Araştırma Makalesi
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Socıoeconomıc And Cultural Problems Experıenced By The European Unıon After The Coronavırus Outbreak And The Russıan-Ukraıne War

Yıl 2024, , 65 - 87, 25.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1504803

Öz

Purpose – The negative effects of two very important factors that affected the whole world and caused historical changes, such as the Coronavirus Pandemic and the Ukrainian War, on the socioeconomic and cultural life of the EU and the policies developed to solve the problems experienced were investigated.
Methodology – Literature review and document review methods, which are qualitative research methods, were used in writing this article.
Findings – As a result of the research, it is seen that the EU is facing many socioeconomic, political, military and cultural problems due to the negative consequences of the epidemic and war. It has been seen that some of these problems are problems from the past and have become chronic as a result of war and pandemic.
Conclusions – Many studies are carried out by the EU to solve existing problems and reports are prepared. However, it is seen that the targets have not been achieved and have failed in two important issues, especially the problems arising from economic and cultural developments, such as welfare and integration, which are the founding goals of the EU. It is thought that especially economic problems and the resulting nationalism will have shattering effects on the integrity and unity of the EU.

Kaynakça

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Avrupa Birliği'nin Koronavirüs Salgını Ve Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Sonrası Yaşadığı Sosyoekonomik Ve Kültürel Sorunlar

Yıl 2024, , 65 - 87, 25.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1504803

Öz

Amaç -Koronavirüs Salgını ve Ukrayna Savaşı gibi tüm dünyayı etkileyen ve tarihi değişimlere neden olan çok önemli iki faktörün AB’nin sosyoekonomik ve kültürel hayatına yaptığı olumsuz etkileri ve yaşanan sorunların çözümü için geliştirilen politikalar araştırılmıştır.
Yöntem-Bu makalenin yazılmasında nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması ve doküman incelemesi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular – Araştırma sonucunda AB’nin salgın ve savaşın yarattığı olumsuz sonuçlar nedeniyle sosyoekonomik, siyasi, askeri ve kültürel anlamda birçok sorun ile karşı karşıya olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sorunların bazılarının ise geçmişten gelen sorunlar olduğu ve savaş ve salgın neticesinde kronikleştiği görülmüştür.
Sonuç – AB tarafından mevcut sorunların çözümleri için bir çok çalışma yürütülmekte ve raporlar hazırlanmaktadır. Ancak özellikle ekonomik ve kültürel gelişmelere bağlı oluşan sorunların refah ve entegrasyon gibi AB’nin kuruluş hedefi olan iki önemli konuda hedeflere ulaşılamadığı ve başarısız olunduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle ekonomik sorunlar ve buna bağlı oluşan milliyetçiliğin AB’nin bütünlüğünü ve birliğini sarsıcı etkileri olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

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  • European Council (2021). The Porto Declaration. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/05/08/the-porto-declaration/
  • European Council (2024). Proposal for a regulatıon of the european parlıament and of the councıl on the effective coordination of economic policies and multilateral budgetary surveillance and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/70386/st06645-re01-en24.pdf
  • European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless [FEANTSA], (2024a). 8th Overvıew Of Housıng Exclusıon In Europe. https://www.feantsa.org/download/executive-summary-en3607945785998260596.pdf
  • European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless [FEANTSA], (2024b). ETHOS - European Typology of Homelessness and housing exclusion. https://www.feantsa.org/download/en-16822651433655843804.pdf
  • European Parliament (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on EU cohesion. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2022/733095/IPOL_STU(2022)733095_EN.pdf
  • European Parliament (2024). 2024 European election results. https://results.elections.europa.eu/
  • Eurostat (2024a). Industrial production up by 0.6% in the euro area and by 0.2% in the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-euro-indicators/w/4-15052024-bp
  • Eurostat (2024a). Living conditions in Europe - poverty and social exclusion. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_poverty_and_social_exclusion
  • Fabbrini, S. (2024). How to combat economic nationalism in Europe. Social Europe. https://www.socialeurope.eu/how-to-combat-economic-nationalism-in-europe
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic Effects Of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) On The World Economy. IESE Business School Working Paper. SSRN. (WP-1240-E). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504.
  • Financial Times (2020). Expats in Dubai Call For Cut in Their Children’s School Fees. https://www.ft.com/content/c9f83ca9-9107-436f-864b-da1b7e28f56f.
  • Georgieva, K. (2020). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799
  • Heinisch, R., Werner, A., & Habersack, F. (2019). Reclaiming national sovereignty: the case of the conservatives and the far right in Austria. European Politics and Society, 21(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2019.1632577
  • Hernandez, Z. (2020). Will Covid-19 Kill Globalization? https://zekrets.substack.com/p/will-covid-kill-globalization
  • Human Rights Watch (2024). Q&A: The International Criminal Court and the United States. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/02/qa-international-criminal-court-and-united-states
  • Ilzetzki, E. (2020). COVID-19: The Economic Policy Response. A CEPR Press VoxEU.org. https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-economic-policy-response.
  • International Labour Organization (2020). COVID-19 And The World Of Work Updated Estimates And Analysis. ILO monitor 2nd edition: Briefing Note. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf
  • International Labour Organization (2021). COVID-19 And The World Of Work. Seventh edition. https://www.ilo.org/resource/brief/ilo-monitor-covid-19-and-world-work-7th-edition
  • International Monetary Fund [IMF] (2020). World Economic Outlook. The Great Lockdown. International Monetary Fund. Research Department. Washington. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/World-Economic-OutlookApril-2020-The-Great-Lockdown-49306
  • Investor’s Business Daily (2020). Dow Jones Today, Stocks Slip: Fed Stimulus, Senate Impasse; New York, California Lockdown; NYSE Floor Closes. https://www.investors.com/market-trend/stock-market-today/dow-jones-today-futures-slidefed-stimulus-impasse-new-york-california-lockdown-nyse-floor-closes/.
  • Iweala, N. O. (2020). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799
  • Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y. and Vugt, M. V. (2021). “COVID-19 And The Workplace: Implications, Issues, And Insights For Future Research And Action”. American Psychologist, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716.
  • Krzyżanowski, M. (2017). Discursive Shifts in Ethno-Nationalist Politics: On Politicization and Mediatization of the “Refugee Crisis” in Poland. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1–2), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2017.1317897
  • Letta, E. (2024). Much More Than A Market; Speed, Security, Solidarity. European Council Report. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/ny3j24sm/much-more-than-a-market-report-by-enrico-letta.pdf
  • Lynch, E. (2023). The shadow of austerity-and authoritarianism. https://www.socialeurope.eu/the-shadow-of-austerity-and-authoritarianism
  • Lynch, E. (2024). La Hulpe : A project of hope - Intervention of Esther Lynch, ETUC General Secretary. European pillar of social rights, Speeches. https://www.etuc.org/en/speech/la-hulpe-project-hope-intervention-esther-lynch-etuc-general-secretary
  • Malpass, D. (2020). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799
  • Mang, S. & Caddick, D. (2024). Navigating Constraints for Progress: Examining the Impact of EU Fiscal Rules on Social and Green Investments. https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2024-04/Publication%20-%20Fiscal%20Rules%20Report.pdf
  • Marks, H. (2022). The Pendulum in International Affairs. https://www.oaktreecapital.com/insights/memo/the-pendulum-in-international-affairs
  • Mepschen, P. J. H. (2016). Everyday autochthony: Difference, discontent and the politics of home in Amsterdam. Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit van Amsterdam. https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4482853/168895_02.pdf
  • Michalopoulos, S. (2023). EU far-right dangerously boosted in new forecast. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-far-right-dangerously-boosted-in-new-poll/
  • Murphy, S. D. (2009). The United States and the International Court of Justice: Coping with Antinomies. C. P. R. Romano (Edt.), In, The Sword and the Scales: The United States and International Courts and Tribunals (pp. 46–111). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/sword-and-the-scales/united-states-and-the-international-court-of-justice-coping-with-antinomies/E57F10940288F167B3B4A082E62F170F
  • NPR News (2020). Oil Prices, Stocks Plunge After Saudi Arabia Stuns World With Massive Discounts. https://www.npr.org/2020/03/08/813439501/saudi-arabia-stuns-world-withmassive-discount-in-oil-sold-to-asia-europe-and-u-.
  • Parley Policy Initiative (2023). The "Rules-Based International Order," explained. https://www.parleypolicy.com/post/the-rules-based-international-order-explained
  • Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries. European Journal of Political Research. 47. 737–765. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x
  • Schmit, N. (2024). Speech by Commissioner Schmit at the high-level conference on the European Pillar of Social Rights. European Commission – Speech. https://belgian-presidency.consilium.europa.eu/media/jnanhvzh/speech_by_commissioner_schmit_at_the_high-level_conference_on_the_european_pillar_of_social_rights.pdf
  • Seddon, M., Sheppard, D., & Foy, H. (2022). Russia switches off Europe‘s main gas pipeline until sanctions are lifted. https://www.ft.com/content/2624cc0f-57b9-4142-8bc1-4141833a73dd
  • Sen, N. (2024). The Appellate Body in Crisis. Linklaters Trade Practice. https://www.linklaters.com/fr-fr/insights/blogs/tradelinks/the-appellate-body-in-crisis
  • Snippe, E., Griera, M., Alipour, N. & Théo B.-G. (2024). Meet the parties fighting for power in the European elections. https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/meet-the-parties-fighting-for-power-in-the-european-elections/?utm_source=website&utm_campaign=popular
  • Theodoropoulou, S. (2024). Debating the reform of the EU’s economic governance: implications for Social Europe. In Vanhercke B., Sabato S. & Spasova S. (eds.). Social policy in the European Union: state of play 2023, An ambitious implementation of the Social Pillar, ETUI and OSE. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/Social%20policy%20in%20the%20European%20Union-state%20of%20play%202023_2024.pdf
  • UN Climate Change [UNFCCC] (2024). The Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
  • Vanhercke, B., Sabato, S., & Spasova, S. (2024). Social policy in the European Union: state of play 2023 An ambitious implementation of the Social Pillar. Twenty-Fourth annual report. European Trade Union Institute and OSE. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/Social%20policy%20in%20the%20European%20Union-state%20of%20play%202023_2024.pdf
  • Watson, S.D. (2009). The Securitization of Humanitarian Migration: Digging moats and sinking boats. 1st ed. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203876794
  • World Nuclear Association (2024). Country Nuclear Profiles. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles
  • World Trade Organization [WTO] (2020). Trade Set To Plunge As COVID-19 Pandemic Upends Global Economy. Press Release. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm#:~:text=World%20merchandise%20%20trade%20is%20set,effectiveness%20of%20the%20policy%20responses.&text=The%20%20dollar%20value%20of%20world,%25%20to%20US%24%2018.89%20trillion
  • Yılmaz A.Y. ve Mutlu, Ġ. S. (2020). Salgın Sonrası Dünyada, Küreselleşme ve Ulus Devlet Tartışmaları, Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(3), 1965-1976
  • Zhang, W. & Hamori, S. (2021). Crude oil market and stock markets during the COVID19 pandemic: Evidence from the US, Japan, and Germany. International Review of Financial Analysis. 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101702.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Konjonktür Dalgalanmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Turgut Çılğın 0000-0003-1629-9759

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Çılğın, T. (2024). Avrupa Birliği’nin Koronavirüs Salgını Ve Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Sonrası Yaşadığı Sosyoekonomik Ve Kültürel Sorunlar. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(2), 65-87. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1504803