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The Presentatıon Of Readıng Habıt In The Propaganda Posters Shaped By The Chınese Culture Revolutıon In The Chınese Republıc

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 406 - 431, 03.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.778685

Öz

The Chinese Cultural Revolution (CCR), which took place between 1966-1976, engraved in the social and cultural life of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Publications believed to harm the Chinese Communist Revolution and Mao's leadership cult were destroyed. In the revolution where the Red Guards (红卫兵) were at the forefront, libraries and universities were attacked and the publications representing the "old society" were burned. Ancient and classical works were banned in the country and publications promoting the revolution were brought to the fore. In addition, the Chinese people were encouraged to read Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung (毛主席 语录). During the revolution, posters were used as an effective propaganda tool and messages were given on the posters about what the Chinese people should read and not. It was aimed to reveal the direction of reading habit with CCR in PRC through propaganda posters in the study. 9 propaganda posters determined using the quota sample were analyzed using the semiotics method in terms of the concepts of French linguist Roland Barthes. It was stated that the Chinese people experienced a cultural struggle and this struggle could be overcome by reading publications that praise Mao and the revolution. In this way, it was revealed that it was aimed to form individuals loyal to Mao and the revolution.

Kaynakça

  • Ahn, B. J. (1976). Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution: Dynamics of Policy Processes. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press.
  • Andreas, J. (2002). Battling over Political and Cultural Power during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Theory and Society, 31(4), 463-519.
  • Andreas, J. (2007). The Structure of Charismatic Mobilization: A Case Study of Rebellion During the Chinese Cultural Revolution. American Sociological Review, 72(3), 434-458. doi: 10.1177/000312240707200306
  • Barnouin, B., & Yu, C. (1993). Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Barthes, R. (2015). Bir Deneme Bir Ders: Eiffel Kulesi ve Açılış Dersi. (Çev., Mehmet Rifat, Sema Rifat). 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Barthes, R. (2017). Görüntünün Retoriği, Sanat ve Müzik. Çev., Ayşenaz Koş. Ömer Albayrak. 2. Baskı. İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Benewick, R., Chen, X., Clunas, C., & Gittings, J. (1999). Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China: Posters of the Cultural Revolution. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Berry, C. (2004). Postsocialist cinema in post-Mao China: the cultural revolution after the Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Brown, K. (2007). The cultural revolution in Inner Mongolia 1967–1969: the purge of the “Heirs of Genghis Khan”. Asian Affairs, 38(2), 173-187. doi: 10.1080/03068370701349128
  • Bryant, L. O. (2005). Music, Memory, and Nostalgia: Collective Memories of Cultural Revolution Songs in Contemporary China. China Review, 151-175.
  • Chang, P. H. (1974). The cultural revolution and Chinese higher education: Change and controversy. The Journal of General Education, 26(3), 187-194.
  • Clark, P. (2008). The Chinese Cultural Revolution: a History. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Croizier, R. C. (2010). Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76. China: Hong Kong University Press.
  • Cushing, L., & Tompkins, A. (2007). Chinese Posters: Art from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The United States: Chronicle Books.
  • Deng, Z., & Treiman, D. J. (1997). The Impact of the Cultural Revolution on Trends in Educational Attainment in the People's Republic of China. American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 391-428.
  • Dirlik, A. (1991). Anarchism in the Chinese revolution. The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Dittmer, L. (1982). Liu Shao-Chi and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism (No. 10). The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Gao, M. C. (1994). Maoist Discourse and a Critique of the Present Assessments of the Cultural Revolution. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 26(3), 13-32. Doi: 10.1080/14672715.1994.10416158
  • Gao, C. (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: Pluto Press.
  • Gold, T. B. (1985). After Comradeship: Personal Relations in China since the Cultural Revolution. The China Quarterly, 104, 657-675.
  • Giles, J., Park, A., & Wang, M. (2019). The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Disruptions to Education, and the Returns to Schooling in Urban China. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 68(1), 131-164.
  • Gittings, J. (1966). The Chinese Army's Role in the Cultural Revolution. Pacific Affairs, 269-289. Doi: 10.2307/2754273
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Guoqiang, D., & Walder, A. G. (2011). Local Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution: Nanjing under Military Control. The Journal of Asian Studies, 70(2), 425-447. doi:10.1017/S0021911811000039
  • Han, D. (2008). The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village. New York: NYU Press.
  • Heberer, T. (2009). The “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”: China's modern trauma. Journal of Modern Chinese History, 3(2), 165-181. doi: 10.1080/17535650903345379
  • Huang, P. C. (1995). Rural Class Struggle in the Chinese Revolution: Representational and Objective Realities from the Land Reform to the Cultural Revolution. Modern China, 21(1), 105-143. Doi:10.1177/009770049502100105
  • Huang, Y. (2007). Contemporary Chinese Literature: From the Cultural Revolution to the Future. Germany: Springer.
  • IISH (2020). "Çin Kültür Devrimi'ne Ait Posterler", Erişim Adresi: https:// search. socialhistory .org/ Search /Results? &format% 3A%22 Visual+ documents %22 &lookfor =China+ poster+ Mao +Tse -Tung, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2020.
  • Jian, G., Song, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Jin, B., Li, L., & Rousseau, R. (2004). Long‐term influences of interventions in the normal development of science: China and the Cultural Revolution. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(6), 544-550. Doi: 10.1002/asi.20010
  • Jin, Y., Manning, K. E., & Chu, L. (2006). Rethinking the ‘Iron Girls’: Gender and Labour during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Gender & History, 18(3), 613-634.
  • Joffe, E. (1973). The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution: the Effects of Intervention. The China Quarterly, 55, 450-477. Doi: 10.1017/S0305741000009127
  • Kalkan Kocabay, H. (2008). Tiyatroda Göstergebilim. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Lee, H. Y. (1978). The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case Study (Vol. 17). The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Lester, D. (2005). Suicide and the Chinese cultural revolution. Archives of Suicide Research, 9(1), 99-104. Doi: 10.1080/13811110590512994
  • Leung, C. B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Influences of the Cultural Revolution on Chinese Literacy Instruction. Ed. Cynthia B. Leung, Jiening Ruan. In Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China (pp. 49-60). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Li, M. (2011). Ideological dilemma: Mao's China and the Sino-Soviet split, 1962–63. Cold War History, 11(3), 387-419. Doi: 10.1080/14682745.2010.498822
  • Lin, Q. (2013). Lost in transformation? The employment trajectories of China’s cultural revolution cohort. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 646(1), 172-193. Doi: 10.1177/0002716212468689
  • Lu, X. (2004). Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication. The United States: Univ of South Carolina Press.
  • MacFarquhar, R. (1974). The Origins of the Cultural Revolution (Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Marku, Y. (2020). Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961. The International History Review, 42(4), 813-832. Doi: 10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825
  • McGrath, J. (2010). Cultural Revolution Model Opera Films and the Realist Tradition in Chinese Cinema. The Opera Quarterly, 26(2-3), 343-376. Doi: 10.1093/oq/kbq016
  • Meng, X., & Gregory, R. G. (2002). The Impact of Interrupted Education on Subsequent Educational Attainment: A Cost of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(4), 935-959.
  • Perry, E. (2018). Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Powell, P., & Wong, J. (1997). Propaganda Posters from the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The Historian, 59(4), 777-793. Doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01375.x
  • Roberts, R. (2004). Positive Women Characters in the Revolutionary Model Works of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: an Argument against the Theory of erasure of Gender and Sexuality. Asian Studies Review, 28(4), 407-422. Doi: 10.1080/10357820500032487
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Shen, Z., & Xia, Y. (2011). The great leap forward, the people's commune and the Sino-Soviet split. Journal of contemporary China, 20(72), 861-880. Doi: 10.1080/10670564.2011.604505
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Sobhe, K. (1982). Education in Revolution: Is Iran Duplicating the Chinese Cultural Revolution?. Comparative Education, 18(3), 271-280. Doi: 10.1080/0305006820180304
  • Song, L. (2009). The Effect of the Cultural Revolution on Educational Homogamy in Urban China. Social Forces, 88(1), 257-270. Doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0246
  • Swetz, F. J. (1973). Chinese Education and the Great Cultural Revolution: A Search for Relevance. Contemporary Education, 44(3), 155-160 . Ting, L. H. H. (1981). Chinese Libraries during and after the Cultural Revolution. The Journal of Library History (1974-1987), 16(2), 417-434.
  • Xie, Y., Jiang, Y., & Greenman, E. (2008). Did send-down experience benefit youth? A reevaluation of the social consequences of forced urban–rural migration during China’s Cultural Revolution. Social science research, 37(2), 686-700. Doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.08.002
  • Xing-Hua, L. (2005). Political Representation within the Libidinal Economy of a Pictorial Space: A political-Semiotic Reading of Three Propaganda Posters of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Semiotica, 2005(157), 213-232. Doi: 10.1515/semi.2005.2005.157.1-4.213
  • Xiuyuan, L. (1994). A step toward understanding popular violence in China's Cultural Revolution. Pacific affairs, 67(4), 533-563. Doi: 10.2307/2759573
  • Xu, X. (2011). "Chairman Mao's Child": Sparkling Red Star and the Construction of Children in the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Children's Literature Association Quarterly, 36(4), 381-409. Doi:10.1353/chg.2011.0046
  • Yang, G. M., & Suchan, T. (2009). The Cultural Revolution and Contemporary Chinese Art. Art Education, 62(6), 25-32. Doi: 10.1080/00043125.2009.11519042
  • Walder, A. G. (1994). Collective Behavior Revisited: Ideology and Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Rationality and Society, 6(3), 400-421. Doi: 10.1177/1043463194006003007
  • Wang, Y. X., Xu, L., & Jonas, J. B. (2013). The effect of the Chinese cultural revolution and great leap forward on the prevalence of myopia. European journal of epidemiology, 28(12), 1001-1004. Doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9858-z
  • Zang, X. (2000). Children of the Cultural Revolution: Family Life and Political Behavior in Mao's China. The United States: Westview Press.
  • Zhang, T., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Confucius and the Cultural Revolution: a Study in Collective Memory. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 11(2), 189-212.
  • Zhang, J., Liu, P. W., & Yung, L. (2007). The Cultural Revolution and returns to schooling in China: Estimates based on twins. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2), 631-639. Doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.12.006
  • Zhouxiang, L. (2016). Sport and politics: The Cultural Revolution in the Chinese sports ministry, 1966–1976. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33(5), 569-585. Doi: 10.1080/09523367.2016.1188082

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3, 406 - 431, 03.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.778685

Öz

1966-1976 yılları arasında gerçekleşen Çin Kültür Devrimi (ÇKD), Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin (ÇHC) toplumsal ve kültürel yaşamında derin izler bırakmaktadır. Çin Komünist Devrimi'ne ve Mao'nun liderlik kültüne zarar vereceğine inanılan eserler tahrip edilmektedir. Kızıl Muhafızlar'ın (红卫兵) ön planda olduğu devrimde, kütüphaneler ve üniversiteler basılmakta, "eski toplumu" temsil eden yayınlar yakılmaktadır. Ülkede eski ve klasik eserler yasaklanmakta, onların yerine devrimi yücelten yayınları ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Ayrıca Çin halkının, Başkan Mao'nun Sözleri (毛主席语录) adlı kitabı okuması teşvik edilmektedir. Devrim sırasında posterler etkili birer propaganda aracı olarak kullanılmakta ve posterler üzerinden Çin halkının neyi okuyup neyi okumaması konusunda mesajlar verilmektedir. Çalışmada propaganda posterleri üzerinden ÇHC'de ÇKD ile birlikte okuma alışkanlığının ne yönde şekillendiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada kota örneklemi kullanılarak belirlenen 9 propaganda posteri, Fransız dilbilimci Roland Barthes'ın kavramları özelinde göstergebilim yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Posterlerde Çin halkının kültürel yönden bir mücadele yaşadığı anlatılmakta, bu mücadeleden de Mao ve devrimi öven yayınları okumasıyla üstün gelebileceği belirtilmektedir Bu şekilde Mao ve devrime bağlı bireylerin oluşmasının amaçlandığı ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahn, B. J. (1976). Chinese Politics and the Cultural Revolution: Dynamics of Policy Processes. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press.
  • Andreas, J. (2002). Battling over Political and Cultural Power during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Theory and Society, 31(4), 463-519.
  • Andreas, J. (2007). The Structure of Charismatic Mobilization: A Case Study of Rebellion During the Chinese Cultural Revolution. American Sociological Review, 72(3), 434-458. doi: 10.1177/000312240707200306
  • Barnouin, B., & Yu, C. (1993). Ten Years of Turbulence: The Chinese Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Barthes, R. (2015). Bir Deneme Bir Ders: Eiffel Kulesi ve Açılış Dersi. (Çev., Mehmet Rifat, Sema Rifat). 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Barthes, R. (2017). Görüntünün Retoriği, Sanat ve Müzik. Çev., Ayşenaz Koş. Ömer Albayrak. 2. Baskı. İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Benewick, R., Chen, X., Clunas, C., & Gittings, J. (1999). Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China: Posters of the Cultural Revolution. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Berry, C. (2004). Postsocialist cinema in post-Mao China: the cultural revolution after the Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Brown, K. (2007). The cultural revolution in Inner Mongolia 1967–1969: the purge of the “Heirs of Genghis Khan”. Asian Affairs, 38(2), 173-187. doi: 10.1080/03068370701349128
  • Bryant, L. O. (2005). Music, Memory, and Nostalgia: Collective Memories of Cultural Revolution Songs in Contemporary China. China Review, 151-175.
  • Chang, P. H. (1974). The cultural revolution and Chinese higher education: Change and controversy. The Journal of General Education, 26(3), 187-194.
  • Clark, P. (2008). The Chinese Cultural Revolution: a History. The United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Croizier, R. C. (2010). Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76. China: Hong Kong University Press.
  • Cushing, L., & Tompkins, A. (2007). Chinese Posters: Art from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The United States: Chronicle Books.
  • Deng, Z., & Treiman, D. J. (1997). The Impact of the Cultural Revolution on Trends in Educational Attainment in the People's Republic of China. American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 391-428.
  • Dirlik, A. (1991). Anarchism in the Chinese revolution. The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Dittmer, L. (1982). Liu Shao-Chi and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism (No. 10). The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Gao, M. C. (1994). Maoist Discourse and a Critique of the Present Assessments of the Cultural Revolution. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 26(3), 13-32. Doi: 10.1080/14672715.1994.10416158
  • Gao, C. (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: Pluto Press.
  • Gold, T. B. (1985). After Comradeship: Personal Relations in China since the Cultural Revolution. The China Quarterly, 104, 657-675.
  • Giles, J., Park, A., & Wang, M. (2019). The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Disruptions to Education, and the Returns to Schooling in Urban China. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 68(1), 131-164.
  • Gittings, J. (1966). The Chinese Army's Role in the Cultural Revolution. Pacific Affairs, 269-289. Doi: 10.2307/2754273
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Guoqiang, D., & Walder, A. G. (2011). Local Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution: Nanjing under Military Control. The Journal of Asian Studies, 70(2), 425-447. doi:10.1017/S0021911811000039
  • Han, D. (2008). The Unknown Cultural Revolution: Life and Change in a Chinese Village. New York: NYU Press.
  • Heberer, T. (2009). The “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”: China's modern trauma. Journal of Modern Chinese History, 3(2), 165-181. doi: 10.1080/17535650903345379
  • Huang, P. C. (1995). Rural Class Struggle in the Chinese Revolution: Representational and Objective Realities from the Land Reform to the Cultural Revolution. Modern China, 21(1), 105-143. Doi:10.1177/009770049502100105
  • Huang, Y. (2007). Contemporary Chinese Literature: From the Cultural Revolution to the Future. Germany: Springer.
  • IISH (2020). "Çin Kültür Devrimi'ne Ait Posterler", Erişim Adresi: https:// search. socialhistory .org/ Search /Results? &format% 3A%22 Visual+ documents %22 &lookfor =China+ poster+ Mao +Tse -Tung, Erişim Tarihi: 05.08.2020.
  • Jian, G., Song, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Jin, B., Li, L., & Rousseau, R. (2004). Long‐term influences of interventions in the normal development of science: China and the Cultural Revolution. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 55(6), 544-550. Doi: 10.1002/asi.20010
  • Jin, Y., Manning, K. E., & Chu, L. (2006). Rethinking the ‘Iron Girls’: Gender and Labour during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Gender & History, 18(3), 613-634.
  • Joffe, E. (1973). The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution: the Effects of Intervention. The China Quarterly, 55, 450-477. Doi: 10.1017/S0305741000009127
  • Kalkan Kocabay, H. (2008). Tiyatroda Göstergebilim. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Lee, H. Y. (1978). The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Case Study (Vol. 17). The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Lester, D. (2005). Suicide and the Chinese cultural revolution. Archives of Suicide Research, 9(1), 99-104. Doi: 10.1080/13811110590512994
  • Leung, C. B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Influences of the Cultural Revolution on Chinese Literacy Instruction. Ed. Cynthia B. Leung, Jiening Ruan. In Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China (pp. 49-60). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Li, M. (2011). Ideological dilemma: Mao's China and the Sino-Soviet split, 1962–63. Cold War History, 11(3), 387-419. Doi: 10.1080/14682745.2010.498822
  • Lin, Q. (2013). Lost in transformation? The employment trajectories of China’s cultural revolution cohort. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 646(1), 172-193. Doi: 10.1177/0002716212468689
  • Lu, X. (2004). Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication. The United States: Univ of South Carolina Press.
  • MacFarquhar, R. (1974). The Origins of the Cultural Revolution (Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Marku, Y. (2020). Communist Relations in Crisis: The End of Soviet-Albanian Relations, and the Sino-Soviet Split, 1960–1961. The International History Review, 42(4), 813-832. Doi: 10.1080/07075332.2019.1620825
  • McGrath, J. (2010). Cultural Revolution Model Opera Films and the Realist Tradition in Chinese Cinema. The Opera Quarterly, 26(2-3), 343-376. Doi: 10.1093/oq/kbq016
  • Meng, X., & Gregory, R. G. (2002). The Impact of Interrupted Education on Subsequent Educational Attainment: A Cost of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(4), 935-959.
  • Perry, E. (2018). Proletarian Power: Shanghai in the Cultural Revolution. The United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Powell, P., & Wong, J. (1997). Propaganda Posters from the Chinese Cultural Revolution. The Historian, 59(4), 777-793. Doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6563.1997.tb01375.x
  • Roberts, R. (2004). Positive Women Characters in the Revolutionary Model Works of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: an Argument against the Theory of erasure of Gender and Sexuality. Asian Studies Review, 28(4), 407-422. Doi: 10.1080/10357820500032487
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Shen, Z., & Xia, Y. (2011). The great leap forward, the people's commune and the Sino-Soviet split. Journal of contemporary China, 20(72), 861-880. Doi: 10.1080/10670564.2011.604505
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Sobhe, K. (1982). Education in Revolution: Is Iran Duplicating the Chinese Cultural Revolution?. Comparative Education, 18(3), 271-280. Doi: 10.1080/0305006820180304
  • Song, L. (2009). The Effect of the Cultural Revolution on Educational Homogamy in Urban China. Social Forces, 88(1), 257-270. Doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0246
  • Swetz, F. J. (1973). Chinese Education and the Great Cultural Revolution: A Search for Relevance. Contemporary Education, 44(3), 155-160 . Ting, L. H. H. (1981). Chinese Libraries during and after the Cultural Revolution. The Journal of Library History (1974-1987), 16(2), 417-434.
  • Xie, Y., Jiang, Y., & Greenman, E. (2008). Did send-down experience benefit youth? A reevaluation of the social consequences of forced urban–rural migration during China’s Cultural Revolution. Social science research, 37(2), 686-700. Doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.08.002
  • Xing-Hua, L. (2005). Political Representation within the Libidinal Economy of a Pictorial Space: A political-Semiotic Reading of Three Propaganda Posters of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Semiotica, 2005(157), 213-232. Doi: 10.1515/semi.2005.2005.157.1-4.213
  • Xiuyuan, L. (1994). A step toward understanding popular violence in China's Cultural Revolution. Pacific affairs, 67(4), 533-563. Doi: 10.2307/2759573
  • Xu, X. (2011). "Chairman Mao's Child": Sparkling Red Star and the Construction of Children in the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Children's Literature Association Quarterly, 36(4), 381-409. Doi:10.1353/chg.2011.0046
  • Yang, G. M., & Suchan, T. (2009). The Cultural Revolution and Contemporary Chinese Art. Art Education, 62(6), 25-32. Doi: 10.1080/00043125.2009.11519042
  • Walder, A. G. (1994). Collective Behavior Revisited: Ideology and Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Rationality and Society, 6(3), 400-421. Doi: 10.1177/1043463194006003007
  • Wang, Y. X., Xu, L., & Jonas, J. B. (2013). The effect of the Chinese cultural revolution and great leap forward on the prevalence of myopia. European journal of epidemiology, 28(12), 1001-1004. Doi: 10.1007/s10654-013-9858-z
  • Zang, X. (2000). Children of the Cultural Revolution: Family Life and Political Behavior in Mao's China. The United States: Westview Press.
  • Zhang, T., & Schwartz, B. (1997). Confucius and the Cultural Revolution: a Study in Collective Memory. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 11(2), 189-212.
  • Zhang, J., Liu, P. W., & Yung, L. (2007). The Cultural Revolution and returns to schooling in China: Estimates based on twins. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2), 631-639. Doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.12.006
  • Zhouxiang, L. (2016). Sport and politics: The Cultural Revolution in the Chinese sports ministry, 1966–1976. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33(5), 569-585. Doi: 10.1080/09523367.2016.1188082
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kütüphane ve Bilgi Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Ali Gazi 0000-0002-1523-4649

Caner Çakı 0000-0002-1523-4649

Mehmet Ozan Gülada 0000-0001-8233-2321

Gül Çakı 0000-0001-5501-0191

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2020
Kabul Tarihi 17 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gazi, M. A., Çakı, C., Gülada, M. O., Çakı, G. (2020). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Kültür Devrimi Sürecinde Okuma Alışkanlığının Propaganda Posterlerinde Sunumu. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(3), 406-431. https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.778685

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