • Sigala, M. (2020), “Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research”, Journal of Business Research, 117, 312-321.
  • Song, W. et al. (2020), “Will Buying Follow Others Ease Their Threat of Death? An Analysis of Consumer Data during the Period of COVID-19 in China”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), doi:10.3390/ijerph17093215
  • Stanciu, S. et al. (2020), “Consumer Behavior in Crisis Situations: research on the effects of COVID-19 in Romania”, Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati Fascicle I. Economics and Applied Informatics Years, XXVI no1/2020, 4-13.
  • Sullivan, M. (2020), All the things COVID-19 will change forever, according to 30 top experts, <https://www.fastcompany.com/90486053/all-the-thingsCOVID-19-will-change-forever-according-to-30-top-experts>, 11.01.2021.
  • Torales, J. et al. (2020), “The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health”, International Journal of Social Psychiatr, 66(4), 317-320.
  • Wang, E. et al. (2020), “Consumer food stockpiling behavior and willingness to pay for food reserves in COVID 19”, Food Security, 12, 739-747.
  • Watanabe, T. & Y. Omori (2020), “Online Consumption During the COVID‐19 Crisis: Evidence from Japan”, Research Project on Central Bank Communication Design-working paper series, University of Tokyo.
  • Wen, J. et al. (2020), “COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel”, Tourism Review, 76(1), 74-87.
  • Wen, J. et al. (2020), “Many brains are better than one: the importance of interdisciplinary studies on COVID-19 in and beyond tourism”, Tourism Recreation Research, doi: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1761120
  • WHO World Health Organisation (2020), Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, <https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019>, 11.01.2021.
  • Yang, J. et al. (2019), “Does fdi presence make domestic firms greener in an emerging economy? The effect of media attention”, Academy of Management Proceedings, 1, 16388-92.
  • Yuen, K.F. et al. (2020), “The psychological causes of panic buying following a health crisis”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3513 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103513
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yıldırım Yıldırım 0000-0002-5851-7788

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 50

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, Y. (2021). COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi, 29(50), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13
AMA Yıldırım Y. COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi. Ekim 2021;29(50):277-297. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13
Chicago Yıldırım, Yıldırım. “COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana Ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyoekonomi 29, sy. 50 (Ekim 2021): 277-97. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13.
EndNote Yıldırım Y (01 Ekim 2021) COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi 29 50 277–297.
IEEE Y. Yıldırım, “COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 29, sy. 50, ss. 277–297, 2021, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13.
ISNAD Yıldırım, Yıldırım. “COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana Ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyoekonomi 29/50 (Ekim 2021), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13.
JAMA Yıldırım Y. COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi. 2021;29:277–297.
MLA Yıldırım, Yıldırım. “COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana Ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 29, sy. 50, 2021, ss. 277-9, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.13.
Vancouver Yıldırım Y. COVID-19’un İktisadi Yaşama, Siyasi Alana ve Topluma Etkileri: Kapsamlı Bir Değerlendirme. Sosyoekonomi. 2021;29(50):277-9.