BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Ambalajsız Olarak Satışa Sunulan Çiğ İnek Sütlerinde Aflatoksin M1 Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 151 - 155, 01.12.2015

Öz

Bu araştırma Van il merkezinde ambalajsız olarak satışa sunulan çiğ inek sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) düzeyini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla yaz mevsiminde (haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarında) Van il merkezinde bulunan marketlerde ambalajsız olarak satışa sunulan 100 adet çiğ süt örneği aflatoksin M1varlığı ve seviyesi yönünden analize alınmıştır. Süt örneklerinde AFM1 varlığı ve düzeyi kompetetif ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) yöntemi ile tespit edilmiştir. Analize alınan 100 çiğ inek sütü örneğinin 15 tanesinde (%15) AFM1 belirlenememiş, 53 tanesinde (%53) tespit limitinin (5 ppt) altında bulunmuş, 21 tanesinde (%21) 6.61 ile 76.96 ng/l arasında ortalama 24.60±17.89 ng/l olarak bulunurken 11 (%11) örnekte ise 80 ng/l’den yüksek seviyede AFM1 tespit edilmiştir. Analize alınan çiğ inek sütü örneklerinin 12 tanesinin (%12) AFM1 seviyesi yönünden Türk Gıda Kodeksi’nde süt için verilen limitlere (50 ng/l) uygun olmadığı ortaya konmuştur. Tüketime sunulan çiğ inek sütü örneklerinde yasal limitlerden yüksek seviyede AFM1 tespit edilmesi, bu ürünlerin tüketilmesinin halk sağlığı yönünden ciddi bir risk oluşturabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, çiğ süt üretiminde iyi bir izleme ve kontrol sistemi kurulmalı ve yüksek AFM1 içeren sütlerin satışının ve tüketiminin önüne geçilmelidir

Kaynakça

  • Akdemir Ç, Altıntaş A (2004). Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak, 51, 175-179.
  • Aljicevic M, Hamzic S (2010). Aflatoxin in the urine of patients suffering fom HCC and HBV. J of Society for Development in New Net Environment in B&H, 4(4), 852-856.
  • Anonim (2008). Gıda Maddelerinde Belirli Bulaşanların Maksimum Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi Hakkında Tebliğ. Resmi Gazete, 17 Mayıs 2008, sayı: 26879, Başbakanlık Basımevi, Ankara.
  • Anonymous (1997). Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995. A compendium FAO, Food and Nutrition Paper, 64, Rome.
  • Anonymous (2001). Report of the 33rd Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standarts Programme Codex Alimentarius Commision. Twenty-Fourth Session, Geneva, Switzerland. Organisation of The United Nations.
  • Anonymous (2002). Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products. Immunolab GmbH, Darmstadt, 1-6, Germany.
  • Anonymous (2006). Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxin M1. Art. No: R1111, Lot: 13400, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany.
  • Anonymous (2006a). Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxin M1. Art. No: R1101, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany.
  • Anonymous (2010). Regulations. Commission Regulation (EU) No: 165/2010. Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxins. Official Journal of the European Union, L, 50, 8-12.
  • Atasever M, Nizamlıoğlu M, Özturhan K, Karakaya Y, Ünsal C (2006). Erzurum bölgesinde tüketime sunulan süt ve süt ürünlerinin aflatoksin M1 yönünden incelenmesi. 2. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi (Uluslar arası katılımlı) Bildiri Kitabı, sh:231-240, 18-20 Eylül 2006, İstanbul.
  • Bakirci I (2001). A study on the occurence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products produced in Van province of Turkey. Food Control, 12, 47-51.
  • Barbieri G., Bergamini C, Ori E, Resca P (1994). Aflatoxin M1 in parmesan cheese: HPLC determination. J Food Sci, 59, 1313-1331.
  • Boudra H, Barnoin J, Dragacci S, Morgavi DP (2007). Aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in raw bulk milk from French dairy herds. J Dairy Sci, 90(7), 3197-3201.
  • Budağ C, Keçeci Ş (2013). Van’da büyükbaş hayvan besilerinde kullanılan yemler ve besi şekillerine ilişkin bir anket çalışması. YYÜ Fen Bil Enst Derg, 18(1-2), 48-61.
  • Buldu HM, Koç AN, Uraz G (2011). Aflatoxin M1 kontamination in cow’s milk in Kayseri (central Turkey). Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 35(2), 87-91
  • Creppy EE (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicol Letters, 127, 19-28.
  • Çoksöyler N, Gültaktı Y, Demir C, Aşkın O, Andiç S, Karadaş F (2006). Van yöresinde üretilen sütlerde aflatoksin M1 düzeyleri. Ulusal Mikotoksin Sempozyumu, 99-104 s, 18-19 Eylül 2003, İstanbul.
  • Decastelli L, Lai J, Gramaglia M, Monaco A, Nachtmann C, Oldano F, Ruffier M, Sezian A, Bandirola C (2007). Aflatoxins occurence in milk and feed in Northern Italy during 2004-2005. Food Control, 18, 1263- 1266.
  • Demirel M, Yıldırım A (2000). Van yöresinde yetiştirici şartlarında depolanan kaba yemlerde aflatoksin oluşumunun saptanması. Tarım Bil Derg (J Agric Sci), 10(1), 77-83.
  • Dimitrieska-Stojkovi E, Stojanovska-Dimzoska B, Ilievska G, Uzunov R, Stojkovi G, Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Jankuloski D (2016). Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in raw milk and feed in Macedonia during 2013. Food Control, 59, 201-206.
  • Galvano F, Galofaro V, Galvano G (1996). Occurence and stability of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: A worldwide review. J Food Prot, 59(10), 1079-1090.
  • Ghanem I, Orfi M (2009). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and powdered milk available in the Syrian market. Food Control, 20 (6), 603-605.
  • Henry SH, Whitaker T, Rabbani I, Bowers J, Park D, Price W, Bosch FX, Pennington J, Verger P, Yoshizawa T, van Egmond H, Jonker MA, Coker R (2001). Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food; WHO Food Additives Series 47; FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 74; WHO: Geneva, 2001; p.1-102.
  • IARC (2002). Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. World Health Organization. Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation, Vol. 82. Lyon, pp. 171–175.
  • Jay JM (2000). Modern Food Microbiology. Sixth Edition, An Aspen Publication, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
  • Kamkar A, Jahed Khaniki GhR, Alavi SA (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 8(2), 123-128.
  • Kırdar SS (2006). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde mikotoksinler. Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi, Bildiriler Kitabı, sh: 307-310, 24-26 Mayıs 2006, BOLU.
  • Kireçci E., Savaşçı M., Ayyıldız A (2007). Sarıkamış’ta tüketilen süt ve peynir ürünlerinde aflatoksin M1 varlığının belirlenmesi. Tr J Infect, 21 (2), 93-96.
  • Kök Z (2006). Aydın ili ve çevresinde üretilen süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin varlığının araştırılması. Y Lisans Tezi, 72 s, AMÜ Sağ Bil Enst, Aydın.
  • Liu Y, Felicia W (2010). Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: A risk assessment. Environ Health Persp, 118(6), 818-825.
  • Martins ML, Martins HM (2000). Aflatoxin M1 in raw and ultra high temperature-treated milk commercialized in Portugal. Food Addit Contam, 17(10), 871-874.
  • Nuryono N, Agus A, Wedhastri S, Maryudani YB, Sigit Setyabudi FMC, Böhm J, Razzazi-Fazeli E (2009). A Limited survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk from Indonesia by ELISA. Food Control, 20 (8), 721-724.
  • Oruç HH (2003). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) ve Türkiye’deki durumu Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med, 22 (1-2-3), 121-125.
  • Oruç HH, Kalkanlı Ö, Cengiz M, Sonal S (2005). Bursa'nın ova ve dağ köylerinden toplanan çiğ sütlerde aflatoksin M1 düzeyleri. II. Ulusal Mikotoksin Sempozyumu 23-24 Mayıs 2005, 124-127s, İstanbul.
  • Özsunar A, Arıcı M, Gümüş T, Demirci M (2006). Trakya bölgesinde üretilen inek sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 varlığı. Y Lisans Tezi, TÜ Fen Bil Enst, Tekirdağ.
  • Pittet A (1998). Natural occurence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds – an updated review. Rev Med Vet, 149, 479-492.
  • Piva G, Pietri A, Galazzi L, Curto O (1987). Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in dairy products marketed in Italy. Food Addit Contam, 5, 133-139.
  • Rahimi E, Bonyadian M, Rafei M, Kazemeini HR (2010). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk of five dairy species in Ahvaz, Iran. Food Chem Toxicol, 48(1), 129-131.
  • Rodríguez Velasco ML, Calonge Delso MM, Ordónez Escudero D (2003). ELISA and HPLC determination of the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow’s milk. Food Addit Contam, 20 (3), 276-280.
  • Rokhi ML (2013). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk samples in Gilan, Iran. Adv Stud Biol, 5(4), 151˗1 56.
  • Roussi V, Govaris A, Varagouli A, Botsoglou NA (2002). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and market milk commercialized in Greece. Food Addit Contam, 19(9), 863-868.
  • Ryser ET (2001). Public health concerns. In: Applied Dairy Microbiology, Second Edition, (Revised and Expanded), Editors: Marth EH, Steele JL, pp: 397-546, Marcel Dekker Inc, NY, USA.
  • Sarıca DY, Has O, Taşdelen S, Ezer Ü (2015). Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, White Cheese and Yoghurt From Ankara, Turkey Markets. Biol and Chem Res, Vol: 2015, 36-49.
  • Sefidgar SAA, Gholampour A, Khosravi AR, Roudbar-Mohammadi S (2008). Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk at Cattle Farms in Babol, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 484-486.
  • Shephard GS (2009). Aflatoxin analysis at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Anal Bioanal Chem, 395,1215-1224.
  • Shundo L, Sabino M (2006). Aflatoxin M1 in milk by immunoaffinity column cleanup with TLC/HPLC determination. Braz J Microbiol, 37, 164-167.
  • Tajkarimi M, Aliabadi-Sh F, Salah Nejad A, Poursoltani H, Motallebi AA, Mahdavi H (2008). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in winter and summer milk in 14 states in Iran. Food Control, 19, 1033-1036.
  • Topcu SÖ (2006). Ankara sokak sütü ve peynir örneklerinden maya izolasyonu, sütlerden aflatoksin M1 tayini. Y Lisans Tezi, 97 s., GÜ Fen Bil Enst, Ankara.
  • Van Egmond HP (1989). Mycotoxins in dairy products. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
  • Veldman A (1992). Effect of Sorbentia on carry-over of aflatoxin from cow feed to milk. Milchwissenschaft, 47, 777-780.
  • Wang JS, Tang L (2004). Epidemiology of aflatoxin exposure and human liver cancer. J Toxicol, 23(2,3), 249-271.
  • Weimer PJ (2001). Microbiology of the Dairy Animal. in: Applied Dairy Microbiology, Second Edition, (Revised and Expanded), Editors: Marth EH, Steele JL, pp:1-58, Marcel Dekker Inc, NY, USA.
  • Yetişemiyen A (2007). Süt Üretimi, Süt hayvancılığı, sütün oluşumu ve sağımı. Süt Teknolojisi (Editör: Prof. Dr. Atila Yetişemiyen), Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, ISBN: 978-975-482-750-7, Sh: 1-26, Ankara.
  • Zinedine A, Brera C, Elakhdari S, Catano C, Debegnach F, Angelini S, Faid M, Benlemlih M, Riardi V, Miraglia M (2006). Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and spices commercialized in Morocco. Food Control, 17, 868-874.

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow's Milk

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 151 - 155, 01.12.2015

Öz

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in unpackaged sold raw cow's milk in center of the Van province, Turkey. For this purpose, 100 unpackaged raw cow's milk samples were collected from retail stores in center of the Van province during summer (June, July and August) and analyzed for presence and levels of AFM1. The levels of AFM1 in the milk samples were determined using the enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA). In 100 raw cow’s milk samples analyzed, where AFM1 is not found in 15 samples (15%), it is found; below detection limit (5 ppt) in 53 samples (53%), between 6.61 and 76.96 ng/l, average 24.60±17.89 ng/l in 21 samples (21%) and above 80 ng/l in 11 samples in (11%). It is found out that, 12 (12%) of raw cow’s milk samples aren’t compatible with the limits (50 ng/l) for milk in Turkish Food Codex in terms of aflatoxine M1 levels. Detecting aflatoxine M1 levels above legal limits in raw cow’s milk samples put up for sale indicate that consumption of these milks pose important risk in terms of public health. Therefore, should be established a good monitoring and control system in raw milk production and shall prevent the sale and consumption of milk containing high AFM1

Kaynakça

  • Akdemir Ç, Altıntaş A (2004). Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak, 51, 175-179.
  • Aljicevic M, Hamzic S (2010). Aflatoxin in the urine of patients suffering fom HCC and HBV. J of Society for Development in New Net Environment in B&H, 4(4), 852-856.
  • Anonim (2008). Gıda Maddelerinde Belirli Bulaşanların Maksimum Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi Hakkında Tebliğ. Resmi Gazete, 17 Mayıs 2008, sayı: 26879, Başbakanlık Basımevi, Ankara.
  • Anonymous (1997). Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins 1995. A compendium FAO, Food and Nutrition Paper, 64, Rome.
  • Anonymous (2001). Report of the 33rd Session of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standarts Programme Codex Alimentarius Commision. Twenty-Fourth Session, Geneva, Switzerland. Organisation of The United Nations.
  • Anonymous (2002). Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products. Immunolab GmbH, Darmstadt, 1-6, Germany.
  • Anonymous (2006). Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxin M1. Art. No: R1111, Lot: 13400, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany.
  • Anonymous (2006a). Enzyme immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxin M1. Art. No: R1101, R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany.
  • Anonymous (2010). Regulations. Commission Regulation (EU) No: 165/2010. Amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006, setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards aflatoxins. Official Journal of the European Union, L, 50, 8-12.
  • Atasever M, Nizamlıoğlu M, Özturhan K, Karakaya Y, Ünsal C (2006). Erzurum bölgesinde tüketime sunulan süt ve süt ürünlerinin aflatoksin M1 yönünden incelenmesi. 2. Ulusal Veteriner Gıda Hijyeni Kongresi (Uluslar arası katılımlı) Bildiri Kitabı, sh:231-240, 18-20 Eylül 2006, İstanbul.
  • Bakirci I (2001). A study on the occurence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products produced in Van province of Turkey. Food Control, 12, 47-51.
  • Barbieri G., Bergamini C, Ori E, Resca P (1994). Aflatoxin M1 in parmesan cheese: HPLC determination. J Food Sci, 59, 1313-1331.
  • Boudra H, Barnoin J, Dragacci S, Morgavi DP (2007). Aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A in raw bulk milk from French dairy herds. J Dairy Sci, 90(7), 3197-3201.
  • Budağ C, Keçeci Ş (2013). Van’da büyükbaş hayvan besilerinde kullanılan yemler ve besi şekillerine ilişkin bir anket çalışması. YYÜ Fen Bil Enst Derg, 18(1-2), 48-61.
  • Buldu HM, Koç AN, Uraz G (2011). Aflatoxin M1 kontamination in cow’s milk in Kayseri (central Turkey). Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 35(2), 87-91
  • Creppy EE (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicol Letters, 127, 19-28.
  • Çoksöyler N, Gültaktı Y, Demir C, Aşkın O, Andiç S, Karadaş F (2006). Van yöresinde üretilen sütlerde aflatoksin M1 düzeyleri. Ulusal Mikotoksin Sempozyumu, 99-104 s, 18-19 Eylül 2003, İstanbul.
  • Decastelli L, Lai J, Gramaglia M, Monaco A, Nachtmann C, Oldano F, Ruffier M, Sezian A, Bandirola C (2007). Aflatoxins occurence in milk and feed in Northern Italy during 2004-2005. Food Control, 18, 1263- 1266.
  • Demirel M, Yıldırım A (2000). Van yöresinde yetiştirici şartlarında depolanan kaba yemlerde aflatoksin oluşumunun saptanması. Tarım Bil Derg (J Agric Sci), 10(1), 77-83.
  • Dimitrieska-Stojkovi E, Stojanovska-Dimzoska B, Ilievska G, Uzunov R, Stojkovi G, Hajrulai-Musliu Z, Jankuloski D (2016). Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in raw milk and feed in Macedonia during 2013. Food Control, 59, 201-206.
  • Galvano F, Galofaro V, Galvano G (1996). Occurence and stability of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: A worldwide review. J Food Prot, 59(10), 1079-1090.
  • Ghanem I, Orfi M (2009). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and powdered milk available in the Syrian market. Food Control, 20 (6), 603-605.
  • Henry SH, Whitaker T, Rabbani I, Bowers J, Park D, Price W, Bosch FX, Pennington J, Verger P, Yoshizawa T, van Egmond H, Jonker MA, Coker R (2001). Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food; WHO Food Additives Series 47; FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 74; WHO: Geneva, 2001; p.1-102.
  • IARC (2002). Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. World Health Organization. Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation, Vol. 82. Lyon, pp. 171–175.
  • Jay JM (2000). Modern Food Microbiology. Sixth Edition, An Aspen Publication, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
  • Kamkar A, Jahed Khaniki GhR, Alavi SA (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 8(2), 123-128.
  • Kırdar SS (2006). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde mikotoksinler. Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi, Bildiriler Kitabı, sh: 307-310, 24-26 Mayıs 2006, BOLU.
  • Kireçci E., Savaşçı M., Ayyıldız A (2007). Sarıkamış’ta tüketilen süt ve peynir ürünlerinde aflatoksin M1 varlığının belirlenmesi. Tr J Infect, 21 (2), 93-96.
  • Kök Z (2006). Aydın ili ve çevresinde üretilen süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin varlığının araştırılması. Y Lisans Tezi, 72 s, AMÜ Sağ Bil Enst, Aydın.
  • Liu Y, Felicia W (2010). Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: A risk assessment. Environ Health Persp, 118(6), 818-825.
  • Martins ML, Martins HM (2000). Aflatoxin M1 in raw and ultra high temperature-treated milk commercialized in Portugal. Food Addit Contam, 17(10), 871-874.
  • Nuryono N, Agus A, Wedhastri S, Maryudani YB, Sigit Setyabudi FMC, Böhm J, Razzazi-Fazeli E (2009). A Limited survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk from Indonesia by ELISA. Food Control, 20 (8), 721-724.
  • Oruç HH (2003). Süt ve süt ürünlerinde aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) ve Türkiye’deki durumu Uludag Univ J Fac Vet Med, 22 (1-2-3), 121-125.
  • Oruç HH, Kalkanlı Ö, Cengiz M, Sonal S (2005). Bursa'nın ova ve dağ köylerinden toplanan çiğ sütlerde aflatoksin M1 düzeyleri. II. Ulusal Mikotoksin Sempozyumu 23-24 Mayıs 2005, 124-127s, İstanbul.
  • Özsunar A, Arıcı M, Gümüş T, Demirci M (2006). Trakya bölgesinde üretilen inek sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 varlığı. Y Lisans Tezi, TÜ Fen Bil Enst, Tekirdağ.
  • Pittet A (1998). Natural occurence of mycotoxins in foods and feeds – an updated review. Rev Med Vet, 149, 479-492.
  • Piva G, Pietri A, Galazzi L, Curto O (1987). Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in dairy products marketed in Italy. Food Addit Contam, 5, 133-139.
  • Rahimi E, Bonyadian M, Rafei M, Kazemeini HR (2010). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk of five dairy species in Ahvaz, Iran. Food Chem Toxicol, 48(1), 129-131.
  • Rodríguez Velasco ML, Calonge Delso MM, Ordónez Escudero D (2003). ELISA and HPLC determination of the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow’s milk. Food Addit Contam, 20 (3), 276-280.
  • Rokhi ML (2013). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk samples in Gilan, Iran. Adv Stud Biol, 5(4), 151˗1 56.
  • Roussi V, Govaris A, Varagouli A, Botsoglou NA (2002). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw and market milk commercialized in Greece. Food Addit Contam, 19(9), 863-868.
  • Ryser ET (2001). Public health concerns. In: Applied Dairy Microbiology, Second Edition, (Revised and Expanded), Editors: Marth EH, Steele JL, pp: 397-546, Marcel Dekker Inc, NY, USA.
  • Sarıca DY, Has O, Taşdelen S, Ezer Ü (2015). Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk, White Cheese and Yoghurt From Ankara, Turkey Markets. Biol and Chem Res, Vol: 2015, 36-49.
  • Sefidgar SAA, Gholampour A, Khosravi AR, Roudbar-Mohammadi S (2008). Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk at Cattle Farms in Babol, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11, 484-486.
  • Shephard GS (2009). Aflatoxin analysis at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Anal Bioanal Chem, 395,1215-1224.
  • Shundo L, Sabino M (2006). Aflatoxin M1 in milk by immunoaffinity column cleanup with TLC/HPLC determination. Braz J Microbiol, 37, 164-167.
  • Tajkarimi M, Aliabadi-Sh F, Salah Nejad A, Poursoltani H, Motallebi AA, Mahdavi H (2008). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in winter and summer milk in 14 states in Iran. Food Control, 19, 1033-1036.
  • Topcu SÖ (2006). Ankara sokak sütü ve peynir örneklerinden maya izolasyonu, sütlerden aflatoksin M1 tayini. Y Lisans Tezi, 97 s., GÜ Fen Bil Enst, Ankara.
  • Van Egmond HP (1989). Mycotoxins in dairy products. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
  • Veldman A (1992). Effect of Sorbentia on carry-over of aflatoxin from cow feed to milk. Milchwissenschaft, 47, 777-780.
  • Wang JS, Tang L (2004). Epidemiology of aflatoxin exposure and human liver cancer. J Toxicol, 23(2,3), 249-271.
  • Weimer PJ (2001). Microbiology of the Dairy Animal. in: Applied Dairy Microbiology, Second Edition, (Revised and Expanded), Editors: Marth EH, Steele JL, pp:1-58, Marcel Dekker Inc, NY, USA.
  • Yetişemiyen A (2007). Süt Üretimi, Süt hayvancılığı, sütün oluşumu ve sağımı. Süt Teknolojisi (Editör: Prof. Dr. Atila Yetişemiyen), Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi, ISBN: 978-975-482-750-7, Sh: 1-26, Ankara.
  • Zinedine A, Brera C, Elakhdari S, Catano C, Debegnach F, Angelini S, Faid M, Benlemlih M, Riardi V, Miraglia M (2006). Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and spices commercialized in Morocco. Food Control, 17, 868-874.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA79AG82GB
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özgür İşleyici Bu kişi benim

Yakup Can Sancak Bu kişi benim

Hakan Sancak Bu kişi benim

Ufuk Mercan Yücel Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA İşleyici, Ö., Sancak, Y. C., Sancak, H., Mercan Yücel, U. (2015). Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk. Van Veterinary Journal, 26(3), 151-155.
AMA İşleyici Ö, Sancak YC, Sancak H, Mercan Yücel U. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk. Van Vet J. Aralık 2015;26(3):151-155.
Chicago İşleyici, Özgür, Yakup Can Sancak, Hakan Sancak, ve Ufuk Mercan Yücel. “Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk”. Van Veterinary Journal 26, sy. 3 (Aralık 2015): 151-55.
EndNote İşleyici Ö, Sancak YC, Sancak H, Mercan Yücel U (01 Aralık 2015) Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk. Van Veterinary Journal 26 3 151–155.
IEEE Ö. İşleyici, Y. C. Sancak, H. Sancak, ve U. Mercan Yücel, “Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk”, Van Vet J, c. 26, sy. 3, ss. 151–155, 2015.
ISNAD İşleyici, Özgür vd. “Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk”. Van Veterinary Journal 26/3 (Aralık 2015), 151-155.
JAMA İşleyici Ö, Sancak YC, Sancak H, Mercan Yücel U. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk. Van Vet J. 2015;26:151–155.
MLA İşleyici, Özgür vd. “Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk”. Van Veterinary Journal, c. 26, sy. 3, 2015, ss. 151-5.
Vancouver İşleyici Ö, Sancak YC, Sancak H, Mercan Yücel U. Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Unpackaged Sold Raw Cow’s Milk. Van Vet J. 2015;26(3):151-5.

88x31.png

Kabul edilen makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-Ticari Olmayan Lisansla Paylaş 4.0 uluslararası lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.