Araştırma Makalesi
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Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 60, 145 - 170, 30.10.2025

Öz

This study examines in detail the etymological origins, semantic meanings, conceptual frameworks and historical contexts of the expressions “Urugsırat” in Turkic Bengü Stones (Orkhun Inscriptions) and “Four Cutting” (四绝 / Sì Jué) in Mandarin Chinese. It also emphasizes their relationship with the modern concept of genocide. It is revealed that “Urugsırat” is linked to the systematic extermination of a community and the implementation of genocide-like policies in Ancient Turkic societies. It reflects not only physical extermination, but also strategies targeting the identity and future of a people. Similarly, the Mandarin Chinese expression “Four Cutting” refers to a comprehensive policy of extermination aimed at eliminating the biological existence (extinction), lineage, economic and social resources, and social structure of target groups. The study explores the relationship between these two expressions and the phenomenon of genocide through comparative linguistic and historical analysis. Both expressions reveal the historical continuity of genocide. Especially today, China’s policies towards Uyghur Turks and other Turkic communities in East Turkestan are considered as a modern implementation of the “Four Cutting”. Practices such as mass surveillance, concentration camps called re-education, forced birth control and cultural assimilation have been associated with the crime of genocide by scientific reports and academic studies. In this context, the study aims to illuminate the historical and contemporary genocide processes by emphasizing the similarities (goal of extinction) and differences (scope and implementation methods) of “Urugsırat” and “Four Cutting”.

Kaynakça

  • Amnesty International. (2021). Like We Were Enemies in a War: China’s Mass Internment, Torture and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang (Index: ASA 17/4137/2021).
  • Ata, A. (2018). Orhun Türkçesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Becquelin, N. (1993). XUAR, Central Asia and the implications for China’s policy in the Islamic world. The China Quarterly, 133, 111-129.
  • Byler, D. T. (2018). Spirit breaking: Uyghur dispossession, culture work and terror capitalism in a Chinese global city (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington.
  • Clauson, G. (1972). An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkic. Clarendon Press.
  • Cockayne, J. (2022). Making Xinjiang sanctions work: Addressing forced labour through coercive trade and finance measures. The University of Nottingham.
  • Drompp, M. R. (2004). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire. Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Dunoff, J. L.; Ratner, S. R. ve Wippman, D. (2006). International law: Norms, actors, process (2nd ed.). Aspen.
  • Ercilasun, A. B. (2016). Türk Kağanlığı ve Türk Bengü Taşları. Dergah Yayınları.
  • Ergin, M. (2011). Orhun Abideleri. Boğaziçi Yayınları.
  • Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Simon-Skjodt Center. (2021). “To make us slowly disappear”: The Chinese government’s assault on the Uyghurs.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2005). Devastating blows: Religious repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang (Vol. 17, No. 2[C]). April.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2018). “Eradicating ideological viruses”: China’s campaign of repression against Xinjiang’s Muslims.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2019). China’s algorithms of repression: Reverse engineering a Xinjiang police mass surveillance app.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2021). Break their lineage, break their roots: China’s crimes against humanity targeting Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims.
  • Ishfaq, S. (2018). The Sinicization and suppression of China’s Muslim Uyghurs. Foreign Policy Journal.
  • Kamalov, A.; İnayet, A.; Çaka, V. ve Öğdülmü, N. (2020). İşgal edilmiş ülke: Doğu Türkistan. Uygur Akademisi.
  • Ruser, N. ve Leibold, J. (2021). Family de-planning: The coercive campaign to drive down indigenous birth-rates in Xinjiang. Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
  • Ruser, N. (2021). Written submission to Uyghur Tribunal – Summary. Uyghur Tribunal. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/06-1035- JUN-21-Nathan-Ruser-Family-De-Planning-English.pdf.
  • Şen, S. (2023). Cumhuriyet Türk’ün soyunu soylamıştır. Türk Dili, 72(862).
  • Taşağıl, A. (1999). Göktürkler-2. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • UHRP. (2019). The persecution of the intellectuals in the Uyghur region continues. https://uhrp.org/report/the-persecution-of-the-intellectuals-in-the-uyghur-region-continues/.
  • Uyghur Tribunal. (2021). https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Uyghur-Tribunal-Summary-Judgment-9th-Dec-21.pdf.
  • Wáng, W. (2017). 新疆反恐维稳誓师大会在和田举行. A Counter-Terrorism and Stability Maintenance Rally Was Held in Hotan, Xinjiang. https://m.cnr. cn/news/20170216/t20170216_523605142.shtml.
  • Yakup, A.; Kadir, İ. ve Abdurahman, H. (1996). Uygur Tilining İzahlik Lugiti. Milletler Neşriyati.
  • Zenz, A. (2018). New evidence for China’s political re-education campaign in Xinjiang. China Brief, 18(10), 15-24.
  • Zenz, A. (2019). Break their roots: Evidence for China’s parent-child separation campaign in Xinjiang. Journal of Political Risk.
  • Zenz, A. (2020). Sterilizations, IUDs, and mandatory birth control: The CCP’s campaign to suppress Uyghur birthrates in Xinjiang. Washington, DC.
  • Zenz, A. (2020). The Karakax list: Dissecting the anatomy of Beijing’s internment drive in Xinjiang. Journal of Political Risk, 8(2).
  • Zenz, A. (2021). The Xinjiang papers: An introduction. China Studies, Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, Washington, D.C.

Eski Türkçedeki Urugsırat ile Çincedeki Dört Kesme İfadelerinin Karşılaştırılması ve Soykırımla İlişkisi

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 60, 145 - 170, 30.10.2025

Öz

Bu çalışma; Türk Bengü Taşları’nda (Orhun Yazıtları) geçen “Urugsırat” ve Mandarin Çincesindeki “Dört Kesme” (四绝 / Sì Jué) ifadelerinin etimolojik kökenlerini, semantik anlamlarını, kavramsal çerçevelerini ve tarihsel bağlamlarını detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Ayrıca bu ifadelerin modern soykırım kavramıyla ilişkileri üzerinde durulmaktadır. “Urugsırat”ın, Eski Türk toplumlarında, bir topluluğun neslinin sistematik olarak kurutulması ve soykırım benzeri politikaların uygulanmasıyla bağlantılı olduğu ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu ifade yalnızca fiziksel yok etmeyi değil, aynı zamanda bir halkın kimliğini ve geleceğini hedef alan stratejileri de yansıtmaktadır. Benzer şekilde Mandarin Çincesindeki “Dört Kesme” ifadesi, hedef grupların biyolojik varlığını (neslin kesilmesi), soyunu, ekonomik ve sosyal kaynaklarını ve sosyal yapısını ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlayan kapsamlı bir yok etme politikasını ifade etmektedir. Çalışma, karşılaştırmalı dilbilimsel ve tarihsel analiz yöntemleriyle bu iki ifadenin soykırım olgusuyla ilişkisini araştırmaktadır. Her iki ifade, soykırımın tarihsel sürekliliğini gözler önüne sermektedir. Özellikle günümüzde Çin’in Doğu Türkistan’daki Uygur Türkleri ve diğer Türk topluluklarına yönelik politikaları, “Dört Kesme”nin modern bir uygulaması olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Kitlesel gözetim, yeniden eğitim adındaki toplama kampları, zorunlu doğum kontrol ve kültürel asimilasyon gibi uygulamalar, bilimsel raporlar ve akademik çalışmalarla soykırım suçuyla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma “Urugsırat” ve “Dört Kesme”nin benzerliklerini (neslin yok edilmesi hedefi) ve farklılıklarını (kapsam ve uygulama yöntemleri) vurgulayarak tarihsel ve güncel soykırım süreçlerini aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Amnesty International. (2021). Like We Were Enemies in a War: China’s Mass Internment, Torture and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang (Index: ASA 17/4137/2021).
  • Ata, A. (2018). Orhun Türkçesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi.
  • Becquelin, N. (1993). XUAR, Central Asia and the implications for China’s policy in the Islamic world. The China Quarterly, 133, 111-129.
  • Byler, D. T. (2018). Spirit breaking: Uyghur dispossession, culture work and terror capitalism in a Chinese global city (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington.
  • Clauson, G. (1972). An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkic. Clarendon Press.
  • Cockayne, J. (2022). Making Xinjiang sanctions work: Addressing forced labour through coercive trade and finance measures. The University of Nottingham.
  • Drompp, M. R. (2004). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire. Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Dunoff, J. L.; Ratner, S. R. ve Wippman, D. (2006). International law: Norms, actors, process (2nd ed.). Aspen.
  • Ercilasun, A. B. (2016). Türk Kağanlığı ve Türk Bengü Taşları. Dergah Yayınları.
  • Ergin, M. (2011). Orhun Abideleri. Boğaziçi Yayınları.
  • Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Simon-Skjodt Center. (2021). “To make us slowly disappear”: The Chinese government’s assault on the Uyghurs.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2005). Devastating blows: Religious repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang (Vol. 17, No. 2[C]). April.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2018). “Eradicating ideological viruses”: China’s campaign of repression against Xinjiang’s Muslims.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2019). China’s algorithms of repression: Reverse engineering a Xinjiang police mass surveillance app.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2021). Break their lineage, break their roots: China’s crimes against humanity targeting Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims.
  • Ishfaq, S. (2018). The Sinicization and suppression of China’s Muslim Uyghurs. Foreign Policy Journal.
  • Kamalov, A.; İnayet, A.; Çaka, V. ve Öğdülmü, N. (2020). İşgal edilmiş ülke: Doğu Türkistan. Uygur Akademisi.
  • Ruser, N. ve Leibold, J. (2021). Family de-planning: The coercive campaign to drive down indigenous birth-rates in Xinjiang. Australian Strategic Policy Institute.
  • Ruser, N. (2021). Written submission to Uyghur Tribunal – Summary. Uyghur Tribunal. https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/06-1035- JUN-21-Nathan-Ruser-Family-De-Planning-English.pdf.
  • Şen, S. (2023). Cumhuriyet Türk’ün soyunu soylamıştır. Türk Dili, 72(862).
  • Taşağıl, A. (1999). Göktürkler-2. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • UHRP. (2019). The persecution of the intellectuals in the Uyghur region continues. https://uhrp.org/report/the-persecution-of-the-intellectuals-in-the-uyghur-region-continues/.
  • Uyghur Tribunal. (2021). https://uyghurtribunal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Uyghur-Tribunal-Summary-Judgment-9th-Dec-21.pdf.
  • Wáng, W. (2017). 新疆反恐维稳誓师大会在和田举行. A Counter-Terrorism and Stability Maintenance Rally Was Held in Hotan, Xinjiang. https://m.cnr. cn/news/20170216/t20170216_523605142.shtml.
  • Yakup, A.; Kadir, İ. ve Abdurahman, H. (1996). Uygur Tilining İzahlik Lugiti. Milletler Neşriyati.
  • Zenz, A. (2018). New evidence for China’s political re-education campaign in Xinjiang. China Brief, 18(10), 15-24.
  • Zenz, A. (2019). Break their roots: Evidence for China’s parent-child separation campaign in Xinjiang. Journal of Political Risk.
  • Zenz, A. (2020). Sterilizations, IUDs, and mandatory birth control: The CCP’s campaign to suppress Uyghur birthrates in Xinjiang. Washington, DC.
  • Zenz, A. (2020). The Karakax list: Dissecting the anatomy of Beijing’s internment drive in Xinjiang. Journal of Political Risk, 8(2).
  • Zenz, A. (2021). The Xinjiang papers: An introduction. China Studies, Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, Washington, D.C.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Güney-Doğu (Yeni Uygur/Özbek) Türk Lehçeleri ve Edebiyatları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Adilcan Eruygur 0000-0001-8156-004X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Eylül 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 60

Kaynak Göster

APA Eruygur, A. (2025). Comparison of Urugsırat in Old Turkic and Four-Cutting Expressions in Chinese and Their Relation to Genocide. Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi(60), 145-170. https://doi.org/10.24155/tdk.2025.258