Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli

Yıl 2024, , 195 - 230, 25.04.2024

Fatih Köroğlu

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1388372

Öz

Türkiye’de jeolojik miras kaynak değerlerini de içeren sedimanter kayaç grupları; ilk önce paleontolojisi devamında sedimantolojisi olmak üzere dünya çapında önemli yayınlara ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Sedimantolojik birimlerin Türkiye jeoloji haritasındaki yayılımı, paleotektonik geçmişine paralel olarak çok çeşitlidir. Başta karbonatlı kayaç grupları olmak üzere karstlaşmaya uygun kayaçlar Türkiye’de önemli bir yayılıma sahiptir. Bu kayaçlar, iklim kuşağı ve tektoniğin etkileriyle birlikte yeryüzü ölçeğinde karstik mağara ve düdenlerin oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu karstik yapılar, doğal kaynak değer olarak turizmde cazibe merkezlerini de oluşturmuştur. Günümüzde jeoturizm hem jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik hem de turistik değerleri birleştiren bir kavramdır. 2020-2023 yılları arasındaki 4 yıllık süre içindeki toplam ziyaretçi sayıları; Karaca Mağarası’na 355.923 kişi ve Çal Mağarası’na da 514.947 kişi olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Ekonomik gelişimi sınırlı olan bölgelerdeki jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik kaynak değerlerine örnek olan Karaca ve Çal mağaralarının turizm faaliyetlerinde kullanılma girişimleri, bu karstik yapıların, Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü içindeki turizm potansiyeline olan katkısı ile ölçülebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, sedimanter kökenli kayaçların (çözünebilir kayaçlar) hem ekonomik hem de yerbilimsel özelliklerinin yanında, jeoturizm kaynak değeri olarak bölgeselden-küresele sürdürülebilir bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çal Mağarası, Doğu Karadeniz, jeoturizm, Karaca Mağarası, karstik

Karstic Formations of the Eastern Black Sea: Geotourism Potential of Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) and Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Caves

Öz

The sedimentary rock groups in Türkiye, which comprise valuable geological heritage, have been the focus of important publications worldwide, first in palaeontology and then in sedimentology. The distribution of sedimentological units on the geological map of Türkiye is very diverse and corresponds to the palaeotectonic history of the region. The rocks suitable for karstification, mainly carbonate rock groups, have a significant volume in Türkiye. This volume, together with the effects of the climate zone and tectonics, has led to the formation of karstic caves and sinkholes on a large scale. These karstic structures have created natural resources that attract tourists. Today, geotourism is a concept that combines both geological and touristic assets. The total number of visitors in the 4-year period between 2020 and 2023 was 355,923 in Karaca Cave and 514,947 in Çal Cave. As examples of geological resource assets in regions with limited economic development, attempts to evaluate Karaca and Çal caves in terms of tourism can be measured as the important contribution of karst structures to tourism potential in the Eastern Black Sea region. This study showed that rocks of sedimentary origin have a regional, global, and sustainable impact in the context of geotourism and play a role both in geological terms and as tourist attractions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çal Cave, Eastern Black Sea, geotourism, Karaca Cave, karstic

Kaynakça

• Alemdağ, H., Köroğlu, F., Öğretmen-Aydın, Ö., Şeren, A., Babacan, A. E. ve Fırat-Ersoy, A. (2023). Şahinkaya Üyesi’nin Karbonatlı Çökellerindeki Karst Yapıları ve Yeraltı Su Akış Sistemlerinin Hidrojeofiziksel Yöntemlerle İncelenmesi: Çal Camili Tabiat Parkı, Çalköy (Trabzon/Türkiye). Çelik, Y., Bircan, C. ve Mertdinç, E. (Ed.ler), Sedimantoloji Çalışma Grubu 2023 Çalıştayı Bildiri Özleri Kitabı (s.74-75), İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa.
• Altınay-Özdemir, M. ve Kızılırmak, İ. (2019). Jeolojik Miras Alanlarının Jeoturizm Açısından İncelenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi,12(63), 947-956.
• Anderson, J. (2010). Caves and karst geotourism in Australia. In Dowling R, Newsome D (Eds.), Global geotourism perspectives. Goodfellow Publishers Ltd.
• Arslan, M. & Aliyazıcıoğlu, I. (2001). Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Kale (Gümüşhane) volcanic rocks: Implications for the Eocene evolution of eastern Pontide arc volcanism, northeast Turkey. International Geology Review, 43, 595-610.
• Arslan, M. & Aslan, Z. (2006). Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(2), 177-193.
• Ateş, H. Ç. & Ateş, Y. (2019). Geotourism and rural tourism synergy for sustainable development-Marçik Valley case-Tunceli, Turkey. Geoheritage, 11, 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0312-1
• Atasoy, S. G., Altiner, D. & Özkan-Altiner, S. (2022). Calibrating the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous shallow and deep marine bioevents by quantitative biostratigraphy: A synthesis from the Pontides Carbonate Platform (Turkey). Earth-Science Reviews, 231, Article 104071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104071
• Aydin, F., Thompson, R., Karsli, O., Uchida, H., Burt, J. B. & Downs, R. (2009) .C2/c pyroxene phenocrysts from three potassic series in the Neogene alkaline volcanics, NE Turkey: their crystal chemistry with petrogenetic significance as an indicator of P–T conditions. Contrubiton to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158, 131-147.
• Aydin, F. (2014). Geochronology, geochemistry, and petrogenesis of the Maçka subvolcanic intrusions: implications for the Late Cretaceous magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, northeastern Turkey. International Geology Review, 56, 1246-1275.
• Aydin, F., Oğuz-Saka, S., Şen Ç., Dokuz, A., Aiglsperger, T., Uysal, İ., Kandemir, R., Karslı, O., Sarı, B. & Başer, R. (2020). Temporal, geochemical and geodynamic evolution of the Late Cretaceous subduction zone volcanism in the eastern Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey: Implications for mantle-crust interaction in an arc setting. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 192, Article 104217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104217
• Bayer, M. Z. (1992). Turizme Giriş. İşletme Fakültesi Yayın No: 253. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Bekaroğlu, E. ve Yiğitbaşıoğlu, H. (2010). Karaca Mağarası’ndaki (Gümüşhane) bir yıllık sıcaklık ölçüm sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 2 (1), 1-12.
• Bektaş, O., Yılmaz, C., Taslı, K., Akdağ, K. & Özgür, S. (1995). Cretaceous rifting of the eastern Pontide carbonate platform (NE Turkey): the formation of carbonates breccias and turbidites as evidences of a drowned platform. Geologia, 57 (1-2), 233-244.
• Brilha, J. B. (2016). Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: a review. Geoheritage, 8, 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-014-0139-3
• Brilha, J. B. (2018). Geoheritage: inventories and evaluation. In E. Reynard, J.Brilha (Eds.), Geoheritage (pp. 69-85). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809531-7.00004-6
• Bruno, D. E., Crowley, B. E., Gutake, J. M., Moroni, A., Nazarenko, O. V., Oheim, K. B., Ruban, D. A., Tiess, G. & Zorina, O. S. (2014). Paleogeography as geological heritage: developing geosite classification. Earth Science Review, 138, 300-312.
• Chalikakis, K., Plagnes, V., Guerin, R., Valois, R. & Bosch, F. P. (2011). Contribution of geophysical methods to karst-system exploration: an overview. Hydrogeology Journal, 19 (6), 1169.
• Cigna, A. A. & Burri, E. (2000). Development, management and economy ofshow caves. International Journal of Speleology, 29(1), 1-27.
• Consorti, L. & Köroğlu, F. (2019). Maastrichtian-Paleocene larger Foraminifera biostratigraphy and facies of the Şahinkaya Member (NE Sakarya Zone, Turkey): insights for the Eastern Pontides arc sedimentary cover. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 183, Article 103965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.103965
• Consorti, L., Schlagintweit, F., Köroğlu, F. & Rashidi, K. (2020). Stratigraphic record of Eponides Montfort 1808 (benthic Foraminifera) through the Paleocene carbonates of the northern Neotethys margin. Micropaleontology, 66(5), 369-376.
• Cengiz, C., Şahin, S., Cengiz, B., Bahar-Başkır, M. & Keçecioğlu-Dağlı, P. (2021). Evaluation of the visitor understanding of coastal geotourism and geoheritage potential based on sustainable regional development in western Black Sea region, Turkey. Sustainability, 13(21), Article 11812. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111812
• Çevik, U., Kara, A., Celik, N. Karabidak, M. & Celik, A. (2011). Radon Survey and Exposure Assessment in Karaca and Çal Caves, Turkey. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 214, 461-469.
• De Waele, J. & Gutierrez, F. (2022). Karst hydrogeology, geomorphology and caves. John Wiley & Sonsele.
• De Waele, J. (2017). Karst processes and landforms. The International Encyclopedia of Geography. John Wiley and Sons.
• Delle Rose, M., Desideri, D., Patianna, M., Posi, M. E., Renzulli, A. & Zanchetta, G. (2014). Carbonate accretion processes, conservation and enjoyment of the ‘Mannute Caves’ Geoheritage Site (Salento, Southern Italy). Geoheritage, 6, 257-269.
• Díaz, A. R. (2010). Cave biology: life in darkness. Cambridge University Press.
• Dilek, R., Van, A., Boynukalın, S., Yalçınnalp, B. & Özer, E. (1992). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Karstlaşma sonucu oluşan mağaralara bir örnek. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, (s. 45-71), JMO.
• Dokuz, A. (2011). A slab detachment and delamination model for the generation of Carboniferous high-potassium I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: The Köse composite pluton. Gondwana Research, 19, 926-944.
• Dokuz, A., Aydin, F. & Karslı, O. (2019). Postcollisional transition from subduction- to intraplate-type magmatism in the eastern Sakarya zone, Turkey: Indicators of northern Neotethyan slab breakoff. GSA Bulletin, 131(9-10), 1623-1642. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31993.1
• Dowling, R. K. & Newsome D. (2005). Geotourism. Elsevier.
• Dowling, R. K. (2010). Geotourism’s global growth. Geoheritage, 3(1),3-13.
• Dowling, R. K. (2013). Global geotourism—an emerging form of sustainable tourism. Czech Journal of Tourism, 2, 59-79.
• Eker, C. S. & Korkmaz, S. (2011). Mineralogy and whole rock geochemistry of late Cretaceous sandstones from the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen, 188(3), 235.
• Ekşioğlu, A. G. ve Zeybek, H.İ. (2018). Karaca Mağarası’nın Gümüşhane İli Turizmi İçindeki Yeri ve Önemi. II. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Turizm Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, (s.13-121), Gümüşhane Üniversitesi.
• Erinç, S. (2001). Jeomorfoloji II (Güncelleştirilmiş 3. Basım). Der Yayınları.
• Errami, E., Brocx, M. & Semeniuk, V. (2009). From geoheritage to Geoparks. Case studies from Africa and beyond. Springer.
• Ersoy, H., Kırmacı, M. Z. ve Ersoy, A. F. (2006). Geology and formation of Yazkonağı Cave (Ünye-Ordu). Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, 30(1), 39-48.
• Ertekin, C., Ekinci. Y. L., Büyüksaraç, A. & Ekinci, R. (2021). Geoheritage in a mythical and volcanic terrain: an inventory and assessment study for geopark and geotourism, Nemrut Volcano (Bitlis, Eastern Turkey). Geoheritage, 13, Article 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00593-5
• Erüz, G. (2009). Gümüşhane Kurum Vadisi Maden Köyü Yerleşmeleri [Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Erüz, Ş. (2008). Gümüşhane Karaca Mağarası. Şükrü Erüz.
• Escorihuela, J. (2018). The role of the geotouristic guide in Earth science education: towards a more critical society of land management. Geoheritage, 10, 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0236-1
• Eyüboğlu, Y. (2015). Petrogenesis and U–Pb zircon chronology of felsic tuffs interbedded with turbidites (Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt, NE Turkey): Implications for Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean region and accumulation rates of turbidite sequences. Lithos, 212, 74-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.11.006
• Ford, D. & Williams, P. (2007). Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
• Ford, D., (2007). Jovan Cvijić and the founding of karst geomorphology. Environmental Geology, 51, 675–684.
• Gedikoğlu, A., Pelin, S. & Özsayar, T. (1979). The main lines of the geotectonic evolution of the eastern Pontides in Mesozoik era. Geocome, 1, 555-580.
• Gilli, É. (2015). Karstology: Karsts, Caves and Springs. Elements of Fundamental and Applied Karstology. CRC Press
• Ginés, A., Knez, M., Slabe, T. & Dreybrodt, W. (Eds.) (2009). Karst Rock Features: Karren Scuplturing. Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU
• Goldscheider, N., Chen, Z., Auler, A. S., Bakalowicz, M., Broda, S., Drew, D., Hartmann, J., Jiang, G., Moosdorf, N., Stevanovic, Z. & Veni, G. (2020). Global distribution of carbonate rocks and karst water resources. Hydrogeology Journal, 28, 1661-1677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02139-5
• Goldscheider, N. & Drew, D. (2007). Methods in karst hydrogeology. International Contributions Tohydrogeology, Taylor & Francis/Balkema.
• Gray, M. (2004). Geodiversity: valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
• Gül, A. ve Özkul, M. (2023). Çal Kanyonu ve Çevresinin (Denizli, GB Anadolu) Jeolojik-Jeomorfolojik Özellikleri ve Jeoturizm Potansiyeli. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 66(1) , 107-126. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.935447
• Gürer, A., Gürer., Ö. F. & Sangu, E. (2019). Compound geotourism and mine tourism potentiality of Soma region, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12, 734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4927-6
• Güven, İ. H. (1993). 1:25000-scale geological and metallogenical map of the Eastern Black Sea region. MTA (yayımlanmamış).
• Henriques, M. H., Pena dos Reis, R., Brilha, J. & Mota, T.S. (2011). Geoconservation as an emerging geoscience. Geoheritage, 3(2),117-128.
• Herrera-Franco, G., Carrión-Mero, P., Montalván-Burbano, N., Caicedo-Potosí, J. & Berrezueta, E. (2022). Geoheritage and geosites: A bibliometric analysis and literature review. Geosciences, 12(4), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040169
• Hippolyte, J.C., Müller, C., Sangu, E. & Kaymakci, N. (2015). Stratigraphic comparisons along the Pontides (Turkey) based on new nannoplankton age determinations in the Eastern Pontides: geodynamic implications. Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 428, 323-358.
• Hose, T. A. (1996). Geotourism, or can tourists become casual rock hounds? In M.R. Bennett (Ed.) Geology on your doorstep. The Geological Society of London
• Hose, T. A. (2005). Geotourism and interpretation. In R. K. Dowling, & D. Newsome (Eds.) Geotourism. Elsevier
• Hose, T. A. (2012). Geotourism and geoconservation. Geoheritage, 4(1-2), 1-5.
• Hussain, Y., Uagoda, R., Borges, W., Nunes, J., Hamza, O., Condori, C., Aslam, K., Dou, J. & Cardenas-Soto, M. (2020). The potential use of geophysical methods to identify cavities, sinkholes and pathways for water infiltration. Water, 12, 2289. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082289
• İlhan, A., Çelik, M. A., Gülersoy, A. İ. ve Gümüş, N. (2017). Cehennem Deresi Kanyonu’nun (Ardanuç, Artvin) Ekoturizm Potansiyeli Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Planlama Önerileri. Turkish Studies, 12(3), 309-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11451
• İnan, N., İnan, S. ve Kurt, İ. (1999). Conformable benthic K/T transition in the eastern Pontides: Şahinkaya member of the Tonya formation (SW Turkey). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 42(2), 63-67. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/145a30ff80745b5_ek.pdf
• İnan, N. & İnan, S. (2014). Stratigraphic Ranges of the Benthic Foraminifera and Microfacies of the Upper Maastrichtian-Paleocene Shallow marine carbonate successions in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Yerbilimleri, 35(1), 79-86.
• İnaner, H., Sümer, Ö. & Akbulut, M. (2019). New geosite candidates at the western termination of the Büyük Menderes Graben and their importance on science education. Geoheritage, 11, 1291-1305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00406-w
• Jones, W. K. & White, W. B. (2019). Karst. In Encyclopedia of Caves (pp. 609-618). Academic Press.
• Kandemir, R. (2004). Sedimentary Characteristics and Depositional Conditions of Lower-Middle Jurassic Şenköy Formation in and Around Gümüşhane [Unpuplished Ph.D. Thesis]. Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. (in Turkish)
• Kandemir, R. & Yılmaz, C. (2009). Lithostratigraphy, facies, and deposition environment of the lower Jurassic Ammonitico Rosso type sediments (ARTS) in the Gümüşhane area, NE Turkey: Implications for the opening of the northern branch of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 34, 586-598.
• Kandemir, R. ve Köroğlu, F. (2017). Jeoturizm: sürdürülebilir turizme Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nden örnekler. DOKAP Bölgesi Uluslararası Turizm Sempozyumu. Bildiri Özleri Kitabı, (s. 191-206). KTÜ.
• Kandemir, Ö., Akbayram, K., Çobankaya, M., Kanar, F., Pehlivan, S., Tok, T., Hakyemez, A., Ekmekçi, E., Danacı, F. & Temiz, U. 2019. From arc evolution to arc-continent collision: Late Cretaceous-middle Eocene geology of the Eastern Pontides, northeastern Turkey. GSA Bulletin, 131(11-12), 1889-1906.
• Karadeniz, E., Er, S., Boyraz, Z. & Coşkun, S. (2022). Evaluation of potential geotourism of Levent Valley and its surroundings using GIS route analysis. Geoheritage, 14, Article 77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00710-y
• Karslı, O., Chen, B., Aydin, F. & Şen, C. (2007). Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Eocene Dölek and Sariçiçek Plutons, Eastern Turkey: Implications for magma interaction in the genesis of high-K calc-alkaline granitoids in a post-collision extensional setting. Lithos, 98, 67-96.
• Karslı, O., Dokuz, A., Uysal, İ., Aydin, F., Kandemir, R. & Wijbrans, J. (2010). Generation of the Early Cenozoic adakitic volcanism by partial melting of mafic lower crust, Eastern Turkey: implications for crustal thickening to delamination. Lithos, 114(1-2), 109-120.
• Karslı, O., Ketenci, M., Uysal, I., Dokuz, A., Aydin, F., Chen, B. & Wijbrans, J. (2011). Adakite-like granitoid porphyries in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Potential parental melts and geodynamic implications. Lithos, 127, 354-372.
• Kazancı, N. (2010). Jeolojik Koruma; Kavram ve Terimler. Jeolojik Mirası Koruma Derneği.
• Kazancı, N., Şaroğlu, F. & Suludere, Y. (2015). Geological heritage and framework list of the geosites in Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 151, 259-268. (in Turkish)
• Kazancı, N. & Kuzucuoğlu, C. (2019). Threats and conservation of landscapes in Turkey. In C. Kuzucuoğlu, A. Çiner, N. Kazancı (Eds.), Landscapes and landforms of Turkey (p.: 603-632), World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer.
• Khakzad, S. (2018). Promoting coastal communities through cultural tourism: the case of fishing communities in Brunswick County, North Carolina. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(5), 455-471.
• Khalaf, E. E. D. A. H. (2022). Karst Heritage as a Tourist Attraction: a Case Study in the White Desert National Park, Western Desert, Egypt. Geoheritage,14, Article 94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00727-3
• Kırmacı, M. Z. (1992). Sedimentological Investigation of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Berdiga Limestone in the Alucra-Gümüşhane-Bayburt areas (Eastern Pontide Southern Zone) [Unpuplished Ph.D. Thesis]. Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences.
• Kırmacı, M. Z., Koch, R. & Bucur, J. I. (1996). An Early Cretaceous section in the Kircaova Area (Berdiga Limestone, NE-Turkey) and its correlation with platform carbonates in W-Slovenia. Facies, 34, 1–21.
• Kırmacı, M. Z. & Akdağ, K. (2005). Origin of dolomite in the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene limestone turbidites, eastern Pontides, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, 181, 39-57.
• Kırmacı, M. Z., Yıldız, M., Kandemir, R. & Eroğlu-Gümrük, T. (2018). Multistage dolomitization in Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous platform carbonates (Berdiga Formation), Başoba Yayla (Trabzon), NE Turkey: Implications of the generation of magmatic arc on dolomitization. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 89, 515-529.
• Koch, R., Bucur, I. I., Kirmaci, M. Z., Eren, M. & Tasli, K. (2008). Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous carbonate rocks of the Berdiga Limestone–Sedimentation on an onbound platform with volcanic and episodic siliciclastic influx. Biostratigraphy, facies and diagenesis (Kircaova, Kale-Gümüşhane area; NE-Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen, 247, 23-61.
• Koçan, N. (2012). Karaca Mağarası’nın (Gümüşhane) Alternatif Turizm Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3 (1), 37-44.
• Korkmaz, S. (1993). Tonya-Düzköy (GB-Trabzon) Stratigrafisi. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 36(1), 151-158. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/837a451cd0abc5c_ek.pdf
• Köroğlu, F. (2018). Stratigraphical, micropaleontological and sedimentological investigation of Şahinkaya Member in Çayırbağı-Çalköy (Düzköy/Trabzon) region [Unpuplished MSc. Thesis]. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences.
• Köroğlu, F. & Kandemir, R. (2019a). Vulnerable Geosites of Çayırbağı-Çalköy (Düzköy-Trabzon) in the Eastern Black Sea Region of NE Turkey and Their Geotourism Potential. Geoheritage, 11, 1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-019-00358-1
• Köroğlu, F. & Kandemir, R. (2019b). The bio-lithoclastic carbonate facies analysis: Şahinkaya Member Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) skeletal carbonate deposit, Sakarya Zone, NE Turkey. Carbonates and Evaporites, 34(4), 1737-1755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-019-00523-1
• Köroğlu, F. & Mülayim, O. (2023). Geoconservation Strategies of Türkiye. Geoheritage, 15, Article 97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-023-00862-5
• Kurt, İ., Özkan, M., Karslı, Ş., Çolak, T. ve Topçu, T. (2005). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin Jeodinamik ve Metalojenik evrimi (Keşap, Giresun-Çarşıbaşı, Trabzon-Torul, Gümüşhane arasının jeolojisi) (Rapor no: 10875). MTA (Yayımlanmamış).
• Kuzucuoğlu, C., Çiner, A. & Kazancı, N. (2019). Geomorphological regions of Turkey. In C. Kuzucuoğlu, A. Çiner & N. Kazancı (Eds.), Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey (p.: 41-178), World Series of Geomorphology. Springer.
• McCool, S. F. & Moisey, R. N. (Eds.). (2008). Tourism, recreation and sustainability: Linking culture and the environment. Cabi Digital Library.
• Merdan, K. ve Okuroğlu, S., 2016. Alternatif Turizm Çeşitlerinin Gümüşhane Turizmine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma/A Search on the Effect of the Alternative Kinds of Tourism on the Tourism of Gümüşhane. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(3), 961-984.
• Mestanza-Ramón, C., Pranzini, E., Anfuso, G., Botero, C. M., Chica-Ruiz, J. A. and Mooser, A. (2020). An Attempt to Characterize the “3S” (Sea, Sun, and Sand) Parameters: Application to the Galapagos Islands and Continental Ecuadorian Beaches. Sustainability, 12(8), 3468.
• Nazik, L. (2008). Mağaraların Araştırılma, Koruma ve Kullanım İlkeleri. MTA Yayını, Yerbilimleri ve Kültür Serisi, No.2, Ankara.
• Nazik, L. & Tuncer, K. (2010). Türkiye karst morfolojisinin bölgesel özellikleri. Türk Speleoloji Dergisi, Karst ve Mağara Araştırmaları, 1(1), 7-19.
• Nazik, L. & Poyraz, M. (2015). Role of neotectonics in karst morphology of Turkey, IV. Ulusal Jeomorfoloji Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı (s. 203-213).
• Nazik, L. & Poyraz, M. (2017). A region that characterise the general karst geomorphology of Turkey: Central Anatolia Plateau karst zone, Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 68, 43-56.
• Nazik, L. & Bayarı, S. (2018). Mağara zengini ülke: Türkiye. Mavi Gezegen, 24,7-19.
• Nazik, L., Poyraz, M. & Karabıyıkoğlu, M. (2019). Karstic landscapes and landforms in Turkey. In C. Kuzucuoğlu, A. Çiner, & N. Kazancı (Eds.), Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey (p.: 181-196), World Series of Geomorphology. Springer
• Newsome, D. & Dowling, R. K. (2018). Conclusions: thinking about the future. In R. Dowling & D. Newsome (Eds.), Handbook of geotourism. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Newsome, D. & Dowling, R. K. (2010). Geotourism: the tourism of geology and landscape. Goodfellow Publisher.
• Nikishin, A. M., Okay, A.I., Tüysüz, O., Demirer, A., Amelin, N. & Petrov, E. (2015a). The Black Sea basins structure and history: New model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 1: Basins structure and fill. Marine and petroleum Geology, 59, 638-655.
• Nikishin, A. M., Okay, A., Tüysüz, O., Demirer, A., Wannier, M., Amelin, N. & Petrov, E., (2015b). The Black Sea basins structure and history: new model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 2: tectonic history and paleogeography. Marine Petroluem Geology, 59, 656-670.
• Ofluoğlu, S. (1993). Çalköy-Alazlı (Düzköy-Trabzon) yöresinin karstlaşma yönünden incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Okay, A. I., Şengör, A. M. C. & Görür, N. (1994). Kinematic history of the opening of the Black Sea and its effect on the surrounding region. Geology, 22, 267-270.
• Okay, A. I. & Şahintürk, Ö. (1997). Geology of the Eastern Pontides, In: A. Robinson, ed., Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding regions. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 68, 291-311.
• Okay, A. I. & Tüysüz, O. (1999). Tethyan Sutures Northern Turkey. In The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension Within The Alpine Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 156, 475-515.
• Okay, A. I., Tansel, İ. & Tüysüz, O. (2001). Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 138, 117-142.
• Öter, Z. ve Hazarhun, E. (2023). Turizm Ürünleri ve Alternatif Turizm. Türkiye Turizm Zirvesi, Çalıştay Raporları, (s.101-119). Anadolu Üniveristesi Basımevi.
• Özer, S., Meriç, E., Görmüş, M. & Kanbur, S. (2009). Biogeographic distribution of rudists and benthic foraminifera: an approach to Campanian-Maastrichtian palaeobiogeography of Turkey. Geobios, 42, 623-638.
• Özer, S. & Mülayim, O. (2022). Geoconservation and geotourism potential of vulnerable rudist fossil geosites from SE Anatolia (Turkey). Geoheritage, 14, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-022-00650-7
• Özkar, İ. ve Kırcı, E. (1997). Planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy of the SW Trabzon area. İstanbul Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 10, 79-93.
• Özpay, G. A. (2020). Geotourism and proposed geopark projects in Turkey. In S.B. Nekouie (Ed.), The Geotourism Industry in the 21st Century: The Origin, Principles, and Futuristic Approach, 1st edn. Apple Academic Press.
• Özsayar, T., Pelin, S. ve Gedikoğlu, A. (1981). Doğu Pontidler’de Kretase. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Dergisi Jeoloji, 1/2, 65-114.
• Özsayar, T., Pelin, S., Gedikoğlu, A., Eren, A. ve Çapkınoğlu, Ş. (1982). Ardanuç (Artvin) yöresinin jeolojisi (The geology of the Ardanuç (Artvin) region). Karadeniz Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Dergisi Jeoloji, 2, 21-38.
• Öztürk, M. Z. (2018). Karstik kapalı depresyonların (dolinlerin) morfometrik analizleri. Coğrafya Dergisi, 36, 1-13.
• Özyurt, M., Kırmacı, M. Z. & Al-Aasm, I. S. (2019). Geochemical characteristics of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates in Hazine Mağara, Gümüşhane (northeast Turkey): Implications for dolomitization and recrystallization. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56, 306-320.
• Özyurt, M., Kirmaci, M. Z., Al-Aasm, I., Hollis, C., Tasli, K. & Kandemir, R. (2020). REE characteristics of Lower Cretaceous Limestone Succession in Gümüşhane, NE Turkey: Implications for Ocean Paleoredox Conditions and Diagenetic Alteration. Minerals, 10, 683.
• Panizza, M. (2001). Geomorphosites: concepts, methods, and examples of geomorphological survey. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46 (S1), 4–5.
• Pearce, D.G. (1994). Alternative tourism: concepts, classifications and questions. Tourism: New directions and alternative tourism. John Wiley
• Pelin, S. (1977). Alucra (Giresun) Güneydoğu Yöresinin Petrol Olanakları Bakımından İncelenmesi [Yayımlanmış Doçentlik Tezi]. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Yer Bilimleri Fakültesi
• Reynard, E. & Brilha, J. (2018). Geoheritage: a multidisciplinary and applied research topic. In E. Reynard, J.Brilha (Eds.), Geoheritage (pp. 3-9). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809531-7.00030-7
• Ruban, D. A. (2010). Quantification of geodiversity and its loss. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 121, 326-333
• Ruban, D. A. (2018). Karst as important resource for geopark-based tourism: Current state and biases. Resources, 7(4), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7040082
• Sarı, B., Kandemir, R., Özer, S., Walaszczyk, I., Görmüş, M., Demircan, H. & Yılmaz, C. (2014). Upper Campanian calciclastic turbidite sequences from the Hacımehmet area (eastern Pontides, NE Turkey): integrated biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis. Acta Geologica Polonica, 64(4), 393-418.
• Sena, Í. S., Azevedo Ruchkys, Ú. & Travassos, L. E. P. (2022). Geotourism Potential in Karst Geosystems: An example from the Lund Warming Ramsar Site, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Catena, 208, Article 105717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105717
• Sofracıoğlu, D. & Kandemir, R. (2013). The Upper Cretaceous calciclastic submarine fan deposits in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: facies architecture and controlling factors. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 588-610.
• Stevanovic, Z. (2019). Karst waters in potable water supply: a global scale overview. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78 (23), Article 662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8670-9
• Şahin, F. (2012). Eskişehir İlinin Kültür Turizmi Potansiyeli: Mevcut Durum ve Öneriler [Yayımlanmış Uzmanlık Tezi]. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Eskişehir Kültür Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu Müdürlüğü, Eskişehir.
• Şengör, A. M. C. & Yılmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
• Şengör, A. M. C., Altıner, D., Zabcı, C., Sunal, G., Lom, N., Aylan, E. & Öner, T. (2023). On the nature of the Cimmerian Continent. Earth-Science Reviews, Article 104520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104520
• Şeren, A., Babacan, A.E., Gelişli, K., Ögretmen, Z. & Kandemir, R. (2012). An investigation for potential extensions of the Karaca Cavern using geophysical methods. Carbonates and Evaporites, 27, 321-329.
• Taslı, K. (1990). Micropaléontologie, stratigraphie et environnement de dépôt des séries jurassiques à faciès de plate-forme de la région de Kale-Gümüshane (Pontides orientales, Turquie). Revue de Micropaléontologie, 36(1), 45-65.
• Taslı, K., Özer, E. & Yılmaz, C. (2000). Biostratigraphic and Environmental Analysis of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Sequence in the Başoba Yayla Area (Trabzon, NE Turkey). Turkish Journal Earth Sciences, 8, 125-135.
• Theodossiou-Drandaki, I., Nakov, R., Wimbledon, W. A. P., Serjani., A., et al. (2004). IUGS Geosites project progress-a first attempt at a common framework list for South Eastern European Countries. In M.A. Parkes (Ed.), Natural and Cultural Landscapes. The Geological Foundation, Royal Irish Academy.
• Tomić, N., Antić, A., Marković, S.B., Đorđević, T., Zorn, M. & Valjavec, M. B. (2019). Exploring the potential for speleotourism development in eastern Serbia. Geoheritage, 11, 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0288-x
• Törk, K., Çakır, K. ve Kahraman, İ. (2013). Çal Mağarası (Trabzon-Düzköy) Araştırma Raporu (Rapor No: 11675). MTA (Yayımlanmamış).
• Türk-Öz, E. & Özyurt. M. (2018). Palaeoenvironment reconstruction and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages of Campanian (Cretaceous) carbonate succession, Çayırbağ area (Trabzon, NE Turkey). Carbonates and Evaporites, 33, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-017-0413-y
• Uncu, L. & Karakoca, E. (2019). Evaluating the geomorphological features and geotourism potentials of Harmankaya Canyon (Bilecik, Turkey). Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 7(1), 1–15.
• Unur, K. ve Şeker, F. (2023). Yerel Toplumun Turizme Karşı Tutumu. Türkiye Turizm Zirvesi, Çalıştay Raporları, (s. 121-125). Anadolu Üniversitesi Basımevi.
• URL 1: https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tr
• URL 2: https://kulasalihligeopark.com
• URL 3: http://www.progeo.ngo
• URL 4: https://turizmsurasi.ktb.gov.tr/TR-169845/sura-hakkinda.html
• URL 5: https://turizmsurasi.ktb.gov.tr/TR-204576/turizmde-urun-cesitliligi-ve-surdurulebilirlik-komisyon-.html
• URL 6: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=karst&order=country
• URL 7: https://gumushane.ktb.gov.tr/TR-57888/karaca-magarasi.html
• URL 8: http://www.gumushane.gov.tr/karacamagara
• URL 9: https://trabzon.ktb.gov.tr/TR-57785/cal-magarasi.html
• URL 10: https://trabzon.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/59518,home-of-trabzon-turkcepdf.pdf?0
• URL 11: https://tdf.gov.tr/18159/sahin-kaya-tirmanis-bahcesi-rehberi-yayinlandi/
• Uzun, A. (1991). Karaca Mağarası (Torul-Gümüşhane). Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Coğrafya Bilim ve Uygulama Kolu, Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3,15-24.
• Uzun, A., Zeybek, H. I., Yılmaz, C. ve Bahadır, M., 2015. Aksu Çayı havzası Traverten Mağaraları, Giresun. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 31, 243-257.
• Van Beynen, P. E. (2011). Karst Management. Springer
• Van Hinsbergen, D. J., Torsvik, T. H., Schmid, S. M., Maţenco, L. C., Maffione, M., Vissers, R. L., Gürer, D. & Spakman, W. (2020). Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic. Gondwana Research, 81, 79-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.009
• Van, A. ve Boynukalın, S. (1999). Trabzon ili Düzköy İlçesi, Çal Mağarası Raporu. KTÜ Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü.
• Varnavina, A. V., Khamzin, A. K., Kidanu, S. T. & Anderson, N. L. 2019. Geophysical site assessment in karst terrain: A case study from southwestern Missouri. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 170, Article 103838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103838
• Veress, M. (2016). Covered Karsts. Springer.
• Veress, M., Telbisz, T., Tóth, G., Lóczy, D., Ruban, D. A., Gutak, J. M. (2018). Glaciokarsts. Springer.
• Vincent, S. J., Guo, L., Flecker, R., BouDagher-Fadel, M. K., Ellam, R. M. & Kandemir, R., (2018). Age constraints on intra-formational unconformities in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous carbonates in northeast Turkey; geodynamic and hydrocarbon implications. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 91, 639-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.011
• White, W. B. (2019). Speleothems. In Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press.
• Williams, P. W. (2008). The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology: a review. International Journal of Speleology, 37,1-10.
• Wimbledon, W. A. P. & Smith-Meyers, S. (2012). Geoheritage in Europe and its conservation. PeoGEO Special Publication.
• Yamaç, A., Gilli, E., Tok, E. & Törk, K. (2021a). Natural Sciences in the Caves of Turkey. In Caves and Karst of Turkey - Vol. 1. Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer.
• Yamaç, A., Gilli, E., Tok, E. & Törk, K. (2021b). 45 Interesting Caves of Turkey. In Caves and Karst of Turkey - Vol. 1. Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer.
• Yılmaz, C. (2002). Gümüşhane-Bayburt yöresindeki Mesozoyik havzalarının tektono-sedimantolojik kayıtları ve kontrol etkenleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 45(1), 141-164. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/cb811134b9d39fc_ek.pdf
• Yılmaz, C. & Kandemir, R. (2006). Sedimentary records of the extensional tectonic regime with temporal cessation: Gümüşhane Mesozoic Basin (NE Turkey). Geologica Carpathica, 57, 3.
• Yılmaz, C., Carannante, G., & Kandemir, R. (2008). The rift-related Late Cretaceous drowning of the Gümüşhane carbonate platform (NE Turkey). Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 127, 37-50.
• Yılmaz, E. (2013). Jeolojik Oluşumların Kültür Varlıkları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Turizme Kazandırılması: Pamukkale Örneği. [Yayımlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi], T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, I., Yazar, E.A. & Ruffet, G. (2017). Evolution of K-rich magmas derived from a net veined lithospheric mantle in an ongoing extensional setting: Geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks from Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Gondwana Research, 45, 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.12.016
• Zeybek, M., Murat, G., Kaçaroğlu, F., Karacan, E. & Özbek, A. (2023). Caves in clastic rocks (Muğla, SW Türkiye). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 172, 61-79. . https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1154017
• Zaman, M. (2000). Gümüşhane İli’nin Turizm Potansiyeli. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 6(4), 211-236.
• Zaman, M. (2010). Doğu Karadeniz Kıyı Dağları’nda Dağ ve Yayla Turizmi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 977, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayın No: 134, Araştırma Serisi No: 110.
• Zaman, M., Şahin, İ.F. ve Birinci, S. (2011). Çal Mağarası Düzköy Trabzon ve çevresinin ekoturizm potansiyeli açısından önemi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 26, 1-23.
• Zaman, M. (2012). Trabzon İlinin Turizm Coğrafyası (Potansiyel, Alternatifler, Planlama). Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları No:999, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayını No:137, Araştırma Serisi No:113.
• Zgłobicki, W. & Baran-Zgłobicka, B. (2013). Geomorphological heritage as a tourist attraction. A case study in Lubelskie Province SE Poland. Geoheritage, 5,137-149.