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From Medical School Application to Being Family Physician: Education And Career Journey of Medical Students

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 59, 108 - 122, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.685039

Öz

Aim: Medical schools in Turkey offer six-years-long undergraduate medical education. Most of them divide these six years into three period: The pre-clinical period is the first three years, the clinical period is the next two years, and the last year is practice-oriented internship. Education of family medicine specialty lasts three years. The aim of this study is to present; terms and processes of medical school applications, time structure of undergraduate medical education, terms of application to specialty education, and duration of family medicine specialty education in European Union (EU), United States of America (USA), Australia, United Kingdom, China, Japan, Canada, Russia, Singapore.
Method: To access the information about processes of the medical education in foreign countries, a literature search was conducted between 03.10.2019-06.01.2020. Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar have been screened by using keywords. In addition to this, websites of some organizator institutions on medical education and healthcare as well as websites of some medical schools have been accessed.
Results: In general, undergraduate medical education lasts 3-6 years. These years are divided into two parts; pre-clinical and clinical periods. To make application to medical school in USA and Canada, students have to be gotten a bachelor degree. Some countries require students 1-3 years of internship after graduation. Students have to sign “return of service” agreement in some specialty areas in Canada. Commonly, family medicine specialty education lasts 3 years.
Conclusion: The phases of which students should pass from medical school application to being family physicians are different in every country. In spite of the differences, there are similar parts. Educational features and primary care career pathways in foreign countries should be investigated to adopt their positive sides for our country. Thus, our primary care physicians in future would provide better service to the community. 

Kaynakça

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Tıp Fakültesine Başvurudan Aile Hekimi Olmaya: Tıp Öğrencisinin Ülkelere Göre Eğitim ve Kariyer Serüveni

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 59, 108 - 122, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.685039

Öz

Amaç: Türkiye’deki tıp fakülteleri, mezuniyet öncesi dönemde 6 yıllık bir eğitim vermektedir. Fakülteler bu 6 yıllık sürenin ilk 3 yılını klinik öncesi dönem, sonraki 2 yılını klinik dönem, son yılını ise uygulamaya yönelik intörnlük dönemi şeklinde yapılandırmıştır. Aile hekimliği uzmanlığı eğitiminin süresi 3 yıldır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; AB (Avrupa Birliği), ABD (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri), Avustralya, Birleşik Krallık, Çin, Japonya, Kanada, Rusya, Singapur ülkelerinde tıp fakültesine başvuru şartları ve süreçlerini, mezuniyet öncesi tıp eğitimi sürecinin zamansal yapısını, uzmanlık eğitimine başlayabilmek için gereken şartları, uzmanlık eğitimlerinin ve aile hekimliği uzmanlık eğitiminin süresini sunmaktır.
Yöntem: Çeşitli ülkelerdeki tıp eğitimi süreçlerine erişmek için yapılan kaynak taramaları 03.10.2019-06.01.2020 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar arama motorlarında ve veri tabanlarında anahtar kelimelerle aramalar yapılmıştır. Anahtar kelimelerle erişilen çalışmaların yanında, ülkelerin tıp eğitimi ve sağlık sistemi ile ilgili bazı düzenleyici kuruluşların ve tıp fakültelerinin internet sitelerine erişilmiştir.
Bulgular: Mezuniyet öncesi tıp eğitimi genel olarak 3-6 yıl sürmektedir. Eğitim süreci çoğu ülkede, klinik öncesi dönem ve klinik dönem olarak ayrılmaktadır. ABD ve Kanada’da, tıp fakültesine başvurabilmek için lisans mezunu olma şartı vardır. Bazı ülkeler, mezuniyet sonrasında 1-3 yıl intörnlük yapılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Kanada’da uzmanlık eğitimi veren bazı bölümler, öğrencilerinin “mecburi hizmet” için oluşturulmuş sözleşmeyi imzalamasını zorunlu kılar. Aile hekimliği uzmanlık eğitimi genelde 3 yıldır.
Sonuç: Her ülkede, öğrencilerin tıp fakültesine başvurusundan aile hekimi olmalarına kadar yaşadıkları süreç farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çeşitliliklere rağmen ortak noktalar da mevcuttur. Yabancı ülkelerdeki eğitim ve birinci basamaktaki kariyer süreçlerinin incelenmesi ve bu ülkelerde yer alan işlevsel yaklaşımların ülkemize uyarlanması, birinci basamakta çalışacak hekimlerimizin topluma daha faydalı olabilecek niteliklere sahip bir şekilde mezun olmasını sağlayabilir.

Kaynakça

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  • 20. Accelerated Three Year MD (İnternet). (3 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://med.nyu.edu/education/md-degree/accelerated-three-year-md
  • 21. Discovery Curriculum (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://med.stanford.edu/md/discovery-curriculum.html
  • 22. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Has Offered Free Tuition Since 2008 (İnternet). (28 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://newsroom.clevelandclinic.org/2018/08/20/cleveland-clinic-lerner-college-of-medicine-has-offered-free-tuition-since-2008/
  • 23. Physician Chart (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://www.visalaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/physicianchart.pdf
  • 24. DeZee KJ, Artino AR, Elnicki DM, Hemmer PA, Durning SJ. Medical education in the United States of America. Med Teach. 2012;34(7),521-525. DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2012.668248
  • 25. Navigating state medical licensure (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/career-planning-resource/navigating-state-medical-licensure
  • 26. Accreditation Criteria (İnternet). (29 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://www.accme.org/accreditation-rules/accreditation-criteria
  • 27. ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Educationin the Transitional Year (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/999_TransitionalYear_2019.pdf?ver=2019-08-26-134505-047
  • 28. Family Medicine: Comprehensive Care for the Whole Person (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.aafp.org/medical-school-residency/choosing-fm/model.html
  • 29. Levy S. Medscape Residents Salary & Debt Report 2018 (İnternet). (29 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2018-residents-salary-debt-report-6010044#2
  • 30. Prideaux D. Medical education in Australia: Much has changed but what remains?, Med Teach. 2009;31(2),96-100. DOI: 10.1080/01421590802509157
  • 31. Bachelor Of Medicine And Bachelor Of Surgery Admissions Guide (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://health.adelaide.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2020-mbbs-admissions-guide-domestic_3.pdf
  • 32. Doctor of Medicine (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://sydney.edu.au/medicine-health/study-medicine-and-health/postgraduate-courses/doctor-of-medicine.html
  • 33. Standards for Assessment and Accreditation of Primary Medical Programs by the Australian Medical Council 2012 (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.amc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Standards-for-Assessment-and-Accreditation-of-Primary-Medical-Programs-by-the-Australian-Medical-Council-2012.pdf
  • 34. About Medicine Program (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://medprogram.med.unsw.edu.au/about-medicine-program#tab-303400591
  • 35. Undergraduate Course Guide (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://healthsciences.curtin.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2019/06/3470HS_2020-Health-Sciences-Undergraduate-Guide-web.pdf
  • 36. Granting general registration as a medical practitioner to Australian and New Zealand medical graduates on completion of intern training (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.medicalboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD12%2f9504&dbid=AP&chksum=wbPeZldtyqPMGvIkbt0Qgg%3d%3d
  • 37. General Registration (İnternet). (9 Aralık 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.medicalboard.gov.au/Registration/Types/General-Registration.aspx
  • 38. General Practice Training in Australia - The guide (İnternet). (9 Aralık 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://www.agpt.com.au/ArticleDocuments/12/General%20Practice%20Training%20in%20Australia%20-%20The%20guide.pdf.aspx
  • 39. Health Professional and Medical Salaries (İnternet). (19 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/careers/conditions/Awards/he-profmed-salaries.pdf
  • 40. Entry requirements for UK medical schools (İnternet). (29 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.medschools.ac.uk/media/2357/msc-entry-requirements-for-uk-medical-schools.pdf
  • 41. UCAT Test Format (İnternet). (29 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.ucat.ac.uk/ucat/test-format/
  • 42. Course Profile (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.manchester.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/courses/2020/01428/mbchb-medicine/course-details/#course-profile
  • 43. MBChB Medicine (6-year programme) (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/undergraduate/degrees/index.php?action=view&code=a100
  • 44. After Medical School (İnternet). (2 Aralık 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.medschools.ac.uk/studying-medicine/after-medical-school
  • 45. Locum Work Doctors (İnternet). (6 Ocak 2020 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/career-opportunities-doctors/locum-work-doctors
  • 46. FAQS (İnternet). (2 Aralık 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.foundationprogramme.nhs.uk/content/faqs
  • 47. Applying Foundation Training (İnternet). (2 Aralık 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/foundation-training/applying-foundation-training
  • 48. How do we check doctors are giving good care? (İnternet). (2 Aralık 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.gmc-uk.org/registration-and-licensing/managing-your-registration/revalidation/how-do-we-check-doctors-are-giving-good-care
  • 49. Pay Doctors (İnternet). (19 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/pay-doctors
  • 50. Du N, Zhang H, Adashi EY. Medical education in China: painting on a large canvas. Am J Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2016;3(2):22-31.
  • 51. Xu D, Sun B, Wan X, Ke Y. Reformation of medical education in China. Lancet. 2010;375(9725),1502-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60241-3
  • 52. Ren X, Yin J, Wang B, Schwarz MR. A descriptive analysis of medical education in China. Med Teach. 2008;30(7),667-672.
  • 53. Wang Z, Yin Z, Wei YB, Liu LF, Yang JR. The expansion of 8-year medical training programs in China: a status report. Med Educ Online. 2015;20(1),25890.
  • 54. Sandars J, Huang Y, Gibbs T. The challenge of training for family medicine across different contexts: insights from providing training in China. Fam Med Community Health. 2016;4(2), 47-50.
  • 55. Lee JY. Residency training for general practice in China. Educ Prim Care. 2014;25(3),163-163.
  • 56. Kozu T. Medical Education in Japan. Acad Med. 2006;81(12),1069-1075.
  • 57. Teo A. The current state of medical education in Japan: a system under reform. Med Educ. 2007;41(3), 302-308.
  • 58. Tokuda Y, Soshi M, Okubo T, Nishizaki Y. Postgraduate medical education in Japan: Missed opportunity for learning clinical reasoning. J Gen Fam Med. 2018;19(5),152.
  • 59. Murai M, Kitamura K, Fetters MD. Lessons learned in developing family medicine residency training programs in Japan. BMC Med Educ. 2005;5(1),33.
  • 60. Future MD Canada (İnternet). (29 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://afmc.ca/learners/future-md-canada
  • 61. Canadian Schools (İnternet). (19 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://lcme.org/about/canadian-schools/
  • 62. Curriculum Structure (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://mcgill.ca/ugme/mdcm-curriculum-joint-programs/curriculum-structure
  • 63. Our Curriculum (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://mdprogram.mcmaster.ca/md-program/our-curriculum
  • 64. Program Descriptions (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.carms.ca/match/r-1-main-residency-match/program-descriptions/
  • 65. About LMCC (İnternet). (29 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://mcc.ca/about/lmcc/
  • 66. What is a return of service (ROS) agreement? (İnternet). (7 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://carms.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002892092-What-is-a-return-of-service-ROS-agreement-
  • 67. Organek AJ, Tannenbaum D, Kerr J, Konkin J, Parsons E, Saucier D, et al. Redesigning Family Medicine Residency in Canada: The Triple C Curriculum. Fam Med. 2012;44(2),90-7.
  • 68. Curriculum Overview (İnternet). (8 Kasım 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://mcgill.ca/familymed/education/postgrad/curriculum-overview
  • 69. Buchman S. It’s about time: 3-year FM residency training. Can Fam Physician. 2012;58(9):1045.
  • 70. Jargin SV. Some aspects of medical education in Russia. Am J Med Stud. 2013;1(2), 4-7.
  • 71. Расписание (İnternet). (8 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://www.fbm.msu.ru/education/students/schedule
  • 72. Glazachev O, Mikerova M, Key OK. Medical Education of Foreign Students In Russia: Challenges And Prospects. Journal of International Scientific Publications: Educational Alternatives. 2015;13(1000013),379-383.
  • 73. Medical residency (İnternet). (9 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://studyinrussia.ru/en/study-in-russia/programs/level-is-medical-residency/type-is-main/duration-from-0-to-100/apply/
  • 74. Admissions Requirements (İnternet). (9 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/admissions/duke-nus-medicine-programmes/admissions-requirements
  • 75. Entry Requirements (İnternet). (9 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://www.lkcmedicine.ntu.edu.sg/Admissions/Pages/Entry-Requirements.aspx
  • 76. Samarasekera DD, Ooi S, Yeo SP, Hooi SC. Medical education in Singapore, Medical Teacher. 2015;37:8,707-713. DOI:10.3109/0142159X.2015.1009026
  • 77. Course Description (İnternet). (9 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/education/our-programmes/md-programme/course-description
  • 78. Full Registration (İnternet). (9 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/smc/becoming-a-registered-doctor/register-of-medical-practitioners/full-registration
  • 79. Programmes Overview (İnternet). (9 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.singhealthacademy.edu.sg/residency/programmes
  • 80. General Information on Training Programmes (İnternet). (9 Ekim 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/sab/specialist-training/general-information-training-programmes
  • 81. Point Requirements for Doctors (İnternet). (3 Aralık 2019 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/smc/continuing-medical-education-(cme)-for-doctors/point-requirements-for-doctors
  • 82. Akredite Eğitim Programları (İnternet). (6 Ocak 2020 tarihinde erişildi) Erişim adresi: http://tepdad.org.tr/akredite-egitim-programlari
  • 83. Yeniçeri N, Mevsim V, Özçakar N, Özan S, Güldal D, Başak O. Tıp Eğitimi Son Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Gelecek Meslek Yaşamları İle İlgili Yaşadıkları Anksiyete İle Sürekli Anksiyetelerinin Karşılaştırılması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2007;24-19.
  • 84. Ergin A, Uzun SU, Topaloğlu S. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi 5. ve 6. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Sürekli Kaygı ve Mesleki Kaygı Düzeyleri ve Bunları Etkileyen Etkenler. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi. 2017;3(3),16-21.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

İrem Budakoğlu 0000-0003-1517-3169

Yavuz Selim Kıyak 0000-0002-5026-3234

Özlem Coşkun 0000-0001-8800-4433

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 59

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Budakoğlu İ, Kıyak YS, Coşkun Ö. From Medical School Application to Being Family Physician: Education And Career Journey of Medical Students. TED. 2020;19(59):108-22.