Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu

Mehmet Ali Gazi; Caner Çakı; Mehmet Ozan Gülada; Gül Çakı

doi:10.24146/tk.778685

EN TR

The Presentatıon Of Readıng Habıt In The Propaganda Posters Shaped By The Chınese Culture Revolutıon In The Chınese Republıc

Abstract

The Chinese Cultural Revolution (CCR), which took place between 1966-1976, engraved in the social and cultural life of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Publications believed to harm the Chinese Communist Revolution and Mao's leadership cult were destroyed. In the revolution where the Red Guards (红卫兵) were at the forefront, libraries and universities were attacked and the publications representing the "old society" were burned. Ancient and classical works were banned in the country and publications promoting the revolution were brought to the fore. In addition, the Chinese people were encouraged to read Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung (毛主席语录). During the revolution, posters were used as an effective propaganda tool and messages were given on the posters about what the Chinese people should read and not. It was aimed to reveal the direction of reading habit with CCR in PRC through propaganda posters in the study. 9 propaganda posters determined using the quota sample were analyzed using the semiotics method in terms of the concepts of French linguist Roland Barthes. It was stated that the Chinese people experienced a cultural struggle and this struggle could be overcome by reading publications that praise Mao and the revolution. In this way, it was revealed that it was aimed to form individuals loyal to Mao and the revolution.

Keywords

Chinese cultural revolution , reading habit , chin , propaganda , mao

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu

Öz

1966-1976 yılları arasında gerçekleşen Çin Kültür Devrimi (ÇKD), Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin (ÇHC) toplumsal ve kültürel yaşamında derin izler bırakmaktadır. Çin Komünist Devrimi'ne ve Mao'nun liderlik kültüne zarar vereceğine inanılan eserler tahrip edilmektedir. Kızıl Muhafızlar'ın (红卫兵) ön planda olduğu devrimde, kütüphaneler ve üniversiteler basılmakta, "eski toplumu" temsil eden yayınlar yakılmaktadır. Ülkede eski ve klasik eserler yasaklanmakta, onların yerine devrimi yücelten yayınları ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Ayrıca Çin halkının, Başkan Mao'nun Sözleri (毛主席语录) adlı kitabı okuması teşvik edilmektedir. Devrim sırasında posterler etkili birer propaganda aracı olarak kullanılmakta ve posterler üzerinden Çin halkının neyi okuyup neyi okumaması konusunda mesajlar verilmektedir. Çalışmada propaganda posterleri üzerinden ÇHC'de ÇKD ile birlikte okuma alışkanlığının ne yönde şekillendiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada kota örneklemi kullanılarak belirlenen 9 propaganda posteri, Fransız dilbilimci Roland Barthes'ın kavramları özelinde göstergebilim yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Posterlerde Çin halkının kültürel yönden bir mücadele yaşadığı anlatılmakta, bu mücadeleden de Mao ve devrimi öven yayınları okumasıyla üstün gelebileceği belirtilmektedir Bu şekilde Mao ve devrime bağlı bireylerin oluşmasının amaçlandığı ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin kültür devrimi , okuma alışkanlığı , çin, , propaganda , mao

Kaynakça

Ahn, B. J. (1976). Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution: Dynamics of Policy Processes. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press.
Andreas, J. (2002). Battling over Political and Cultural Power during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Theory and Society, 31(4), 463-519.
Andreas, J. (2007). The Structure of Charismatic Mobilization: A Case Study of Rebellion During the Chinese Cultural Revolution. American Sociological Review, 72(3), 434-458. doi: 10.1177/000312240707200306
Barnouin, B., & Yu, C. (1993). Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
Barthes, R. (2015). Bir Deneme Bir Ders: Eiffel Kulesi ve Açılış Dersi. (Çev., Mehmet Rifat, Sema Rifat). 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
Barthes, R. (2017). Görüntünün Retoriği, Sanat ve Müzik. Çev., Ayşenaz Koş. Ömer Albayrak. 2. Baskı. İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
Benewick, R., Chen, X., Clunas, C., & Gittings, J. (1999). Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China: Posters of the Cultural Revolution. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
Berry, C. (2004). Postsocialist cinema in post-Mao China: the cultural revolution after the Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
Brown, K. (2007). The cultural revolution in Inner Mongolia 1967–1969: the purge of the “Heirs of Genghis Khan”. Asian Affairs, 38(2), 173-187. doi: 10.1080/03068370701349128
Bryant, L. O. (2005). Music, Memory, and Nostalgia: Collective Memories of Cultural Revolution Songs in Contemporary China. China Review, 151-175.

Chang, P. H. (1974). The cultural revolution and Chinese higher education: Change and controversy. The Journal of General Education, 26(3), 187-194.
Clark, P. (2008). The Chinese Cultural Revolution: a History. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Croizier, R. C. (2010). Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76. China: Hong Kong University Press.
Cushing, L., & Tompkins, A. (2007). Chinese Posters: Art from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The United States: Chronicle Books.
Deng, Z., & Treiman, D. J. (1997). The Impact of the Cultural Revolution on Trends in Educational Attainment in the People's Republic of China. American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 391-428.
Dirlik, A. (1991). Anarchism in the Chinese revolution. The United States: Univ of California Press.
Dittmer, L. (1982). Liu Shao-Chi and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism (No. 10). The United States: Univ of California Press.
Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
Gao, M. C. (1994). Maoist Discourse and a Critique of the Present Assessments of the Cultural Revolution. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 26(3), 13-32. Doi: 10.1080/14672715.1994.10416158
Gao, C. (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: Pluto Press.
Gold, T. B. (1985). After Comradeship: Personal Relations in China since the Cultural Revolution. The China Quarterly, 104, 657-675.
Giles, J., Park, A., & Wang, M. (2019). The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Disruptions to Education, and the Returns to Schooling in Urban China. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 68(1), 131-164.
Gittings, J. (1966). The Chinese Army's Role in the Cultural Revolution. Pacific Affairs, 269-289. Doi: 10.2307/2754273
Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
Guoqiang, D., & Walder, A. G. (2011). Local Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution: Nanjing under Military Control. The Journal of Asian Studies, 70(2), 425-447. doi:10.1017/S0021911811000039
Han, D. (2008). The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village. New York: NYU Press.
Heberer, T. (2009). The “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”: China's modern trauma. Journal of Modern Chinese History, 3(2), 165-181. doi: 10.1080/17535650903345379
Huang, P. C. (1995). Rural Class Struggle in the Chinese Revolution: Representational and Objective Realities from the Land Reform to the Cultural Revolution. Modern China, 21(1), 105-143. Doi:10.1177/009770049502100105
Huang, Y. (2007). Contemporary Chinese Literature: From the Cultural Revolution to the Future. Germany: Springer.
IISH (2020). "Çin Kültür Devrimi'ne Ait Posterler", Erişim Adresi: https:// search. socialhistory .org/ Search /Results? &format% 3A%22 Visual+ documents %22 &lookfor =China+ poster+ Mao +Tse -Tung, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2020.
Jian, G., Song, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
Jin, B., Li, L., & Rousseau, R. (2004). Long‐term influences of interventions in the normal development of science: China and the Cultural Revolution. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(6), 544-550. Doi: 10.1002/asi.20010
Jin, Y., Manning, K. E., & Chu, L. (2006). Rethinking the ‘Iron Girls’: Gender and Labour during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Gender & History, 18(3), 613-634.
Joffe, E. (1973). The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution: the Effects of Intervention. The China Quarterly, 55, 450-477. Doi: 10.1017/S0305741000009127
Kalkan Kocabay, H. (2008). Tiyatroda Göstergebilim. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
Lee, H. Y. (1978). The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case Study (Vol. 17). The United States: Univ of California Press.
Lester, D. (2005). Suicide and the Chinese cultural revolution. Archives of Suicide Research, 9(1), 99-104. Doi: 10.1080/13811110590512994
Leung, C. B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Influences of the Cultural Revolution on Chinese Literacy Instruction. Ed. Cynthia B. Leung, Jiening Ruan. In Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China (pp. 49-60). Dordrecht: Springer.
Li, M. (2011). Ideological dilemma: Mao's China and the Sino-Soviet split, 1962–63. Cold War History, 11(3), 387-419. Doi: 10.1080/14682745.2010.498822
Lin, Q. (2013). Lost in transformation? The employment trajectories of China’s cultural revolution cohort. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 646(1), 172-193. Doi: 10.1177/0002716212468689
Lu, X. (2004). Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication. The United States: Univ of South Carolina Press.
MacFarquhar, R. (1974). The Origins of the Cultural Revolution (Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press.
Marku, Y. (2020). Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961. The International History Review, 42(4), 813-832. Doi: 10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825
McGrath, J. (2010). Cultural Revolution Model Opera Films and the Realist Tradition in Chinese Cinema. The Opera Quarterly, 26(2-3), 343-376. Doi: 10.1093/oq/kbq016
Meng, X., & Gregory, R. G. (2002). The Impact of Interrupted Education on Subsequent Educational Attainment: A Cost of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(4), 935-959.
Perry, E. (2018). Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
Powell, P., & Wong, J. (1997). Propaganda Posters from the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The Historian, 59(4), 777-793. Doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01375.x
Roberts, R. (2004). Positive Women Characters in the Revolutionary Model Works of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: an Argument against the Theory of erasure of Gender and Sexuality. Asian Studies Review, 28(4), 407-422. Doi: 10.1080/10357820500032487
Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Shen, Z., & Xia, Y. (2011). The great leap forward, the people's commune and the Sino-Soviet split. Journal of contemporary China, 20(72), 861-880. Doi: 10.1080/10670564.2011.604505
Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Sobhe, K. (1982). Education in Revolution: Is Iran Duplicating the Chinese Cultural Revolution?. Comparative Education, 18(3), 271-280. Doi: 10.1080/0305006820180304
Song, L. (2009). The Effect of the Cultural Revolution on Educational Homogamy in Urban China. Social Forces, 88(1), 257-270. Doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0246
Swetz, F. J. (1973). Chinese Education and the Great Cultural Revolution: A Search for Relevance. Contemporary Education, 44(3), 155-160 . Ting, L. H. H. (1981). Chinese Libraries during and after the Cultural Revolution. The Journal of Library History (1974-1987), 16(2), 417-434.
Xie, Y., Jiang, Y., & Greenman, E. (2008). Did send-down experience benefit youth? A reevaluation of the social consequences of forced urban–rural migration during China’s Cultural Revolution. Social science research, 37(2), 686-700. Doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.08.002
Xing-Hua, L. (2005). Political Representation within the Libidinal Economy of a Pictorial Space: A political-Semiotic Reading of Three Propaganda Posters of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Semiotica, 2005(157), 213-232. Doi: 10.1515/semi.2005.2005.157.1-4.213
Xiuyuan, L. (1994). A step toward understanding popular violence in China's Cultural Revolution. Pacific affairs, 67(4), 533-563. Doi: 10.2307/2759573
Xu, X. (2011). "Chairman Mao's Child": Sparkling Red Star and the Construction of Children in the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Children's Literature Association Quarterly, 36(4), 381-409. Doi:10.1353/chg.2011.0046
Yang, G. M., & Suchan, T. (2009). The Cultural Revolution and Contemporary Chinese Art. Art Education, 62(6), 25-32. Doi: 10.1080/00043125.2009.11519042
Walder, A. G. (1994). Collective Behavior Revisited: Ideology and Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Rationality and Society, 6(3), 400-421. Doi: 10.1177/1043463194006003007
Wang, Y. X., Xu, L., & Jonas, J. B. (2013). The effect of the Chinese cultural revolution and great leap forward on the prevalence of myopia. European journal of epidemiology, 28(12), 1001-1004. Doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9858-z
Zang, X. (2000). Children of the Cultural Revolution: Family Life and Political Behavior in Mao's China. The United States: Westview Press.
Zhang, T., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Confucius and the Cultural Revolution: a Study in Collective Memory. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 11(2), 189-212.
Zhang, J., Liu, P. W., & Yung, L. (2007). The Cultural Revolution and returns to schooling in China: Estimates based on twins. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2), 631-639. Doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.12.006
Zhouxiang, L. (2016). Sport and politics: The Cultural Revolution in the Chinese sports ministry, 1966–1976. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33(5), 569-585. Doi: 10.1080/09523367.2016.1188082

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Kütüphane ve Bilgi Çalışmaları

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Mehmet Ali Gazi ^*
0000-0002-1523-4649
Türkiye

Caner Çakı
0000-0002-1523-4649
Türkiye

Mehmet Ozan Gülada
0000-0001-8233-2321
Türkiye

Gül Çakı
0000-0001-5501-0191
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Eylül 2020

Gönderilme Tarihi

10 Ağustos 2020

Kabul Tarihi

17 Eylül 2020

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2020 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.778685

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA78DK44KX

APA

Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., Gülada, M. O., & Çakı, G. (2020). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(3), 406-431. https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.778685

Cited By

WEIMAR CUMHURİYETİ SEÇİM KAMPANYALARINDA PAUL VON HINDENBURG’UN LİDERLİK İMAJI

Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.1021371

1980 Nikaragua Okuryazarlık Kampanyası’ndaki Propaganda Posterlerinin Kitap Okuma Boyutunda İncelenmesi

Turk Kutuphaneciligi - Turkish Librarianship

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.873618

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Amerikan Kütüphane Derneği’nin ABD Ordusuna Yönelik Hazırladığı Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme

Turk Kutuphaneciligi - Turkish Librarianship

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.910245

Bu dergi içeriği CC BY 4.0 cc.svg?ref=chooser-v1 by.svg?ref=chooser-v1 ile lisanslanmaktadır.

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu

The Presentatıon Of Readıng Habıt In The Propaganda Posters Shaped By The Chınese Culture Revolutıon In The Chınese Republıc

Abstract

Keywords

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

Cited By

WEIMAR CUMHURİYETİ SEÇİM KAMPANYALARINDA PAUL VON HINDENBURG’UN LİDERLİK İMAJI

1980 Nikaragua Okuryazarlık Kampanyası’ndaki Propaganda Posterlerinin Kitap Okuma Boyutunda İncelenmesi

Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Amerikan Kütüphane Derneği’nin ABD Ordusuna Yönelik Hazırladığı Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne Karşı Kitapların Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanımı

Yu Hua’nın Yaşamak romanında 20.yy. Çin’in kırsal bölgesinde yaşam mücadelesi

İdeolojik Bir Aile Kurgusu: Çin'de Tek Çocuk Politikası Posterlerinin Göstergebilimsel Analizi