LOUTERIA AND BATHTUBS FROM OLD SMYRNA BAYRAKLI

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 32, 11 - 34, 01.08.2023

Melike Zeren Hasdağlı , Hüseyin Cevizoğlu

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1255402

Öz

Among the large pottery products in Old Smyrna settlement, there are louteria and bathtubs which are known as cleaning and purification materials. Both of these classes started to be represented with considerable amount of findings in the 7th century BC layers which followed the extensive construction activities the settlement has witnessed in the Early Archaic period. The focus of this study is comprised with analyzing the louteria and bathtubs in the mound chronologically. Otherwise, determining their shape and decorative features; their shape development from the Early Archaic to the end of the Classical period; comparing the Old Smyrna examples to their similar in other Ionian cities and in overseas centers are also discussed. It is hoped that this article will make contribution to understanding the social and daily life in Ionia particularly in the Archaic period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Old Smyrna , Louterion , Perirrhanterion , Bathtub , Relief Ware

ESKİ SMYRNA BAYRAKLI LOUTERİON VE BANYO TEKNESİ BULUNTULARI

Öz

Eski Smyrna yerleşiminde büyük boyutlu seramik ürünler arasında temizlik ve arınma gereçleri olarak bilinen louterion ve banyo tekneleri bulunmaktadır. Yerleşimin Erken Arkaik dönemde tanık olduğu geniş çaplı imar faaliyetlerinin ardından gelen MÖ 7. yüzyıl tabakalarında adı geçen her iki form hatırı sayılır miktarda buluntu ile temsil edilmeye başlar. Bu çalışmanın odağını louterion ve banyo teknelerinin höyükte kronolojik olarak incelenmesi teşkil eder. Bunun dışında form ve bezeme özelliklerinin saptanması; Erken Arkaik dönemden Klasik dönemin sonuna kadar olan form gelişimleri; Eski Smyrna buluntularının İonia’nın diğer kentleri ve deniz aşırı merkezlerdeki benzerleriyle karşılaştırılması da ele alınır. Bu yazının İonia’da özellikle Arkaik dönemde sosyal ve günlük yaşamın anlaşılmasına katkı sağlaması umulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Banyo Teknesi , Kabartmalı Seramik , Eski Smyrna , Louterion , Perirrhanterion

Kaynakça

• Akar Tanrıver, D. (2017). “Smyrna’da Asklepios Kültü”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi Dergisi 37, 117-130.
• Akurgal, E. (1955). Phrygische Kunst, Ankara.
• Akurgal, E. (1983). Alt-Smyrna I. Wohnschichten und Athenatempel, Ankara.
• Akurgal, E. (1993). Eski Çağda Ege ve İzmir, İzmir.
• Akurgal, E. (1997). Eski İzmir I, Yerleşme Katları ve Athena Tapınağı, Ankara.
• Allegro, N. (1982). Louteria a rilievo da Himera, Secondo Quaderno Imerese, Istituto di Archeologia, Università di Palermo, Studi e Materiali 3, Rome, 115-166.
• BCH Chronique (1922). “Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques dans l’Orient hellénique (novembre 1921-novembre 1922)”, BCH 46, 477- 556.
• Blondé, F. (1985). “Un remblai thasien du IVe siècle avant notre ère. A. La céramique”, BCH 109.1, 281- 344.
• Bossert, H. T. (1921). Alt Kreta: Kunst und Kunstgewerbe im ägäischen Kulturkreise, Berlin.
• Broneer, O. (1958). “Excavations of Isthmia. Third Campain, 1955-1956”, Hesperia 27, 1-37.
• Buschor, E. (1957). “Altsamischer Bauschmuck”, AM 72, 1-34.
• Buschor, E. (1959). “Samos 1952-1957”, Neue Deutsche Ausgrabungen im Mittelmeergebiet und im Vorderen Orient, Berlin, 197-224.
• Cavallo, A. (2014). “Louteria”, E. L. Catti, K. Swift, J. C. Carter (ed.), The Chora of Metaponto 5: A Greek Farmhouse at Ponte Fabrizio, Austin, 289-290.
• Cambitoglou, A., Papadopoulos, J. K., Jones, O.T. (2001). Torone I: the excavations of 1975, 1976, and 1978, Athens.
• Cevizoğlu, H. (2004). “Archaic Relief Ware from Klazomenai”, A. Moustaka, E. Skarlatidou, M. C. Tzannes, Y. Ersoy (ed.), Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony, Poceedings of the International Symposium held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdera, 20-21 October 2001, Thessaloniki, 185-198.
• Cevizoğlu, H. (2007). “Basins and High Stands of the Classical Period at Klazomenai: A Preliminary Report”, IstMitt 57, 235-249.
• Cevizoğlu, H. (2008). “İonia’da Arınma Gereçleri: Louterion, Perirrhanterion, Asamynthos / Pyelos”, İ. Delemen, S. Çokay-Kepçe, A. Özdizbay, Ö. Turak (ed.), Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu’na 65. Yaş Armağanı. EUERGETES. Festschrift für Prof. Dr. Haluk Abbasoğlu zum 65. Geburtstag, Antalya, 283-308.
• Cevizoğlu, H. (2010). Reliefkeramik Archaischer Zeit aus Klazomenai, Schriften des Zentrums für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte des Schwarzmeerraumes 18, Langenweißbach.
• Cevizoğlu, H. (2012). “Becken und Ständer aus Ton und Marmor im Museum von Izmir”, ÖJh 81, 7-32.
• Cevizoğlu, H. (2015) . “Klazomenian Sarcophagus or Bathtub? The Use of Bathtubs in Burial Contexts”, R. G. Gürtekin-Demir, H. Cevizoğlu, Y. Polat, G. Polat (ed.), KERAMOS. Ceramics: A Cultural Approach, Proceedings of the First International Conference at Ege University, May 9-13, 2011, İzmir, Ankara, 61-72.
• Cevizoğlu, H. (2018). “A Painted Relief Stand from Clazomenae: General Characteristics and Individual Style”, R. G. Gürtekin Demir, H. Cevizoğlu, Y. Polat, G. Polat with the collaboration of Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), Archaic and Classical Western Anatolia: New Perspectives in Ceramic Studies. In Memoriam Prof. Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr, Proceedings of the Second KERAMOS International Conference at Ege University, Izmir, June 3–5, 2015, COLLOQUIA ANTIQUA 19, Leuven, 21-41.
• Cook, J. M. (1959). “Bath-Tubs in Ancient Greece”, Greece and Rome VI.1, 31-41.
• Coulié, A. (2000). “Les vases à reliefs thasiens de l’époque archaïque”, BCH 124.1, 99-160.
• Curtis, R. I. (2009). “Food Processing and Preparation”, J. P. Oleson (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, Oxford, 369-392.
• Daux, G. (1961). “Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Gréce en 1960”, BCH 85.2, 601- 954.
• Deonna, W. (1938). Le mobilier délien, Délos XVIII, Paris.
• Ducat, J. (1964). “Périrrhantèria”, BCH 88.2, 577-606.
• Erginer, G.E., Foça, S. (2020). “Klazomenai Ağaçlı Yol Nekropolisi’nden Bir Grup Mezar: Tipolojisi ve Buluntuları”, Journal of Archaeology & Art - Arkeoloji ve Sanat 163, Ocak-Nisan 2020, 69-86.
• Ertüzün, B. (2017). Eski Smyrna (Bayraklı) Arkaik Dönem Sivil Mimarisi, İzmir, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Ertüzün, B. (2021). “Yeni Araştırmalar Işığında Eski Smyrna Arkaik Dönem Sivil Mimarisinin Değerlendirilmesi”, TÜBA-AR 28, 187-210.
• Excavations Colophon (1922). “The Excavations at Colophon”, Art and Archaeology 14/4, 256-260.
• Ginouvès, R. (1962). Balaneutikè. Recherches sur le bain dans l’antiquité grecque, BEFAR 200, Paris.
• Goldman, H. (1940). “The Acropolis of Halae”, Hesperia 9, 4, 381-514.
• Hamdorf, F. W. (1974). “Lakonische Perirrhanterien”, AM 89, 47-64.
• Heurtley, W. A., Robertson, M. (1948). “Excavations in Ithaca, V: The Geometric and Later Finds from Aetos”, BSA 43, 1-124.
• Hoffmann, M. (1997). Griechische Bäder, Quellen und Forschungen zur antiken Welt 32, Frankfurt/ Main.
• Hürmüzlü, B. (2003). Klazomenai Akpınar Nekropolisi, İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Ilieva, P. (2009). “Vogue and Utility: Terracotta Products with Ionian Kymation in Relief from the Aegean Shores of Thrace”, G. Deligiannakis, I. Galanakis (ed.), The Aegean and Its Cultures: Proceedings of the First Oxford-Athens Graduate student workshop organized by the Greek Society and the University of Oxford Taylor Institution, 22-23 April 2005, BAR International Series, Oxford, 1975.
• Iozzo, M. (1981). “Louteria fittili in Calabria: Analisi e classificazione preliminare”, ArchCl 33, 143-202.
• Iozzo, M. (1985). “Bacini corinzi su alto piede”, ASAtene 63, 7-61.
• Iozzo, M. (1987). “Corinthian Basins on High Stands”, Hesperia 56, 355-416.
• Kerschner, M. (1996). Perirrhanterien und Becken, H. Walter, E. Walter-Karydi (ed.), Alt-Ägina II, 4, Mainz/Rhein, 59-132.
• Lentini, M. C. (2004). L’abitato Proto-Arcaico di Naxos di Sicilia (scavi 1998-1999), Le due città di Naxos, 28-39.
• Merkel, G. S. (2006). The Greek Tile Works at Corinth. The Site and The Finds, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Hesperia Supplement 35.
• Moustaka, A. (1991). “Πρώιμη ανάγλυφη κεραμική αρό την Ηλεία”, A. D. Rizakis (ed.), Achaia und Elis in der Antike, Akten des I. Internationalen Symposiums, Athen, 19.-21. Mai 1989 (ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 13), Athens, 341-350.
• Orlandini, P. (1980). “Perirrhanterion fittile arcaico con decorazione a rilievo dagli scavi dell’Incoronata”, Attività Archeologica in Basilicata 1964-1977. Scritti in onore di Dinu Adamesteanu, Matera, 175- 238.
• Orlandini, P. (2000). “Il grande perirrhanterion”, 4. L’oikos greco del grande perirrhanterion nel contesto del saggio G, Ricerce archaeologiche all’Incoronata di Metaponto: Scavi dell’Università degli studi di Milano. Dipertimento di scienze dell’antichità. Sezione archeologia, Milano, 23-25.
• Özbilen Güngör, G. (2016). Geometrik ve Bitkisel Bezemeli Klazomenai Lahitleri, İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Özgüç, N. (1979). “Some Contrubitions to Early Anatolian Art From Acemhöyük”, Belleten 43.170, 289-304.
• Pernice, E. (1932). Hellenistische Tische, Zisternenmündungen, Beckenuntersätze, Altäre und Truhen, Die hellenistische Kunst in Pompeji 5, Berlin.
• Pfisterer-Haas, S. (2002). “Mädchen und Frauen am Wasser. Brunnenhaus und Louterion als Orte der Frauengemeinschaft und der möglichen Begegnung mit einem Mann”, JdI 117, 1-79.
• Pimpl H. (1997). Perirrhanteria und Louteria: Entwicklung und Verwendung großer Marmor und Kalksteinbecken auf figürlichem und säulenartigem Untersatz in Griechenland, Berlin.
• Raubitschek, A. E. (1949). Dedications from the Athenian Acropolis, Massachusetts.
• Richter, G. M. A. (1968). Korai, Archaic Greek Maidens. A Study of the Development of the Kore Type in Greek Sculpture, London.
• Robinson, D. M. (1930). Excavations at Olynthus II. Architecture and Sculpture: Houses and Other Buildings, Baltimore.
• Robinson, D. M., Graham, J. W. (1946). Excavations at Olynthus XII. Domestic and Public Architecture, London.
• Sams, G. K. (1994). The early Phrygian pottery, Philadelphia.
• Simantoni-Bournia, E. (1992). La céramique à reliefs au Musée de Chios, Athenai.
• Sparkes, B. A., Talcott, L. (1970). Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th centuries B.C., The Athenian Agora 12, Princeton.
• Stewart, S. M. (2010). Gordion after the Knot: Hellenistic Pottery and Culture, Cincinnati, Ohio, University of Cincinnati, Unpublished thesis (Ph. D.).
• Sudhoff, K. (1910). Aus dem antiken Badewesen, II. Weitere medizinisch-archäologische Untersuchungen, Berlin.
• Tanrıver, C., Özenir, S.A., Tanrıver, D.S.A., Otman, A.Ü.E., Erdoğan, A. (2017). “Eski Smyrna (Bayraklı Ören Yeri / Tepekule) Kazısı 2014-2015”, KST 38.3, Ankara, 95-114.
• Teleaga, E., Zirra, V. (2003). Die Nekropole des 6.-1. Jhs. v. Chr. von Istria Bent bei Histria; Archäologische Untersuchungen zur Bevölkerung in der westlichen Schwarzmeerregion, Leidorf.
• Thompson, H. A. (1940). The Tholos at Athens and its Predecessors, Hesperia, Supplement 4, Baltimore.
• Tzannes, M. C. (2004). “The Excavations of G. Oikonomos at the Archaic Cemetery of Monastirakia in Klazomenai, 1921-1922”, A. Moustaka, E. Skarlatidou, M. C. Tzannes, Y. Ersoy (ed.), Klazomenai, Teos, Abdera. Metropoleis and Colony. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Abdera 20-21 October 2001, Thessaloniki, 97-120.
• Von Gerkan, A. (1925). Kalabaktepe, Athenatempel und Umgebung, Berlin.
• Walter, H. (1976). Das Heraion von Samos. Ursprung und Wandel eines griechischen Heiligtums, München.
• Weber, M. (1996). Antike Badekultur, München.
• Weinberg, S. S. (1943). The Geometric and Orientalizing Pottery, Corinth VII. 1, Cambridge.
• Weinberg, S. S. (1954). “Corinthian Relief Ware: Pre- Hellenistic Period”, Hesperia 23/2, 109-137.
• Wiegand, Th., Schrader, H. (1904). Priene. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen und Untersuchungen in den Jahren 1895-1898, Berlin.
• Zaphiropoulou P. (2017). “Parian ceramics of the seventh century BC in Cyladic cemeteries and sanctuaries”, X. Charalambidou, C. Morgan (ed.), Interpreting the Seventh Century BC Tradition and Innovation, Oxford, 150-159.
• Zeren-Hasdağlı, S. M. (2014). Albertinum Grubu ve Çevresindeki Klazomenai Lahitleri, İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Zeren-Hasdağlı, S. M. (2019). “İonia’da Lahit Geleneğinin Başlangıcına Dair Eski Smyrna’dan Bir Kanıt”, H. Göncü, A. Ersoy, D. Akar Tanrıver (ed.), Smyna/İzmir Kazı ve Araştırmaları III, Smyrna/ Izmir Excavation and Research III, Antik Smyrna Kazısı Yayın Çalışmaları 13 İstanbul, 75-88.
• Zeren-Hasdağlı, S. M. (2021). “A Painted Terra-Cotta Sarcophagus from Ağaçbeyli Village in Uşak”, E. Taştemür, M. Dinç (ed.), City and Its Surrounding: Results of the Excavations 1966-1978 and The Survey 2016-2020 - Sebaste (Phrygia): Kenti ve Çevresi 1966-1978 Kazıları ile 2016-2020 Yılları Yüzey Araştırmalarının Sonuçları, Ankara, 257-288.