Kadın Hareketinde Direniş Temsili Olarak Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Margaret Atwood’un romanından uyarlanan Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü televizyon dizisi karakterlerinin, kadın hareketinde nasıl toplumsal direnişin temsiline dönüştüğünü ve neyi sembolize ettiğini açıklamaktadır. Romanda, totaliter rejimin uygulandığı Gilead hükümetinde, doğurganlığı bulunan kadınlar, damızlık kız olarak üst düzey ailelere hizmet etmeleri için verilmektedir. Damızlık kızlar, kırmızı pelerin, çevrelerini görmelerini engelleyen kanatlı beyaz şapka takmak zorundadır. Bu çalışmada, ABD, Arjantin ve Türkiye kadın hareketinde, aktivistlerin protestolar sırasında dizi kostümlerini giydiklerini gösteren haber fotoğrafları Roland Barthes’in göstergebilimsel çözümlemesine dayandırılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, her üç ülkede de dizi kostümünün, kadın hakları konusunda bir sembole dönüştüğü, bu sembolün baskıcı ve kadın haklarını kısıtlayan politikalara karşı kadınların “güçlü ve direnişçi” olduklarını sembolize ettiği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü
• Aktivizm
• Popüler Kültür
• Feminizm
• Televizyon

The Handmaid's Tale as a Representations of Resistance in Women's Movements

Öz

The study aims to explain how the characters in the television series “The Handmaid’s Tale”, adapted from novel (by Margaret Atwood), became a representation of resistance and in the women’s movement and what they symbolize. In the government of Gilead with a totalitarian regime mentioned in the novel, fertile women are given to serve senior families as a handmaid. They must wear red robes, a white-winged bonnets that prevents them from seeing what is happening around. In this study, the news photos showing the costumes of the series characters being worn by the activists in the protest women’s movements, in the USA, Argentina and Turkey were analyzed based on Roland Barthes’s semiotics analysis. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that the series costumes have become a symbol on women’s rights in all three countries and have turned into a representation of women’s “strong and resistance” against policies of oppressive and restrictive women’s rights.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• The Handmaid's Tale
• Popular Culture
• Activism
• Feminism
• Television

Kaynakça

1. ABC/wires. (15 Mayıs 2019). Alabama state Senate passes near total abortion ban with no exception for rape victims. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-16/alabama-ban-on-nearly-all-abortions-in-gop-governors-hands/11117568. 2 Temmuz 2022.
2. Adetunji, J. (3 Haziran 2019). The Handmaid’s Tale: symbols of protest and medieval holy women. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/the-handmaids-tale-symbols-of-protest-and-medieval-holy-women-118471. 2 Temmuz 2022.
3. Anıt Sayaç. (2022). Şiddetten Ölen Kadınlar İçin Dijital Anıt. Anıt Sayaç. http://anitsayac.com/?year=2022. 10 Temmuz 2022.
4. Atwood, M. (14 Ekim 2011). Margaret Atwood: the road to Ustopia. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/14/margaret-atwood-road-to-ustopia. 5 Haziran 2022.
5. Atwood, M. (2017). Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü. (S. Altınçekiç ve Ö. Kabakçıoğlu, çev.) İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
6. Barthes, R. (1979). Göstergebilim İlkeleri. (B. Vardar ve M. Rifat, çev.) Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları.
7. Barthes, R. (1993). Göstergebilimsel Serüven. (M. Rifat ve S. Rifat, çev.) İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
8. BBC. (30 Aralık 2020). Arjantin kürtajı yasallaştırdı, Latin Amerika'da 'domino etkisi görülebilir'. BBC Türkçe News. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55484904. 2 Temmuz 2022.

9. BBC. (24 Haziran 2022). Roe v Wade: What is US Supreme Court ruling on abortion?. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54513499. 10 Temmuz 2022.
10. Beaumont, P. ve Holpuch, A. (3 Ağustos 2018). How The Handmaid’s Tale dressed protests across the world. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/03/how-the-handmaids-tale-dressed-protests-across-the-world. 2 Temmuz 2022.
11. Bedrosian, A. (2022). How #NiUnaMenos Used Discourse and Digital Media to Reach the Masses in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, 100-116.
12. Beer, A. (2018). Just(ice) Smiling? Masks and Masking in the Occupy-Wall Street Protests. European Journal of American Studies, 13(4), 1-14.
13. blutv. (tarih yok). The Handmaid's Tale. Blutv. https://www.blutv.com/diziler/yabanci/the-handmaids-tale?gclid=CjwKCAjww8mWBhABEiwAl6-2RYRiRriJxo9klNqAVTtOs-czo5SWS6XcPk1-jazah82wxb0CWPtiRxoCK98QAvD_BwE. 10 Temmuz 2022.
14. Broomfield, M. (23 Ocak 2017). Women's March against Donald Trump is the largest day of protests in US history, say political scientists. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/womens-march-anti-donald-trump-womens-rights-largest-protest-demonstration-us-history-political-scientists-a7541081.html. 11 Temmuz 2022.
15. CGTN. (3 Ekim 2017). Margaret Atwood hails 'The Handmaid's Tale' protesters. China Global Television Network. https://news.cgtn.com/news/3563544d79597a6333566d54/index.html. 9 Temmuz 2022.
16. Chenou, J.-M., ve Cepeda Másmela, C. (2019). #NiUnaMenos: Data Activism From the Global South. Television & New Media, 396-411.
17. Commins, J. (2021). Composing the Handmaid: From Graphic Novel to Protest Icon. Comics Grid. Journal of Comics Scholarship, 1-13.
18. Diaz, J. (15 Ekim 2021). How #NiUnaMenos grew from the streets of Argentina into a regional women's movement. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/10/15/1043908435/how-niunamenos-grew-from-the-streets-of-argentina-into-a-regional-womens-movement. 8 Temmuz 2022.
19. Gerbaudo, P. (2015). Protest avatars as memetic signifiers: political profile pictures and the construction of collective identity on social media in the 2011 protest wave. Information, Communication & Society, 18(8), 916-929.
20. Goñi, U. (9 Ağustos 2018). Argentina senate rejects bill to legalise abortion. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/aug/09/argentina-senate-rejects-bill-legalise-abortion. 8 Temmuz 2022.
21. Gould, D. B. (2009). Moving Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Hersko, T. (18 Haziran 2021). ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ Shoots to the Top of Nielsen’s Streaming Ratings. IndieWire.https://www.indiewire.com/2021/06/handmaids-tale-nielsen-streaming-ratings-1234645256/. 8 Temmuz 2022.
23. Jenkins, H. (21 Eylül 2010). Avatar Activism and Beyond. Henry Jenkins. http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2010/09/avatar_activism_and_beyond.html. 8 Temmuz 2022.
24. Kohns, O. (2013). Guy Fawkes in the 21st Century A Contribution to the Political Iconography of Revolt. Image & Narrative, 14(1), 89-104.
25. Kurt, G. ve Ceyhan, A., İ. (2021). Ağ Toplumunun Başka Bir Yüzü: Avatar Aktivizmi ve Joker (2019) İmgelemi. The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11 (2), 505-520.
26. McLuhan, M. (1962). Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Kanada: University of Toronto Press.
27. Meyer, D. S. ve Tarrow, S. (2018). D. S. Meyer ve S. Tarrow (der.) Introduction (1-26). New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Nelson, C. (4 Mart 2019). Margaret Atwood: The Handmaid’s Tale feels real in 2019, but the solution won’t come from novels. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/margaret-atwood-the-handmaids-tale-feels-real-in-2019-but-the-solution-wont-come-from-novels-112854. 8 Temmuz 2022.
29. Özakın, D. (2019). “Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü”: Arendt’in doğarlık düşüncesi karşısında yeniden üretim mülkü olarak beden. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17, 495-514.
30. Pak, M. D. (2019). Feminist Distopyada İktidar, Baskı Ve Direniş: Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 1-11.
31. Philips, M. (2022). Violence in the American Imaginary: Gender, Race, and the Politics of Superheroes. American Political Review, 116(2), 470-483.
32. Planned Parenthood. (2022). Who We Are. Planned Parenthood. https://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are. 7 Temmuz 2022.
33. Polo, S. (4 Haziran 2020). Superhero iconography is popping up on both sides of America’s Black Lives Matter protests. Polygon. https://www.polygon.com/comics/2020/6/4/21280274/spider-man-punisher-joker-batman-black-lives-matter-protests.13 Haziran 2022.
34. Rullansky, I. ve Valente da Silva, M. (2019). NiUnaMenos: Aesthetics and Performance in Argentina's Pro-abortion Movement. Theft: Graduate Students Anthropology Conference at The New School (s. 1- 20). New York: The New School.
35. Satıl, C. (8 Mart 2021). Türkiye'de Kadın Cinayetleri. Doğruluk Payı. https://www.dogrulukpayi.com/bulten/turkiye-de-kadin-cinayetleri. 10 Temmuz 2022.
36. Stevenson, N. (2015). Medya Kültürleri. (G. Orhon, ve B. E. Aksoy, çev.) Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
37. Tharoor, I. (27 Haziran 2022). The Supreme Court turns the U.S. into a cautionary tale. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/06/27/global-abortion-reproductive-rights-united-states-cautionary/. 6 Temmuz 2022.
38. Trombetta, S. (12 Aralık 2017). Amazon's Most-Read Book Of 2017 Is Still Super Relevant, 22 Years After Its Release. Bustle. https://www.bustle.com/p/the-handmaids-tale-is-the-most-read-book-of-2017-according-to-amazon-data-7546891. 12 Temmuz 2022.
39. UN Women. (12 Ekim 2021). Supporting rural and Indigenous women in Argentina as gender-based violence rises during the COVID-19 pandemic. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2021/10/feature-supporting-rural-women-in-argentina-as-gender-based-violence-rises. 3 Temmuz 2022.
40. Vineyard, J. (18 Haziran 2017). 'The Handmaid’s Tale’ Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/18/arts/television/the-handmaids-tale-finale-showrunner-interview.html. 9 Temmuz 2022.
41. VOA. (24 Haziran 2022). ABD'de Kürtaj Artık Anayasal Bir Hak. Reuters. https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/abdde-kurtaj-artik-anayasal-hak-degil/6631853.html. 1 Temmuz 2022.
42. Watson, K. (5 Mart 2021). Arjantin'de kürtaj yasağının kalkması komşu ülkeleri de etkileyebilir mi?. BBC Türkçe News. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56285721. 1 Temmuz 2022.
43. Yang, M. (21 Mayıs 2019). ‘Stop the bans’: Abortion rights activists rally across the US. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/5/21/stop-the-bans-abortion-rights-activists-rally-across-the-us. 2 Temmuz 2022.
44. Yu Carrola, M. (2021). Activists in Red Capes: Women's Use of The Handmaid's Tale to Fight for Reproductive Justice. The Journal of Undergraduate Ethnography, 11(1), 89-107.
45. Yüksel Kaptanoğlu, İ., Çavlin, A. ve Ergöçmen, A. (2014). Türkiye'de Kadına Yönelik Aile içi Şiddet Araştırması Raporu. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
46. Zemler, P. E. (3 Temmuz 2019). The Handmaid’s Tale: Costume designer Natalie Bronfman on dressing dystopia. Vogue. https://www.vogue.fr/fashion-culture/article/the-handmaids-tale-costume-designer-natalie-bronfman-on-dressing-dystopia. 25 Haziran 2022.