Genç Ve Yaşlı Yetişkinlerdeki Sosyal Medya Kullanımının Psikolojik İyi Oluş Üzerindeki Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 34 - 51, 10.04.2023

Yağmur Hilal Hanbay Elif Yıldırım

Öz

Günümüzde sosyal medya (SM), insanların birbirleriyle iletişim ve etkileşimde olmasını sağlayan uygulamalar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, SM’nin bazı olumsuz etkileri de gözlenmeye başlamıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar, SM kullanım sıklığının artmasıyla gençlerde psikolojik belirtilerin de artış gösterebildiği ve bu durumun psikolojik iyi oluşu olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği yönündedir. Diğer bir taraftan, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisi yoluyla sosyal etkileşimin yaşlı bireylerde psikolojik iyi oluşu arttırdığı öne sürülmekle birlikte, yaşlı yetişkinlerde SM kullanımının psikolojik iyi oluş üzerindeki etkileri konusunda bir fikir birliği bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada SM kullanım özelliklerinin genç ve yaşlı yetişkinlerin psikolojik iyi oluşları üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nicel bir araştırma olan bu çalışmanın örneklemini 18-25 yaşları arasındaki 112 genç ve 65-85 yaş arasındaki 76 yaşlı yetişkin oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara SM Kullanım Formu, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği, Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği Kısa Formu ve Beck Depresyon Ölçeği verilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda kullanım özelliklerinin yaş grupları arasında farklılık gösterdiği ve SM kullanımının psikolojik iyi oluş ile ilişkili olduğu; fakat yaşlı yetişkinlerde ilişkili olmadığı saptanmıştır. Bulgular, SM ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide yaşın etkili bir faktör olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Buna ek olarak, SM kullanımının yaşlı bireylerin psikolojik iyi oluşlarını üzerinde etkisi olmayacağı fakat artmış SM kullanımının gençlerdeki psikolojik iyi oluşu olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği öne sürülebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal Medya, Depresyon, Anksiyete, Psikolojik İyi Oluş, Yaş, Social Media, Depression, Anxiety, Psychological Well-Being, Age

Destekleyen Kurum

Işık Üniversitesi

The Effect Of Social Media Use On Psychological Well-Being İn Young And Older Adults

Öz

Today, social media (SM) is defined as applications that enable people to communicate and interact with each other. However, some negative effects of SM have also begun to be observed. Studies have shown that with the increase in the frequency of SM use, psychological symptoms may also increase in young people and this situation may negatively affect psychological well-being. On the other hand, although it is suggested that social interaction through information and communication technology increases psychological well-being in older individuals, there is no consensus on the effects of SM use on psychological well-being in older adults. Accordingly, in this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of SM use characteristics on the psychological well-being of young and old adults. The sample of this quantitative study consists of 112 young adults between the ages of 18-25 and 76 older adults between the ages of 65-85. SM Usage Form, Beck Anxiety Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale Short Form and Beck Depression Scale were given to the participants. As a result of the analyzes made, it was found that the characteristics of use differ between age groups and that SM use is associated with psychological well-being; however, it was not found to be associated in older adults. The findings indicate that age may be an effective factor in the relationship between SM and psychological well-being. In addition, it can be argued that SM use will not have an effect on the psychological well-being of the elderly, but increased SM use may negatively affect the psychological well-being of young people.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social Media, Depression, Anxiety, Psychological Well-Being, Age

Kaynakça

• Kaynakça Alioğlu, Nazan (2016). “Duygusal Tatmin Aracı Olarak Sosyal Medya Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması”, Beykent Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9 (2): 1-27.
• Andreassen, C. S., Stale Pallesen ve Mark D. Griffiths (2017). “The Relationship Between Addictive Use Of Social Media, Narcissism, And Self-Esteem: Findings From A Large National Survey”, Addictive Behaviors, 100 (64): 287-293.
• Baker, Zachary G., Heather Krieger ve Angie S. Leroy (2016). “Fear Of Missing Out: Relationships With Depression, Mindfulness, And Physical Symptoms,” Translational Issues In Psychological Science, 2 (3): 275-282.
• Beck, Aaron T., Norman Epstein, Gary Brown ve Robert A. Steer (1988). “An Inventory For Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties”, Journal Of Cosulting And Clinical Psychology, 56 (6): 893-897.
• Beck, Aaron T., Charlotte H. Ward ve Ella Mendelson (1961). “Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)”, Archives Of General Psychiatry, 4 (6): 561-571.
• Bennett, Natasha (2015). The Impact Of Video-Communication On Older Adults’ Psychological Well-Being: A Mixed Methods Study, (Doktora Tezi, University Of Essex).
• Best, P., Roger Manktelow ve Brian Taylor (2014). “Online Communication, Social Media And Adolescent Wellbeing: A Systematic Narrative Review”, Children And Youth Services Review, 41: 27-36.
• Bettmann, Joanna. E., Gretchen Anstadt, Bryan Casselman ve Kamala Ganesh (2020). “Young Adult Depression And Anxiety Linked To Social Media Use: Assessment And Treatment”, Clinical Social Work Journal, 49 (3): 1-12.
• Bilgin, Mehmet (2018). “Ergenlerde Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik Bozukluklar Arasındaki İlişki”, The Journal Of International Scientific Researches, 3 (3): 237-247.
• Bilir, Nazmi (2018). Yaşlılık ve Solunum Hastalıkları. İstanbul: TÜSAD Eğitim Kitapları.
• Blackwell, David, Carrie Leaman, Rose Tramposch, Ciera Osborne ve Miriam Liss (2017). “Extraversion, Neuroticism, Attachment Style And Fear Of Missing Out As Predictors Of Social Media Use And Addiction”, Personality And Individual Differences, 116: 69-72.
• Cain, Jeff (2018). “It Is Time To Confront Student Mental Health Issues Associated With Smartphones And Social Media”, American Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education, 82 (7): 738-741.
• Casanova, Georgia, Simona Abbondanza, Elena Rolandi, Roberta Vaccaro, Laura Ettinato, Mauro Colombo ve Aantonio Guaita (2021). “New Older Users’ Attitudes Toward Social Networking Sites And Loneliness: The Case Of The Oldest-Old Residents In A Small Italian City”, Social Media + Society, 7 (4): 1-13.
• Chan, Michael (2018). “Mobile-Mediated Multimodal Communications, Relationship Quality And Subjective Well-Being: An Analysis Of Smartphone Use From A Life Course Perspective”, Computers in Human Behavior, 87: 254-62.
• Chang, Pamara F., Yoon H. Choi, Natalya N. Bazarova ve Corinna E. Löckenhoff (2015). “Age Differences In Online Social Networking: Extending Socioemotional Selectivity Theory To Social Network Sites”, Journal Of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59 (2): 221-39. Cotten, Shelia R., George Ford, Sheery Ford ve Timothy M. Hale (2012). “Internet Use And Depression Among Older Adults”, Computers in Human Behavior, 28 (2): 496-499.
• Cotten, Shelia R., Amy M. Schuster ve Alexander Seifert (2021). “Social Media Use And Well-Being Among Older Adults.”, Current Opinion In Psychology, 45: 101293.
• Çayırlı, Ezgi (2017). Sosyal Medya Kullanım Özelliklerinin Kişilik Yapılanmaları, Yaşam Doyumu ve Depresyon Açısından İncelenmesi, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Işık Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Çelikler, Aslı N. (2017). Bir grup genç yetişkinde bilinçli farkındalık düzeyi ile başa çıkma tutumları ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Haliç Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Diener, Ed, Derrick Wirtz, R. Biswas Diener, William Tov, C. Kim Prieto, Dong-Won Choi ve Shigehiro Oishi (2009). “New Measures Of Well-Being”, Social Indicators Research, 39: 247-266.
• Escobar-Viera, Cesar G., Ariel Shensa, Nicholas D Bowman et al. (2018). “Passive And Active Social Media Use And Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adults”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior And Social Networking, 21 (7): 437-443.
• World Health Organization (2017). “World Report on Aging and Health”. https://www.who.int/
• Fang, Yang, Anson K. C. Chau, Anna Wong, Helene H. Fung ve Jean Woo (2018). “Information And Communicative Technology Use Enhances Psychological Well-Being Of Older Adults: The Roles Of Age, Social Connectedness, And Frailty Status”, Aging & Mental Health, 22 (11): 516-1524.
• Faul, Franz, Edgar Erdfelder, Albert G. Lang ve Axel Buchner (2007). “G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program For The Social, Behavioral, And Biomedical Sciences”, Behavior Research Methods, 39 (2): 175-191.
• Fiori, Katherine L., Toni C. Antonucci ve Kai S. Cortina (2006). “Social Network Typologies And Mental Health Among Older Adults”, The Journals Of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences And Social Sciences, 61 (1): 25-32.
• Fu, Liping ve Yu Xie (2021). “The Effects Of Social Media Use On The Health Of Older Adults: An Empirical Analysis Based On Chinese General Social Survey”, Healthcare, 9 (9): 1143.
• Gaia, Alessandra, Emanuela Sala ve Gabriele Cerati (2020). “Social Networking Sites Use And Life Satisfaction. A Quantitative Study On Older People Living in Europe”, European Societies, 23 (1): 98-118.
• Harwood, Joshua, Julian J., Dooley, Adrian J. Scott ve Richard Joiner (2014). “Constantly Connected–The Effects Of Smart-Devices On Mental Health”, Computers in Human Behavior, 34: 267-272.
• Hashi, Ilham (2016). “Case Management Promotion Of Social Media For The Elderly Who Live Alone”, Professional Case Management, 21 (2): 82-87.
• Hisli, Nesrin (1989). “Beck Depresyon Envanterinin Üniversite Öğrencileri İçin Geçerliği, Güvenirliği”, Psikoloji Dergisi, 7 (23): 3-13.
• Hofer, Matthias ve Eszter Hargittai (2021). “Online Social Engagement, Depression, And Anxiety Among Older Adults”, New Media & Society, 0 (1): 18.
• Huang, Chiungjung (2017). “Time Spent On Social Network Sites And Psychological Well-Being: A Meta-Analysis”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 20 (6): 346-354.
• Jung, Eun H. ve Shyam S. Sundar (2016). “Senior Citizens On Facebook: How Do They İnteract And Why?”, Computers in Human Behavior, 61: 27-35.
• Kahne, Joseph, Nam J. Lee ve Jessica T. Freezel (2013). “The Civic And Political Significance Of Online Participatory Cultures Among Youth Transitioning To Adulthood”, Journal Of Information Technology & Politics, 10 (1): 1-20.
• Kıran, Selçuk, Hilal Küçükbostancı ve İlkim E. Emre (2020). “Sosyal Medya Kullanımının Kişiler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi”, Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi, 13 (4): 435-441.
• Kim, Yonghwan, Yuan Wang ve Jeyoung Oh (2016). “Digital Media Use And Social Engagement: How Social Media And Smartphone Use İnfuence Social Activities Of College Students”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 19 (4): 264-269.
• Kouvonen, Anne, Laura Kemppainen, Eeva L. Ketonen, Teemu Kemppainen, Antero Olakivi ve Sirpa Wrede (2021). “Digital Information Technology Use, Self-Rated Health, And Depression: Population-Based Analysis Of A Survey Study On Older Migrants”, Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 23 (6): E20988
• Labrague, Leodoro J. (2014). “Facebook Use And Adolescents’ Emotional States Of Depression, Anxiety, And Stress”, Health Science Journal, 8 (1): 80-89.
• Leist, Anja K. (2013). “Social Media Use Of Older Adults: A Mini-Review”, Gerontology, 59 (4): 378-384.
• Lenhart, Amanda (2013). “Young Adults, Mobile Phones And Social Media: Technology And The Transition To Adulthood”, Health, Safety & Well-Being Of Young Adults Symposium, Http://Pewinternet.Org/Presentations/2013/May/Young-Adultsmobile-Phones-And-Social-Media.Aspx (Erişim Tarihi: 11 Kasım 2022).
• Lopez, Richard B. ve Polletta Isabel (2021). “Regulating Self-Image On Instagram: Links Between Social Anxiety, Instagram Contingent Self-Worth, And Content Control Behaviors”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 12, article no: 711447.
• Morgan, Charlie ve Cotten, Shelia R. (2003). “The Relationship Between Internet Activities And Depressive Symptoms in A Sample Of College Freshmen”, Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6 (2): 133-142.
• Muscanell, Nicole L. ve Guadagno, Rosanna E. (2012). “Make New Friends Or Keep The Old: Gender And Personality Differences In Social Networking Use”, Computers In Human Behavior, 28 (1): 107-112.
• Nesi, Jacqueline, Choukas-Bradley Sophia ve Prinstein Mitchell J. (2018). “Transformation Of Adolescent Peer Relations In The Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework And Application To Dyadic Peer Relationships”, Clinical Child And Family Psychology Review, 21 (3): 267-294.
• Nimrod, Galit (2010). “Seniors’ Online Communities: A Quantitative Content Analysis”, The Gerontologist, 50 (3): 382-392. O’keeffe, Gwenn S. ve Clarke-Pearson Kathleen (2011). “The Impact Of Social Media On Children, Adolescents, And Families”, Pediatrics, 127 (4): 800-804.
• Ostic, Dragana, Qalati, S. Ali, Barbosa Belem, Shah Syed M. M., Galvan Vela Esthela, Herzallah Ahmed M., ve Liu Feng (2021). “Effects Of Social Media Use On Psychological Well-Being: A Mediated Model”, Frontiers in Psychology, 12: 678766.
• Pagani, Margherita, Hofacker Charles F., ve Goldsmith Ronald E. (2011). “The Influence Of Personality On Active And Passive Use Of Social Networking Sites”, Psychology And Marketing, 28 (5): 441-456.
• Pempek, Tiffany A., Yermolayeva Yevdokiya A. ve Calvert Sandra L. (2009). “College Students’ Social Networking Experiences On Facebook”, Journal Of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30 (3): 227-238.
• Auxier, Brooke ve Monic Anderson (2021). “Social Media Fact Sheet” Pew Research Center, Nisan 7, Https://Www.Pewresearch.Org/İnternet/Fact-Sheet/Social-Media/ (Erişim tarihi: 9 Kasım 2022).
• Primack, Brian A., Shensa Ariel, Escobar-Viera Cesar G., Barrett Erica L., Sidani Jaime E. ve Colditz Janson B. (2017). “Use Of Multiple Social Media Platforms And Symptoms Of Depression And Anxiety: A Nationally-Representative Study Among Us Young Adults”, Computers in Human Behavior, 69: 1-9.
• Russell, Dan, Peplau Letitia A. ve Ferguson Mary L. (1978). “Developing A Measure Of Loneliness”, Journal Of Personality Assessment, 42 (3): 290-294.
• Sala, Emanuela, Gaia Alessandra ve Cerati Gabriele (2022). “The Gray Digital Divide In Social Networking Site Use In Europe: Results From A Quantitative Study”, Social Science Computer Review, 40 (2): 328-345.
• Seabrook, Elizabeth M., Kern Margaret L. ve Rickard Nikki S. (2016). “Social Networking Sites, Depression And Anxiety: A Systematic Review”, JMIR Mental Health, 3 (4): 50.
• Shensa, Ariel, Escobar-Viera Cesar G., Sidani Jaime E., Bowman, Nicholas D., Marshal Michael P., ve Primack Brian A. (2017). “Problematic Social Media Use And Depressive Symptoms Among U.S Young Adults: A Nationallyrepresentative Study”, Social Science & Medicine, 182: 150-157.
• Sherlock, Mary ve Wagstaff Danielle L. (2019). “Exploring The Relationship Between Frequency Of Instagram Use, Exposure To Idealized Images, And Psychological Well-Being In Women”, Psychology Of Popular Media Culture, 8 (4): 482-490.
• Sims, Tamara, Reed Andrew E. ve Carr Dawn C. (2017). “Information And Communication Technology Use Is Related To Higher Well-Being Among The Oldest-Old”, The Journals Of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences And Social Sciences, 72 (5): 761-770.
• Sinav, Ahmet (2019). 65 Yaş ve Üzeri Bireylerin Sosyal Medya Kullanım Alışkanlıklarının Kullanımlar ve Doyumlar Yaklaşımı Bağlamında İncelenmesi: Eskişehir İli Örneği (Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi).
• Sinclair, Tara J. ve Grieve Rachel (2017). “Facebook As A Source Of Social Connectedness In Older Adults”, Computers in Human Behavior, 66: 363-69.
• Şentürk, Erman (2017). Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının, Depresyon, Anksiyete Bozukluğu, Karışık Anksiyete ve Depresif Bozukluk Hastaları ile Kontrol Grubu Arasında Karşılaştırılması ve Kullanıcıların Kişilik Özellikleriyle İlişkisinin Araştırılması (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara.
• Taş, İbrahim (2017). “Ergenler İçin SM Bağımlılığı Ölçeği Kısa Formunun (Smbö-Kf) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Online Journal Of Technology Addiction And Cyberbullying, 4 (1): 27-40.
• Tekedere, Hakan ve Fatma Arpacı (2016). “Orta Yaş ve Yaşlı Bireylerin İnternet ve Sosyal Medyaya Yönelik Görüşleri”, Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20 (2): 377-392.
• Telef, Bülent B. (2013). “Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28 (3): 374-84.
• Thomée, Sara, Harenstam Annika M. ve Hagberg Mats (2011). “Mobile Phone Use And Stress, Sleep Disturbances, And Symptoms Of Depression Among Young Adults–A Prospective Cohort Study”, BMC Public Health, 11 (1): 1-11.
• Twenge, Jean M. (2017). “Have Smartphones Destroyed A Generation”, The Atlantic, Eylül, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Kasım 2022).
• Ulusoy, Mustafa, Nesrin Şahin ve Hüsnü Erkman (1998). “Turkish Version Of The Beck Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric Properties”, Journal Of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12 (2): 28-35.
• Van Boekel, Leonieke C., Sebastiaan T. Peek ve Katrien G. Luijkx (2017). “Diversity In Older Adults’ Use Of The Internet: Identifying Subgroups Through Latent Class Analysis”, Journal Of Medical Internet Research, 19 (5): 180.
• Van Ingen, Erik, Stephan A. Rains ve Kevin B. Wright (2017) “Does Social Network Site Use Buffer Against Well-Being Loss When Older Adults Face Reduced Functional Ability?”, Computers In Human Behavior 70: 168-177. Vannucci, Anna, Kaitlin M. Flannery ve Christine M. Ohannessian (2017). “Social Media Use And Anxiety In Emerging Adults”, Journal Of Affective Disorders, 207: 163-166.
• Vural, Beril Z. ve Mikail Bat (2010). “Yeni Bir İletişim Ortamı Olarak Sosyal Medya: Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Journal Of Yaşar University, 20 (5): 3348-3382.
• Whaite, Erin. O., Ariel Shensa, Jaime E. Sidani, Jason B. Colditz ve Brian A. Primack (2018). “Social Media Use, Personality Characteristics, And Social Isolation Among Young Adults In The United States”, Personality and Individual Differences, 124: 45-50.
• Wilson, Kathryn, Stephanie Fornasier ve Katherine M. White (2010). “Psychological Predictors Of Young Adults’ Use Of Social Networking Sites”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior And Social Networking, 13 (2): 173-177.
• Wright, Kevin B., Jenny Rosenberg, Nicole A. Ploeger, Daniel R. Bernard ve Shawn King (2013). “Communication Competence, Social Support, And Depression Among College Students: A Model Of Facebook And Face-To-Face Support Network Infuence”, Journal Of Health Communication, 18: 41-57.
• Wu, Hsiao Y. ve Ai-Fu Chiou (2020). “Social Media Usage, Social Support, Intergenerational Relationships, And Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults”, Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.), 41 (5): 615-621.
• Yalçın, Gizem (2015). Sosyal Medyanın Yoğun Kullanımının İleri Ergenlikte Yalnızlık ve Depresyona Etkisi, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Arel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Yesavage, A. Jerome, T. L. Brink, Terence L. Rose ve ark. (1983). “Development And Validation Of A Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A Preliminary Report”, Journal Of Psychiatric Research, 17 (1): 37-49.
• Yıldırım, Elif ve Hale Ögel-Balaban (2021). “Cognitive Functions Among Healthy Older Adults Using Online Social Networking”, Applied Neuropsychology: Adult: 1-8.
• Yin, Xue Q., De Dian A. Vries, Douglas A. Gentile ve Jin L. Wang (2019). “Cultural Background And Measurement Of Usage Moderate The Association Between Social Networking Sites (Snss) Usage And Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis”, Social Science Computer Review, 37 (5): 631-648.
• Yu, Rebecca P., Nicole Ellison ve Cliff Lampe (2018). “Facebook Use And Its Role In Shaping Access To Social Benefits Among Older Adults”, Journal Of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 62 (1): 71-90.