Araştırma Makalesi
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Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 3, 106 - 111, 29.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1165216

Öz

Abortions, fetal mummification, calf anomalies, and infertility problems constitute most of the reproductive problems in cattle. Viruses play a significant role in the cause of these cases. In cattle, these agents are known as primary abortion agents and the most common of these agents are Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BoHV-1), and Bovine Herpes Virus Type 4 (BoHV-4). The objective of this research is to determine the potential role of BVDV, BoHV-1, and BoHV-4 as viral abortion agents in cattle housed in the Van district. For this, a total of 115 animal specimens (blood, serum, vaginal swab, vaginal fluid discharge, nasal swab, and abortion material) from 100 abortion, early embryonic deaths, and infertility cases in cattle over the age of 2-5 years old were collected. All samples for detection of BVDV, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 genomes were tested by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique using specific primers encoding Panpesti 5'-UTR, Glycoprotein C (gC) and Glycoprotein B (gB) genes, respectively. Result out of the samples tested, 41.73% were positive for BVDV and all samples were negative for BoHV-1 and BoHV-4. In conclusion, the presence of BVDV in cattle in the Van region and its role in the occurrence of abortion cases was emphasized for the first time. It is necessary to the consideration of viral abortions and determine the etiology of abortion cases and genital system problems. According to this, we need to focus on the detection of persistently infected (PI) animals for prevention and control of infection and the most effective way of vaccinating susceptible populations.

Destekleyen Kurum

This work financially was supported by the scientific research projects coordination unit of Van Yuzuncu Yil University.

Proje Numarası

Project ID: TYL-2020-8926

Teşekkür

This study was produced from the first author's master thesis titled “The Investigation of BVDV, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 Infections abortion cases in cattle in Van District” and

Kaynakça

  • Ackermann M, Engels M (2006). Pro and contra IBR-eradication. Vet Microbiol, 113 (3-4), 293–302.
  • Aldemir C, Başbuğ O (2019). Investigation of the Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Calves in Malatya Province. F Ü Sağ Bil Vet Derg, 33 (3), 151-153.
  • Alkan F, Burgu İ, Bilge Dağalp S et al. (2005). The seroprevalence of BHV-1 infection on selected dairy cattle herds in Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 156, 166-169.
  • Altun S, Özdemir S, Sağlam YS (2019). The Presence and Prevalence of Bovine Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Bovine Papillomaviruses (BPV), Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) in Subclinical Mastitis in Cattle. Kocatepe Vet J, 12 (2), 135-143.
  • Aslan ME, Azkur AK and Gazyagcı S (2015). Epidemiology and genetic characterization of BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4, BHV-5 and Brucella spp. infections in cattle in Turkey. J Vet Med Sci, 77 (11), 1371–1377.
  • Baker JC (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 11, 425-449.
  • Bilge Dağalp S, Demir AB, Güngör E, Alkan F (2007). The Seroprevalence of Bovine Herpesvirus Type-4 (BoHV-4) Infection in Dairy Herds in Turkey and Possible Infection with Reproductive Disorders. Revue Vet Med, 04, 201-205.
  • Bilge Dağalp S, Güngör E, Demir AB et al. (2010). The investigation of the presence of bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) in cows with metritis in a dairy herd. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 57 (2), 87-91.
  • Bilge Dağalp S, Babaoglu AR, Firat D et al. (2020). An assessment of bovine herpes virus 4 as a causative agent in abortions and neonatal death. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 87 (1), 1-5.
  • Bilgili İ, Mamak N (2019). Serological Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infection in Dairy Cattle Herds in Isparta Province. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 7 (2), 105-113.
  • Burgu İ, Alkan F, Özkul A et al. (2003). Control and epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection for dairy herds in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 50,127-133.
  • Chastant‐Maillard S (2015). Impact of Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV‐4) on Reproduction. Transbound Emerg Dis, 62 (3), 245-251.
  • Cowley DB, Graham DA, Guelbenzu M et al. (2014). Aspects of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus herd-level seroprevalence and vaccination in dairy and beef herds in Northern Ireland. Ir Vet J, 67 (1), 1-5.
  • Dağalp S, Alkan F, Çalışkan E et al. (2012). The investigation of the herpesviruses (BoHV-1 and BoHV-4) on the occurrence of the reproductive disorders in dairy cattle herds Turkey. Revue Med Vet, 163 (4), 206-211.
  • Doğan F, Bilge Dağalp S (2017). The Etiyopatogenesis of Viral Abortion Cases in Cattle. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 5 (1), 66-77.
  • Demirsoy A, Mamak N (2020). Serological Research of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infection in Cattle Farms in Antalya Province. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 8 (3), 128-137.
  • Denise Goens S (2002). The evolution of bovine viral diarrhea: a review. Can Vet J, 43 (12), 946.
  • Gür S, Acar A, Gencay A et al. (2019). A Serological Investigation for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus Infection in Aegean Region. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 4 (1). 1-10.
  • Gür S, Doğan N (2010). The possible role of bovine herpesvirus type‐4 infection in cow infertility. Anim Sci J, 81 (3), 304-308.
  • Gürçay M, Keçeci H, Öztürk M (2020). Determination of presence and prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection in cattle herds in Bingol province. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg, 31 (1), 34-38.
  • International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2012). Virus Taxonomy, Family-Herpesviridae. Ninth report, PP 111-122.
  • İnce ÖB (2020). Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) Infection Epidemiology at Dairies in the Province of Afyonkarahisar. Van Vet J, 31 (3), 122-126.
  • Kadiroğlu B, Alpay G, Yeşilbağ K (2020). Diyarbakır Bölgesindeki Ruminantlarda Solunum Sistemi Viruslarının Seroprevalansı ve Pestivirus Varlığının Araştırılması. J Res Vet Med, 39 (1), 26-33.
  • Kaur G, Chandra M (2016). Herpesvirus in Bovines: Importance of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1. Herpesviridae (pp. 219), IntechOpen.
  • Kirkland PD, Richards SG, Rothwell JT, Stanley DF (1991). Replication of bovine viral diarrhoeavirus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. The Vet Rec, 128 (25), 587-590.
  • Mohanty SB, Hammond RC, Lillie MG (1971). A new bovine herpesvirus and its effect on experimentally infected calves. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 33 (3), 394-5.
  • Muylkens B, Thiry J, Kirten P et al. (2007). Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Res, 38 (2), 181-209.
  • Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z, Wathes DC (2019). Mechanisms linking bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection with infertility in cattle. Animal Health Res Rev, 20 (1), 72–85.
  • Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Muz D, Yılmaz V et al. (2012). Molecular Characteristics of Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus 1 Isolates from Turkey: Approaches for an Eradication Programme. Transbound Emerg Dis, 59 (4), 303–310.
  • Öncül S, Meriç I, Korkut F (1964). First incidence of mucosal disease in Turkey observed among cattle at Lalahan Animal Breeding Research Institute: Clinical Aspects. J Anim Breed Res Inst, 4, 186-199.
  • Özgünlük İ, Yıldırım Y (2017). A Serological Investigation on Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV 1) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infections in Cattle in Southeast Region of Turkey. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 6 (2), 152-157.
  • Schweizer M, Mätzener P, Pfaffen G et al. (2006). “Self” and “nonself” manipulation of interferon defense during persistent infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus resists alpha/beta interferon without blocking antiviral activity against unrelated viruses replicating in its host cells. J Virol, 80 (14), 6926-6935.
  • Spilki FR, Esteves PA, Lima MD et al. (2004). Comparative pathogenicity of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BOHV-1) subtypes 1 (BOHV-1.1) and 2a (BOHV-1.2 a). Pesq Vet Bras, 24 (1), 43-49.
  • Şevik M, Avcı O (2015). Molecular investigation of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 from aborted small ruminant foetuses. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 31 (1), 57-59.
  • Timurkan MÖ, Aydın H (2019). Increased genetic diversity of BVDV strains circulating in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: first detection of BVDV-3 in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod, 51 (7), 1953–1961.
  • Thiry E, Dubuisson J, Bublot M et al. (1990). The biology of bovine herpesvirus-4 infection of cattle. Dtsch Tierarzt Wochenschr, 97 (2), 72-77.
  • Tuncer-Göktuna P, Alpay G, Öner EB, Yeşilbağ K (2016). The role of herpesviruses (BoHV-1 and BoHV-4) and pestiviruses (BVDV and BDV) in ruminant abortion cases in western Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod, 48 (5), 1021-1027.
  • Van Engelenburg FA, Maes RK, Van Oirschot JT, Rijsewijk FA (1993). Development of a rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in bovine semen. J Clin Microbiol, 31 (12), 3129-3135.
  • Van Schaik G, Schukken YH, Nielen M et al. (2001). Epidemiology: Risk factors for introduction of BHV1 into BHV1‐free Dutch dairy farms: A case‐control study. Vet Quart, 23 (2), 71-76.
  • Vilcek S, Herring AJ, Herring JA et al. (1994). Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. Arch Virol, 136 (3-4), 309-23.
  • Wathes DC, Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z (2020). Importance of viral disease in dairy cow fertility. Engineering, 6 (1), 26-33.
  • Wellenberg GJ, Verstraten ERAM, Bela ́k S et al. (2001) Detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein B and thymidine kinase DNA by PCR assays in bovine milk. J Virol Methods, 97 (1-2), 101-112.
  • Yildirim Y, Yilmaz V, Kalaycioglu AT et al. (2011). An investigation of A possible involvement of BVDV, BHV-1 and BHV-4 infections in abortion of dairy cattle in Kars district of Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 17 (6), 879-883.
  • Yilmaz V (2015). Molecular Diagnosis and Seroepidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Cattle with Abortion Problem. World J Vet Sci, 3 (1), 3-6.
  • Yilmaz V, Coskun N, Sahin M (2016). Molecular detection of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Herpes Virus-4 (BoHV-4) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) in aborted ruminant fetuses from Kars province in Northeast Turkey. Indian J Anim Res, 50 (4), 551-556.
  • Yilmaz V, Coskun N, Celebi O et al. (2017). Seroprevalence of Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BoHV-1) in breeding bullsin Northeastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. Indian J Anim Res, 52 (2), 319-322.
  • Yilmaz V, Coskun N, Kuru M, et al. (2020). Virological Investigation of Bovine Herpes Virus 1 and Bovine Herpes Virus 4 Infections in Cattle with Endometritis in Kars Province of Turkey. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 8 (5), 531-535.
  • Zimmermann W, Broll H, Ehlers B et al. (2001). Genome sequence of bovine herpesvirus 4, a bovine Rhadinovirus, and identification of an origin of DNA replication. J Virol, 75 (3), 1186-1194.

Van Yöresi Sığırlarında Bovine Viral Diyare Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 ve Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Nedenli Abort Olgularının Moleküler Olarak Araştırılması

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 3, 106 - 111, 29.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1165216

Öz

Sığırlarda görülen reprodüktif problemlerin başında abortlar, fötal mumifikasyon, anomali yavru doğumları ve döl tutmama sorunları gelmektedir. Bu olguların sebeplerinin arasında viruslar önemli bir paya sahiptir. Viral enfeksiyonların en yaygın olanları ve sığırlarda primer abort etkenleri olarak bilinen; Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Bovine Herpes Virus Tip 1 (BoHV-1) ve Bovine Herpes Virus Tip 4 (BoHV-4) viruslarıdır. Van yöresinde yetiştirilen sığırlarda BVDV, BoHV-1 ve BoHV-4 enfeksiyonlarının viral abort etkenleri olarak olası rolünün ortaya çıkması bu araştırmanın öncelikli hedefi olarak belirlenmektedir. Bu amaçla, abort, erken embriyonik ölümler, anomalili yavru doğumları ve fertilite problemi olan 2-5 yaşları arasında 100 adet sığırdan toplam 115 adet örnek (Tam kan, kan serumu, vaginal swab, vaginal sıvı akıntısı, nazal swab ve abort materyali) alındı. Bu örnekler BVDV, BoHV-1 ve BoHV-4 nükleik asit varlığı yönünden sırasıyla Panpesti 5’-UTR, Glikoprotein C (gC) ve Glikoprotein B (gB) genini kodlayan spesifik primerler kullanılarak Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PCR) tekniği ile test edildi. Söz konusu örneklerin %’41.73’ü BVDV nükleik asiti varlığı yönünden pozitif olarak değerlendirildi, BoHV-1 ve BoHV-4 nükleik asiti yönünden pozitif örneğe rastlanmadı. Sonuç olarak, Van yöresindeki sığırlarda BVDV enfeksiyonunun varlığı ve abort olguların oluşumundaki rolü ilk kez ortaya konulmuş; abortların ve genital kanal problemlerin etiyolojisinin belirlenmesine ve viral abortlara dikkat çekerek, enfeksiyonunun korunma-kontrol programında uygulanan en etkili yolun persiste enfekte (PI) hayvanların tespiti ve duyarlı popülasyonun aşılanması üzerinde durulması vurgulanmıştır.

Proje Numarası

Project ID: TYL-2020-8926

Kaynakça

  • Ackermann M, Engels M (2006). Pro and contra IBR-eradication. Vet Microbiol, 113 (3-4), 293–302.
  • Aldemir C, Başbuğ O (2019). Investigation of the Prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Calves in Malatya Province. F Ü Sağ Bil Vet Derg, 33 (3), 151-153.
  • Alkan F, Burgu İ, Bilge Dağalp S et al. (2005). The seroprevalence of BHV-1 infection on selected dairy cattle herds in Turkey. Rev Med Vet, 156, 166-169.
  • Altun S, Özdemir S, Sağlam YS (2019). The Presence and Prevalence of Bovine Parainfluenza 3 (BPIV-3), Bovine Papillomaviruses (BPV), Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) in Subclinical Mastitis in Cattle. Kocatepe Vet J, 12 (2), 135-143.
  • Aslan ME, Azkur AK and Gazyagcı S (2015). Epidemiology and genetic characterization of BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4, BHV-5 and Brucella spp. infections in cattle in Turkey. J Vet Med Sci, 77 (11), 1371–1377.
  • Baker JC (1995). The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 11, 425-449.
  • Bilge Dağalp S, Demir AB, Güngör E, Alkan F (2007). The Seroprevalence of Bovine Herpesvirus Type-4 (BoHV-4) Infection in Dairy Herds in Turkey and Possible Infection with Reproductive Disorders. Revue Vet Med, 04, 201-205.
  • Bilge Dağalp S, Güngör E, Demir AB et al. (2010). The investigation of the presence of bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) in cows with metritis in a dairy herd. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 57 (2), 87-91.
  • Bilge Dağalp S, Babaoglu AR, Firat D et al. (2020). An assessment of bovine herpes virus 4 as a causative agent in abortions and neonatal death. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 87 (1), 1-5.
  • Bilgili İ, Mamak N (2019). Serological Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infection in Dairy Cattle Herds in Isparta Province. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 7 (2), 105-113.
  • Burgu İ, Alkan F, Özkul A et al. (2003). Control and epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection for dairy herds in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 50,127-133.
  • Chastant‐Maillard S (2015). Impact of Bovine Herpesvirus 4 (BoHV‐4) on Reproduction. Transbound Emerg Dis, 62 (3), 245-251.
  • Cowley DB, Graham DA, Guelbenzu M et al. (2014). Aspects of bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus herd-level seroprevalence and vaccination in dairy and beef herds in Northern Ireland. Ir Vet J, 67 (1), 1-5.
  • Dağalp S, Alkan F, Çalışkan E et al. (2012). The investigation of the herpesviruses (BoHV-1 and BoHV-4) on the occurrence of the reproductive disorders in dairy cattle herds Turkey. Revue Med Vet, 163 (4), 206-211.
  • Doğan F, Bilge Dağalp S (2017). The Etiyopatogenesis of Viral Abortion Cases in Cattle. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 5 (1), 66-77.
  • Demirsoy A, Mamak N (2020). Serological Research of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infection in Cattle Farms in Antalya Province. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 8 (3), 128-137.
  • Denise Goens S (2002). The evolution of bovine viral diarrhea: a review. Can Vet J, 43 (12), 946.
  • Gür S, Acar A, Gencay A et al. (2019). A Serological Investigation for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus Infection in Aegean Region. MAKU J Health Sci Inst, 4 (1). 1-10.
  • Gür S, Doğan N (2010). The possible role of bovine herpesvirus type‐4 infection in cow infertility. Anim Sci J, 81 (3), 304-308.
  • Gürçay M, Keçeci H, Öztürk M (2020). Determination of presence and prevalence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection in cattle herds in Bingol province. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg, 31 (1), 34-38.
  • International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (2012). Virus Taxonomy, Family-Herpesviridae. Ninth report, PP 111-122.
  • İnce ÖB (2020). Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) Infection Epidemiology at Dairies in the Province of Afyonkarahisar. Van Vet J, 31 (3), 122-126.
  • Kadiroğlu B, Alpay G, Yeşilbağ K (2020). Diyarbakır Bölgesindeki Ruminantlarda Solunum Sistemi Viruslarının Seroprevalansı ve Pestivirus Varlığının Araştırılması. J Res Vet Med, 39 (1), 26-33.
  • Kaur G, Chandra M (2016). Herpesvirus in Bovines: Importance of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1. Herpesviridae (pp. 219), IntechOpen.
  • Kirkland PD, Richards SG, Rothwell JT, Stanley DF (1991). Replication of bovine viral diarrhoeavirus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. The Vet Rec, 128 (25), 587-590.
  • Mohanty SB, Hammond RC, Lillie MG (1971). A new bovine herpesvirus and its effect on experimentally infected calves. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch, 33 (3), 394-5.
  • Muylkens B, Thiry J, Kirten P et al. (2007). Bovine herpesvirus 1 infection and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Vet Res, 38 (2), 181-209.
  • Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z, Wathes DC (2019). Mechanisms linking bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection with infertility in cattle. Animal Health Res Rev, 20 (1), 72–85.
  • Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Muz D, Yılmaz V et al. (2012). Molecular Characteristics of Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus 1 Isolates from Turkey: Approaches for an Eradication Programme. Transbound Emerg Dis, 59 (4), 303–310.
  • Öncül S, Meriç I, Korkut F (1964). First incidence of mucosal disease in Turkey observed among cattle at Lalahan Animal Breeding Research Institute: Clinical Aspects. J Anim Breed Res Inst, 4, 186-199.
  • Özgünlük İ, Yıldırım Y (2017). A Serological Investigation on Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV 1) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Infections in Cattle in Southeast Region of Turkey. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 6 (2), 152-157.
  • Schweizer M, Mätzener P, Pfaffen G et al. (2006). “Self” and “nonself” manipulation of interferon defense during persistent infection: bovine viral diarrhea virus resists alpha/beta interferon without blocking antiviral activity against unrelated viruses replicating in its host cells. J Virol, 80 (14), 6926-6935.
  • Spilki FR, Esteves PA, Lima MD et al. (2004). Comparative pathogenicity of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BOHV-1) subtypes 1 (BOHV-1.1) and 2a (BOHV-1.2 a). Pesq Vet Bras, 24 (1), 43-49.
  • Şevik M, Avcı O (2015). Molecular investigation of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 from aborted small ruminant foetuses. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 31 (1), 57-59.
  • Timurkan MÖ, Aydın H (2019). Increased genetic diversity of BVDV strains circulating in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: first detection of BVDV-3 in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod, 51 (7), 1953–1961.
  • Thiry E, Dubuisson J, Bublot M et al. (1990). The biology of bovine herpesvirus-4 infection of cattle. Dtsch Tierarzt Wochenschr, 97 (2), 72-77.
  • Tuncer-Göktuna P, Alpay G, Öner EB, Yeşilbağ K (2016). The role of herpesviruses (BoHV-1 and BoHV-4) and pestiviruses (BVDV and BDV) in ruminant abortion cases in western Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod, 48 (5), 1021-1027.
  • Van Engelenburg FA, Maes RK, Van Oirschot JT, Rijsewijk FA (1993). Development of a rapid and sensitive polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1 in bovine semen. J Clin Microbiol, 31 (12), 3129-3135.
  • Van Schaik G, Schukken YH, Nielen M et al. (2001). Epidemiology: Risk factors for introduction of BHV1 into BHV1‐free Dutch dairy farms: A case‐control study. Vet Quart, 23 (2), 71-76.
  • Vilcek S, Herring AJ, Herring JA et al. (1994). Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. Arch Virol, 136 (3-4), 309-23.
  • Wathes DC, Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z (2020). Importance of viral disease in dairy cow fertility. Engineering, 6 (1), 26-33.
  • Wellenberg GJ, Verstraten ERAM, Bela ́k S et al. (2001) Detection of bovine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein B and thymidine kinase DNA by PCR assays in bovine milk. J Virol Methods, 97 (1-2), 101-112.
  • Yildirim Y, Yilmaz V, Kalaycioglu AT et al. (2011). An investigation of A possible involvement of BVDV, BHV-1 and BHV-4 infections in abortion of dairy cattle in Kars district of Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 17 (6), 879-883.
  • Yilmaz V (2015). Molecular Diagnosis and Seroepidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Cattle with Abortion Problem. World J Vet Sci, 3 (1), 3-6.
  • Yilmaz V, Coskun N, Sahin M (2016). Molecular detection of Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Herpes Virus-4 (BoHV-4) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) in aborted ruminant fetuses from Kars province in Northeast Turkey. Indian J Anim Res, 50 (4), 551-556.
  • Yilmaz V, Coskun N, Celebi O et al. (2017). Seroprevalence of Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BoHV-1) in breeding bullsin Northeastern Anatolian Region of Turkey. Indian J Anim Res, 52 (2), 319-322.
  • Yilmaz V, Coskun N, Kuru M, et al. (2020). Virological Investigation of Bovine Herpes Virus 1 and Bovine Herpes Virus 4 Infections in Cattle with Endometritis in Kars Province of Turkey. Adv Anim Vet Sci, 8 (5), 531-535.
  • Zimmermann W, Broll H, Ehlers B et al. (2001). Genome sequence of bovine herpesvirus 4, a bovine Rhadinovirus, and identification of an origin of DNA replication. J Virol, 75 (3), 1186-1194.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hatice Yıldız 0000-0002-1179-6775

Ali Riza Babaoglu 0000-0001-8023-3442

Proje Numarası Project ID: TYL-2020-8926
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 6 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, H., & Babaoglu, A. R. (2022). Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey. Van Veterinary Journal, 33(3), 106-111. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1165216
AMA Yıldız H, Babaoglu AR. Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey. Van Vet J. Kasım 2022;33(3):106-111. doi:10.36483/vanvetj.1165216
Chicago Yıldız, Hatice, ve Ali Riza Babaoglu. “Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey”. Van Veterinary Journal 33, sy. 3 (Kasım 2022): 106-11. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1165216.
EndNote Yıldız H, Babaoglu AR (01 Kasım 2022) Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey. Van Veterinary Journal 33 3 106–111.
IEEE H. Yıldız ve A. R. Babaoglu, “Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey”, Van Vet J, c. 33, sy. 3, ss. 106–111, 2022, doi: 10.36483/vanvetj.1165216.
ISNAD Yıldız, Hatice - Babaoglu, Ali Riza. “Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey”. Van Veterinary Journal 33/3 (Kasım 2022), 106-111. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1165216.
JAMA Yıldız H, Babaoglu AR. Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey. Van Vet J. 2022;33:106–111.
MLA Yıldız, Hatice ve Ali Riza Babaoglu. “Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey”. Van Veterinary Journal, c. 33, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 106-11, doi:10.36483/vanvetj.1165216.
Vancouver Yıldız H, Babaoglu AR. Molecular Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 and Bovine Herpes Virus-4 Infections in Abortion Cases of Cattle in Van District, Turkey. Van Vet J. 2022;33(3):106-11.

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