ADAPTATION OF ATHLETE STATE SELF-CRITICISM SCALE: THE VALIDITY AND RELIABLITY STUDY

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 135 - 144, 30.12.2021

Emre Ozan Tingaz

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.937941

Cited By: 1

Öz

The aim of the current study is to adapt the Athlete State Self-Criticism Scale to Turkish and to examine its validity and reliability. The research was carried out in four stages. I) Translation of the scale into Turkish II) Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis III) Criterion-related and item validity IV) Reliability. After the translation of the scale was made by field and language experts, three hundred forty-five student-athletes took part in the study for factor analysis. As a result of the factor analysis, both item factor loadings and goodness of fit values were appropriate, and the scale showed a one-factor structure. The positive correlation between the Concern over Mistakes Scale and the Athlete State Self-Criticism Scale provided support for the criterion-related validity. In order to provide evidence for the internal consistency of the study, item validity was tested and it was found that the difference between the item averages of the lower 27% and the upper 27% groups for all items was significant. Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was found as .782. As a result of the test-retest performed at 2-week intervals, the positive significant correlation provided evidence for moderate stability over time. As a result, the 7-item Athlete State Self-criticism Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Athlete state self-criticism scale, self-criticism, sports

SPORCU DURUMLUK ÖZ ELEŞTİRİ ÖLÇEĞİ’NİN TÜRKÇEYE UYARLANMASI: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sporcu Durumluk Öz Eleştiri Ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlamak ve geçerlik-güvenirliğini incelemektir. Araştırma dört aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. I) Ölçeğin Türkçeye çevrilmesi II) Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi III) Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik ve madde geçerliği IV) Güvenirlik. Ölçeğin çevirisi alan ve dil uzmanları tarafından yapıldıktan sonra faktör analizi için 345 üniversiteli sporcu (Myaş=21.41, SS= 4.57; %47.8 kadın, %51.9 erkek, %0.3 kendini kadın ya da erkek olarak tanımlamayan) çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi sonucunda hem madde faktör yüklerinin (.32-.85) hem de uyum iyiliği indekslerinin (χ2/Sd=2.114; RMESA=.057, CFI=.983, GFI=.981, AGFI=.951, NFI=.968, TLI=.967) uygun olduğu görülmüş ve ölçek tek faktörlü bir yapı göstermiştir. AVE (.449) ve CR (.845) değerleri yakınsak geçerliğe kanıt sağlamıştır. Hatalarla Aşırı İlgilenme Ölçeği ve Sporcu Durumluk Öz Eleştiri Ölçeği arasındaki pozitif korelasyon ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliğe destek sağlamıştır (r=.357). Çalışmanın iç tutarlığına kanıt sağlamak amacıyla madde geçerliği test edilmiş tüm maddelere ait alt %27 ile üst %27 grupların madde ortalamaları arasındaki farkların anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeğin Cronbach’s alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı .782 olarak bulgulanmıştır. İki hafta aralıklı olarak uygulanan ölçeğin, sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısının zayıf olduğu görülmüştür (ICC=.463). Sonuç olarak, 7 maddelik sporcu durumluk öz eleştiri ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sporcu durumluk öz eleştiri ölçeği, öz eleştiri, spor

Kaynakça

• Alipour Ataabadi, Y. (2020). The Associations Among Self-compassion, Self-esteem, Self-criticism, and Concern Over Mistakes in Response to Biomechanical Feedback in Athletes. Doktora tezi, Saskatchewan Üniversitesi, Saskatoon.
• Aminu, I. M., Shariff, M. N. M. (2014). Strategic orientation, access to finance, business environment and SMEs performance in Nigeria: Data screening and preliminary analysis. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(35), 124-132.
• Avşar, F. (2007). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri üzerine bir uygulama. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
• Bellur, Z., Alpay, E. H., Aydin, A. (2021). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of forms of self-criticizing/attacking and self-reassuring scale (FSCRS) in clinical and non-clinical samples. Current Psychology, 1-12.
• Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., Furnham, A. (1996). Self‐critical attitudes and parental criticism in young women. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 69(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1996.tb01851.x
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem.
• Byrne, B. M. (2009). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Second Edition (2. ed). New York: Routledge.
• Chang, E. C. (2008). Self-criticism and self-enhancement: Theory, research, and clinical implications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Clark, S., Coker, S. (2009). Perfectionism, self-criticism and maternal criticism: A study of mothers and their children. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.020
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Comrey, A. L., Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis. 2. bs. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Cowden, R. G., Crust, L., Joynt, S., Hook, J. N., Worthington Jr, E. L. (2018). How do mentally tough athletes overcome self-directed anger, shame, and criticism? A self-forgiveness mediation analysis. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 49(4), 327-348.
• Çepikkurt, F. (2011). Üniversiteli hentbolcuların mükemmeliyetçilik ve kaygı düzeyleri ile başarı hedefleri ve müsabaka sonuçlarına yaptıkları yükleme biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
• Dunn, J. G., Dunn, J. C., Syrotuik, D. G. (2002). Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal orientations in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(4), 376-395. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.4.376
• Fornell, C., Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224378101800104
• Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N., Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504772812959
• Gilbert, P., Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self‐criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 13(6), 353-379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.507
• Glassman, L. H., Weierich, M. R., Hooley, J. M., Deliberto, T. L., Nock, M. K. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2483-2490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.002
• Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.): Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
• Hambleton, R. K. (2005). Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures. R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (ed.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for crosscultural assessment (s. 3–38). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• James, K., Verplanken, B., Rimes, K. A. (2015). Self-criticism as a mediator in the relationship between unhealthy perfectionism and distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.030
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
• Killham, M. (2014). The role of self-compassion in women athletes' body appreciation and intuitive eating: A mixed methods approach. Doktora tezi, Saskatchewan Üniversitesi, Saskatoon.
• Killham, M. E., Mosewich, A. D., Mack, D. E., Gunnell, K. E., Ferguson, L. J. (2018). Women athletes’ self-compassion, self-criticism, and perceived sport performance. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7(3), 297-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spy0000127
• Koo, T. K., Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
• Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C. Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation (2nd ed). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., Kowalski, K. C., DeLongis, A. (2013). Applying self-compassion in sport: An intervention with women athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(5), 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.5.514
• Oliveira, S., Trindade, I. A., Rosado, A., Cunha, M., Ferreira, C. (2021). Development and initial validation of athletes’ perceptions of coach-related critical attitudes scale. Current Psychology, 1-10.
• Öngen, D. E. (2006). The relationships between self-criticism, submissive behavior and depression among Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.013
• Powers, T. A., Koestner, R., Lacaille, N., Kwan, L., Zuroff, D. C. (2009). Self-criticism, motivation, and goal progress of athletes and musicians: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 279-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.012
• Powers, T. A., Milyavskaya, M., Koestner, R. (2012). Mediating the effects of self-criticism and self-oriented perfectionism on goal pursuit. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 765-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.031
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. Erişim adresi: http://www.mpr-online.de/
• Shahar, B., Szepsenwol, O., Zilcha‐Mano, S., Haim, N., Zamir, O., Levi‐Yeshuvi, S., Levit‐Binnun, N. (2015). A wait‐list randomized controlled trial of loving‐kindness meditation programme for self criticism. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(4), 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1893
• Shahar, G. (2015). Erosion: The psychopathology of self-criticism. Oxford University Press, USA.
• Suresh, K. P., Chandrashekara, S. (2012). Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 5(1), 7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3409926/.
• Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6): 1273-1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
• Thienot, E., Jackson, B., Dimmock, J., Grove, J. R., Bernier, M., Fournier, J. F. (2014). Development and preliminary validation of the mindfulness inventory for sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013. 10.00
• Thompson, R., Zuroff, D. C. (2004). The Levels of Self-Criticism Scale: comparative self-criticism and internalized self-criticism. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(2), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00106-5
• Tingaz, E. O., (2020). Sporcu bilinçli farkındalık (Mindfulness) ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(1), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.642682
• Zuckerman, M. (1983). The distinction between trait and state scales is not arbitrary: Comment on Allen and Potkay's "On the arbitrary distinction between traits and states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(5), 1083–1086. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1083