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Covid-19 sürecinde Güney Avrupa ve Türkiye’de emek piyasasına yönelik sosyal koruma tedbirleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 179 - 201, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.11.02.06

Öz

Covid-19 salgınının en şiddetli ve yoğun olarak etkilediği ülkelerin başında Güney Avrupa ülkeleri gelmektedir. Türkiye de bu küresel salgından etkilenmiştir. Güney Avrupa refah modelinin benzer özelliklerini taşıyan Güney Avrupa ülkeleri (İtalya, İspanya, Portekiz ve Yunanistan) ve Türkiye vaka ve ölüm sayısını en aza indirmek amacıyla karantina tedbirleri uygulamaya koymuştur. Sözkonusu karantina tedbirleri özellikle ülke ekonomileri ve emek piyasaları üzerinde yıkıcı etkilere sebep olmuştur. Bu makale Güney Avrupa ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Covid-19 salgınının seyrini, ülke ekonomileri ve emek piyasaları üzerindeki etkilerini ve bu etkilerin beraberinde gelen olumsuzlukları hafifletmek amacıyla geliştirilen sosyal koruma tedbirlerinin (ücret sübvansiyonları, aktivasyon tedbirleri, emek piyasası düzenlemeleri ve kısa çalışma süreleri) etkinliğini değerlendirmektedir. Yapılan çalışma araştırmaya dahil edilen ülkelerde sosyal koruma tedbirlerinin geçici bir nitelik taşıdığını, uygulanma esaslarının (kapsam, süre ve ödenek miktarı) farklılık göstermekle birlikte ortak noktalar taşıdığını ve uygulama sonrası ilk göstergelerin olumlu sonuçlara işaret ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Alfonso Viguria, U. & Casamitjana, N. (2021). Early interventions and impact of covid-19 in Spain, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4026.
  • Alhambra MAG-M. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law in Spain, European Labour Law Journal, 11(3):319-323.
  • Arkan N. & Murat G. (2021). Çalışma Hayatında Kadınlara Yönelik Sosyal Koruma, Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 11(1). 175-194.
  • Aykaç, M. & Murat, G. (2019). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma gündemi bağlamında çocuk işçiliğinin önlenmesinde sosyal koruma tabanları, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi CEEİK 2018 Özel Sayısı, 93- 118.
  • Aysan, M., F. (2019). Geleceğin Türkiyesi’nde sosyal politikalar: eğilimler, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri, İstanbul: İlke Yayınları.
  • Biasi, M. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law in Italy, European Labour Law Journal, 11(3), 306-313.
  • Casquilho-Martins, I. & Belchior-Rocha, H. (2022). Responses to covid-19 social and economic ımpacts: a comparative analysis in Southern European countries, Social Sciences, 11(2), 36.
  • CCSA (2021). How covid-19 is changing the world: A statistical perspective Volume III, New York.
  • Cherkaoui T., Birgel S. Arnold M., Mohydin R. & Başbay M. M. (2021). Managing the pandemic: Turkey’s multi-pronged response to covid-19, TRT World Research Centre.
  • Culfaz, E. (2016). South European welfare regime model and the Turkish case (Doctoral, Unıversıdad Complutense), 14 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/40613/1/T38183.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • De La Flor, L., Mujica, I., Fontenez, M. B., Newhouse, D., Rodriguez, A. C., Sabharwal, G. & Weber, M. (2021). Taking stock of covid-19 labor policy responses in developing countries, jobs watch covid-19, World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.
  • Duddu, P. (2020). Coronavirus in Italy: Outbreak, measures and impact, 12 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.pharmaceuticaltechnology.com/features/covid-19-italy-coronavirusdeaths-measures-airports-tourism/ adresinden alındı.
  • Eroğlu, E. (2020). Covid-19’un ekonomik etkilerinin ve pandemiyle mücadele sürecinde alınan ekonomik tedbirlerin değerlendirilmesi, International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 211-236.
  • European Commission (2020). Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe, Annual Review 2020, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission (2022). A new era for Europe how the European Union can make the most of its pandemic recovery, pursue sustainable growth, and promote global stability, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Eurostat (2022). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSI_LONG_Q__custom_3773659 /default/table?lang=en
  • Ferrera, M., Hemerijck, A. & Rhodes, M. (2000). Recasting European welfare states for the 21st century, European Review, 8(3), 427-446.
  • Gaglione, C., Purificato, I. & Rymkevich, O. P. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law: Italy, Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 13(1S).
  • Gentilini, U., Almenfi, M., Orton, I. & Dale, P. (2020). Social protection and jobs responses to covid-19: A real-time review of country measures, World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.
  • Gentilini,U., Almenfi,M. B. A., Iyengar,TMM, Okamura,Y., Downes, J. A., Dale,P., …. Aziz, S. (2022). Social protection and jobs responses to covid-19: A real-time review of country measures, Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37186.
  • Grütjen D. (2008). The Turkey welfare regime: an example of the southern European model?, The role of the state, market and family in welfare provision, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 7(1): 111-129.
  • https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html.
  • ILO (2020). ILO monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work: Updated estimates and analysis third edition, Briefing Note, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • ILO (2020a). Global Wage Report 2020–21: Wages and minimum wages in the time of COVID-19, Geneva International Labour Office
  • ILO (2020b). Social protection responses to the COVID-19 crisis: Country responses and policy considerations, ILO Brief, Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO (2020c). Temporary wage subsidies country examples, appendix, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • ILO (2021). Assessment of the social security responses to covid-19: Lessons from the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe during the first stage of the pandemic, ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Office for Central and Eastern Europe (DWT/CO-Budapest), – Budapest.
  • ILO (2021a). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2021, Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO (2021b). ILO monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work seventh edition, Briefing Note, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • İŞKUR (2022). https://www.iskur.gov.tr/isveren/kisa-calisma-odenegi/genel-bilgiler/.
  • Kasım, C. (2020). COVID-19 and labour law: Turkey, Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 13(1).
  • Konstantinidou, D. & Capella, A. (2020). Greece’s socio-economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic, ESPN Flash Report 2020/35, European Social Policy Network (ESPN), Brussels: European Commission.
  • Koray, M. (2003). Avrupa refah devleti: anlamı, boyutları ve geleceği, TÜSİAD Görüş Dergisi, 57, 64-74.
  • Laborda, J., Rivera-Torres, P., Salas-Fumas, V. & Suárez, C. (2021). Is there life beyond the Spanish government’s aid to furloughed employees by covid-19?, PLoS ONE, 16(6): e0253331.
  • Ladi, S. & Tsarouhas, D. (2020). EU economic governance and covid-19: policy learning and windows of opportunity, Journal of European Integration, 42(8), 1041-1056.
  • Leibfried, S. (2005). Towards a european welfare state?, C. Jones içinde, New perspectives on the welfare state in Europe (s. 120-143). London: Routledge Press.
  • Loewe, M. & Schüring, Esther (2021) Introduction to the Handbook on Social Protection Systems, , Esther Schüring and Markus Loewe içinde, Handbook on social protection systems (s. 1-35). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Loi, Daniela, (2022). Revaluation of working conditions and wages for essential workers, Country study on Italy (Annex 3.4.), Publication for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, European Parliament, Luxembourg.
  • Mamede, R. P., Pereira, M. & Simões, A. (2020). Portugal: Rapid assessment of the impact of covid-19 on the economy and labour market, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • Martins, C. D. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law: Portugal, Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 13(1S).
  • Matthijs, M. & McNamara, K. (2015). The Euro crisis’ theory effect: Northern saints, southern sinners, and the demise of the Eurobond, Journal of European Integration, 37(2), 229-245.
  • Molina, O. (2021). Spain: Working life in the covid-19 pandemic 2020. Eurofound, Working Paper.
  • Moreira, A., Léon, M., Coda, M. F. & Roumpakis, A. (2021). In the eye of the storm…again! Social policy responses to covid-19 in Southern Europe, Social Policy & Administration, 55(2), 339–357.
  • Murat, G. (2021). Covid-19 genel salgını ve emek piyasaları, H. Ç. Bal içinde, Covid-19 genel salgın sürecinin sosyoekonomik etkileri (s. 95-129). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Muravska, T. & Denis, D. (2020). Nations resort to a redistribution to rescue the western model for the post-pandemic world: An EU and Canadian approach, Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 4, 45-74.
  • Natili, M. & Jessoula, M. (2022). COVID-19 and the welfare state: impacts, mechanisms, and responses". De Gruyter Handbook of Contemporary Welfare States, Bent Greve içinde, Handbook of contemporary welfare states (s. 101-118). Boston: De Gruyter.
  • OECD (2021). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19): Designing active labour market policies for the recovery, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2022). Quarterly GDP (indicator). doi: 10.1787/b86d1fc8-en.
  • OECD (2022a). Unemployment rate (indicator). doi: 10.1787/52570002-en.
  • OECD (2022b). Unemployment rate by age group (indicator). doi: 10.1787/997c8750-en. Peralta-Santos, A., Saboga-Nunes, L. & Magalhiies, P. C. (2021). A tale of two pandemics in three countries Portugal, Spain, and Italy, Greer, S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M. & Peralta-Santos, A. içinde, Coronavirus politics: The comparative politics and policy of Covid-19 (361-377), University of Michigan Press.
  • Pereirinha, J. A. C., & Pereira, E. (2021). Social resilience and welfare systems under covid-19: A European comparative perspective, Global Social Policy, 21(3), 569–594.
  • Politis, I., Georgiadis, G., Papadopoulos E., Fyrogenis, I., Nikolaidou, A., Kopsacheilis, A., Sdoukopoulos, A. & Verani, E. (2021). Covid-19 lockdown measures and travel behavior: The case of Thessaloniki, Greece, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 1-16.
  • Ruiu, M. L. (2020). Mismanagement of covid-19: lessons learned from Italy, Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 1007-1020.
  • Sapir, A. (2020). Why has covid-19 hit different European Union economies so differently?, Policy Contribution Issue n˚18 | September.
  • Seemann, A., Becker, U., He L., Hohnerlein, E. M. & Wilman N. (2021). Protecting livelihoods in the Covid-19 crisis: A comparative analysis of European labour market and social policies, Global Social Policy, 21(3), 550-568.
  • Skidelsky R. (2018). Money and government-The past and future of economics, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Strati, E. (2022). Covid-19 and people with disabilities Assessing the impact of the crisis and informing disability-inclusive next steps, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • TÜİK (2021). İşgücü Girdi Endeksleri, I. Çeyrek: Ocak - Mart, 2021. 11 Kasım 2022 tarihindehttps://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Girdi-Endeksleri-I.-Ceyrek:-Ocak---Mart,-2021-37266 adresinden alındı.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2020). Türkiye’nin Koronavirüsle Etkin Mücadelesi. 20 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/T%C3%BCrkiyenin_koronavir%C3%BCsle_etkin_m%C3%BCcadelesi_compressed.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2021). Asrın Küresel Salgını | Türkiye’nin Koronavirüsle Başarılı Mücadelesi, 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/TurkiyeninKoronavirusleBasariliMucadelesi.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • WHO (2022). https://covid19.who.int/

Social protection measures for the labor market in Southern Europe and Turkey in the covid-19 process

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 179 - 201, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.11.02.06

Öz

Southern European countries are at the forefront of the countries most severely and intensely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Turkey has also been affected by this global pandemic. Southern European countries which have similar characteristics to the Southern European welfare model (Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece) and Turkey have implemented quarantine measures to minimize the number of cases and deaths. The mentioned quarantine measures have had devastating effects, especially on national economies and labor markets. This study evaluates the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern European countries and Turkey, its effects on national economies and labor markets, and the effectiveness of social protection measures (wage subsidies, activation measures, labor market regulations, and shorter working hours) developed to alleviate the negative effects that come with these effects. The study reveals that social protection measures have a temporary nature in the countries included in the research, the principles of implementation (scope, duration, and amount of allowance) differ, but they also have common features, and positive results are implied based on the first indicators after the implementation.

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Alfonso Viguria, U. & Casamitjana, N. (2021). Early interventions and impact of covid-19 in Spain, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4026.
  • Alhambra MAG-M. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law in Spain, European Labour Law Journal, 11(3):319-323.
  • Arkan N. & Murat G. (2021). Çalışma Hayatında Kadınlara Yönelik Sosyal Koruma, Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 11(1). 175-194.
  • Aykaç, M. & Murat, G. (2019). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma gündemi bağlamında çocuk işçiliğinin önlenmesinde sosyal koruma tabanları, Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi CEEİK 2018 Özel Sayısı, 93- 118.
  • Aysan, M., F. (2019). Geleceğin Türkiyesi’nde sosyal politikalar: eğilimler, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri, İstanbul: İlke Yayınları.
  • Biasi, M. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law in Italy, European Labour Law Journal, 11(3), 306-313.
  • Casquilho-Martins, I. & Belchior-Rocha, H. (2022). Responses to covid-19 social and economic ımpacts: a comparative analysis in Southern European countries, Social Sciences, 11(2), 36.
  • CCSA (2021). How covid-19 is changing the world: A statistical perspective Volume III, New York.
  • Cherkaoui T., Birgel S. Arnold M., Mohydin R. & Başbay M. M. (2021). Managing the pandemic: Turkey’s multi-pronged response to covid-19, TRT World Research Centre.
  • Culfaz, E. (2016). South European welfare regime model and the Turkish case (Doctoral, Unıversıdad Complutense), 14 Ağustos 2022 tarihinde https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/40613/1/T38183.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • De La Flor, L., Mujica, I., Fontenez, M. B., Newhouse, D., Rodriguez, A. C., Sabharwal, G. & Weber, M. (2021). Taking stock of covid-19 labor policy responses in developing countries, jobs watch covid-19, World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.
  • Duddu, P. (2020). Coronavirus in Italy: Outbreak, measures and impact, 12 Haziran 2022 tarihinde https://www.pharmaceuticaltechnology.com/features/covid-19-italy-coronavirusdeaths-measures-airports-tourism/ adresinden alındı.
  • Eroğlu, E. (2020). Covid-19’un ekonomik etkilerinin ve pandemiyle mücadele sürecinde alınan ekonomik tedbirlerin değerlendirilmesi, International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 211-236.
  • European Commission (2020). Labour Market and Wage Developments in Europe, Annual Review 2020, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission (2022). A new era for Europe how the European Union can make the most of its pandemic recovery, pursue sustainable growth, and promote global stability, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Eurostat (2022). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/LFSI_LONG_Q__custom_3773659 /default/table?lang=en
  • Ferrera, M., Hemerijck, A. & Rhodes, M. (2000). Recasting European welfare states for the 21st century, European Review, 8(3), 427-446.
  • Gaglione, C., Purificato, I. & Rymkevich, O. P. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law: Italy, Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 13(1S).
  • Gentilini, U., Almenfi, M., Orton, I. & Dale, P. (2020). Social protection and jobs responses to covid-19: A real-time review of country measures, World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank.
  • Gentilini,U., Almenfi,M. B. A., Iyengar,TMM, Okamura,Y., Downes, J. A., Dale,P., …. Aziz, S. (2022). Social protection and jobs responses to covid-19: A real-time review of country measures, Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37186.
  • Grütjen D. (2008). The Turkey welfare regime: an example of the southern European model?, The role of the state, market and family in welfare provision, Turkish Policy Quarterly, 7(1): 111-129.
  • https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html.
  • ILO (2020). ILO monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work: Updated estimates and analysis third edition, Briefing Note, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • ILO (2020a). Global Wage Report 2020–21: Wages and minimum wages in the time of COVID-19, Geneva International Labour Office
  • ILO (2020b). Social protection responses to the COVID-19 crisis: Country responses and policy considerations, ILO Brief, Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO (2020c). Temporary wage subsidies country examples, appendix, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • ILO (2021). Assessment of the social security responses to covid-19: Lessons from the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe during the first stage of the pandemic, ILO Decent Work Technical Support Team and Country Office for Central and Eastern Europe (DWT/CO-Budapest), – Budapest.
  • ILO (2021a). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2021, Geneva: International Labour Office.
  • ILO (2021b). ILO monitor: Covid-19 and the world of work seventh edition, Briefing Note, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • İŞKUR (2022). https://www.iskur.gov.tr/isveren/kisa-calisma-odenegi/genel-bilgiler/.
  • Kasım, C. (2020). COVID-19 and labour law: Turkey, Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 13(1).
  • Konstantinidou, D. & Capella, A. (2020). Greece’s socio-economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic, ESPN Flash Report 2020/35, European Social Policy Network (ESPN), Brussels: European Commission.
  • Koray, M. (2003). Avrupa refah devleti: anlamı, boyutları ve geleceği, TÜSİAD Görüş Dergisi, 57, 64-74.
  • Laborda, J., Rivera-Torres, P., Salas-Fumas, V. & Suárez, C. (2021). Is there life beyond the Spanish government’s aid to furloughed employees by covid-19?, PLoS ONE, 16(6): e0253331.
  • Ladi, S. & Tsarouhas, D. (2020). EU economic governance and covid-19: policy learning and windows of opportunity, Journal of European Integration, 42(8), 1041-1056.
  • Leibfried, S. (2005). Towards a european welfare state?, C. Jones içinde, New perspectives on the welfare state in Europe (s. 120-143). London: Routledge Press.
  • Loewe, M. & Schüring, Esther (2021) Introduction to the Handbook on Social Protection Systems, , Esther Schüring and Markus Loewe içinde, Handbook on social protection systems (s. 1-35). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Loi, Daniela, (2022). Revaluation of working conditions and wages for essential workers, Country study on Italy (Annex 3.4.), Publication for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies, European Parliament, Luxembourg.
  • Mamede, R. P., Pereira, M. & Simões, A. (2020). Portugal: Rapid assessment of the impact of covid-19 on the economy and labour market, Geneva: International Labour Organization.
  • Martins, C. D. (2020). Covid-19 and labour law: Portugal, Italian Labour Law E-Journal, 13(1S).
  • Matthijs, M. & McNamara, K. (2015). The Euro crisis’ theory effect: Northern saints, southern sinners, and the demise of the Eurobond, Journal of European Integration, 37(2), 229-245.
  • Molina, O. (2021). Spain: Working life in the covid-19 pandemic 2020. Eurofound, Working Paper.
  • Moreira, A., Léon, M., Coda, M. F. & Roumpakis, A. (2021). In the eye of the storm…again! Social policy responses to covid-19 in Southern Europe, Social Policy & Administration, 55(2), 339–357.
  • Murat, G. (2021). Covid-19 genel salgını ve emek piyasaları, H. Ç. Bal içinde, Covid-19 genel salgın sürecinin sosyoekonomik etkileri (s. 95-129). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Muravska, T. & Denis, D. (2020). Nations resort to a redistribution to rescue the western model for the post-pandemic world: An EU and Canadian approach, Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 4, 45-74.
  • Natili, M. & Jessoula, M. (2022). COVID-19 and the welfare state: impacts, mechanisms, and responses". De Gruyter Handbook of Contemporary Welfare States, Bent Greve içinde, Handbook of contemporary welfare states (s. 101-118). Boston: De Gruyter.
  • OECD (2021). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19): Designing active labour market policies for the recovery, Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2022). Quarterly GDP (indicator). doi: 10.1787/b86d1fc8-en.
  • OECD (2022a). Unemployment rate (indicator). doi: 10.1787/52570002-en.
  • OECD (2022b). Unemployment rate by age group (indicator). doi: 10.1787/997c8750-en. Peralta-Santos, A., Saboga-Nunes, L. & Magalhiies, P. C. (2021). A tale of two pandemics in three countries Portugal, Spain, and Italy, Greer, S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M. & Peralta-Santos, A. içinde, Coronavirus politics: The comparative politics and policy of Covid-19 (361-377), University of Michigan Press.
  • Pereirinha, J. A. C., & Pereira, E. (2021). Social resilience and welfare systems under covid-19: A European comparative perspective, Global Social Policy, 21(3), 569–594.
  • Politis, I., Georgiadis, G., Papadopoulos E., Fyrogenis, I., Nikolaidou, A., Kopsacheilis, A., Sdoukopoulos, A. & Verani, E. (2021). Covid-19 lockdown measures and travel behavior: The case of Thessaloniki, Greece, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 1-16.
  • Ruiu, M. L. (2020). Mismanagement of covid-19: lessons learned from Italy, Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 1007-1020.
  • Sapir, A. (2020). Why has covid-19 hit different European Union economies so differently?, Policy Contribution Issue n˚18 | September.
  • Seemann, A., Becker, U., He L., Hohnerlein, E. M. & Wilman N. (2021). Protecting livelihoods in the Covid-19 crisis: A comparative analysis of European labour market and social policies, Global Social Policy, 21(3), 550-568.
  • Skidelsky R. (2018). Money and government-The past and future of economics, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • Strati, E. (2022). Covid-19 and people with disabilities Assessing the impact of the crisis and informing disability-inclusive next steps, European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • TÜİK (2021). İşgücü Girdi Endeksleri, I. Çeyrek: Ocak - Mart, 2021. 11 Kasım 2022 tarihindehttps://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Girdi-Endeksleri-I.-Ceyrek:-Ocak---Mart,-2021-37266 adresinden alındı.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2020). Türkiye’nin Koronavirüsle Etkin Mücadelesi. 20 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/T%C3%BCrkiyenin_koronavir%C3%BCsle_etkin_m%C3%BCcadelesi_compressed.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı (2021). Asrın Küresel Salgını | Türkiye’nin Koronavirüsle Başarılı Mücadelesi, 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/images/uploads/dosyalar/TurkiyeninKoronavirusleBasariliMucadelesi.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • WHO (2022). https://covid19.who.int/
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Aykaç 0000-0002-3700-9215

Güven Murat 0000-0003-2449-2532

Proje Numarası Yok
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aykaç, M., & Murat, G. (2022). Covid-19 sürecinde Güney Avrupa ve Türkiye’de emek piyasasına yönelik sosyal koruma tedbirleri. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 11(2), 179-201. https://doi.org/10.47934/tife.11.02.06

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