Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites found in feeds and foods. Among mycotoxins, the aflatoxin group has received much attention due to its serious effects on human and animal health. When ruminants eat feed containing Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), this toxin is metabolized and passed into milk as Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In recent years, AFB1 and AFM1 have been frequently mentioned in the correlation between toxin exposure and cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Recently, some epidemiological studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin on cancer cells. This review summarizes of some data reported in the literature on the activation states of AFB1 and AFM1 and their correlation with cancer development.
Ajani, J., Chakravarthy, D.V.S., Tanuja, P., Vali Pasha, K. (2014). Aflatoxins. Indian J. Adv. Chem. Sci., 3, 49-60.
Akdemir, Ç., & Altıntaş, A. (2004) Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin-M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 51, 175-179.
Anfossi, L., Baggiani, C., Giovannoli, C., Biagioli, F., D’Arco, G., Giraudi, G. (2013). Optimization of a lateral flow immunoassay for the ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Anal. Chim. Acta, 772, 75-80.
Assaf, J.C., Atoui, A., El Khoury, A., Chokr, A., & Louka, N.A. (2017). Comparative study of procedures for binding of aflatoxin M1 to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Brazilian J. Microbiol., 49, 120-127.
Assaf, J.C., El Khoury, A., Atoui, A., Louka, N., Chokr, A. (2018). A novel technique for aflatoxin M1 detoxification using chitin or treated shrimp shells: In vitro effect of physical and kinetic parameters on the binding stability. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 102, 6687-6697.
Assaf, J.C., EL Khoury, A., Chokr, A., Louka, N., & Atoui, A. (2019b). A novel method for elimination of aflatoxin M1 in milk using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG biofilm. Dairy Technol., 70, 1-9.
Assaf, J.C., Nahle, S., Chokr, A., Louka, N., Atoui, A., & Khoury, A. (2019a). Assorted methods for decontamination of aflatoxin M1 in milk using microbial adsorbents. Review Toxins (Basel) , May 29, 11 (6), 304.
Atasever, M.A., Adıgüzel, G., Atasever, M., & Özturan, K. (2010b). Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Some Cheese Types Consumed in Erzurum-Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 16 (Suppl-A): S87-S91, 2010. DOI:10.9775/kvfd.2009.1639.
Atasever, M.A., Adiguzel, G., Atasever, M., Özlü, H., & Ozturan, K. (2010a), Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in UHT milk in Erzurum-Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 16, 119-122.
Atasever, M.A., Atasever, M., Özturan, K. (2011). Afl atoxin M1 levels in retail yoghurt and ayran in Erzurum in Turkey Ataturk University. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 35 (1), 59-62.
Bovo, F., Ganev, K.C., Mousavi, A., Portela, B., Cruz, A.G., Granato, D., Corassin, C.H., Augusto, C., Oliveira, F., & Sant, A.S. (2016). The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 68, 310-329.
Chen, G., Gong, Y.Y., Martin, E., Kimanya, M.E., Shirima, C.P., Routledge, M.N. (2018). Comparison of urinary aflatoxin M1 and aflatoxin albumin adducts as biomarkers for assessing aflatoxin exposure in Tanzanian children. Comparative Study Journal Biomarkers Mar, 23 (2), 131-136.
Chu, Y.J., Yang, H.I., Wu, H.C., Liu, J., Wang, L.Y., Lu, S.N., Lee, M.H., Jen, C.L., You, S.L., Santella, R.M., ve ark. (2017). Aflatoxin B1 exposure increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Int. J. Cancer, 141, 711-720.
Danesh, N.M., Bostan, H.B., Abnous, K., Ramezani, M., Youssefi, K., Taghdisi, S.M., ve ark. (2018). Ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 and its major metabolite aflatoxin M1 using aptasensors: a review. Trends Anal. Chem., 99, 117-128. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.009.
Deng, H., Su, X., & Wang, H. (2017). Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1, bisphenol A, and 4-nonylphenol in peanut oils by liquid-liquid extraction combined with solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Method 11, 1303-1311.
Donnelly, P.J., Stewart, R.K., Ali, S.L., Conlan, A.A., Reid, K.R., Petsikas, D., & Massey, T.E. (1996). Biotransformation of aflatoxin B1 in human lung. Carcinogenesis, 17, 2487-2494.
Erkan, S., Demir, P., Öksüztepe, G. (2018). Elazığ’ da satışa sunulan Şavak Tulum peynirlerinin Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) ve bazı kimyasal parametreler bakımından incelenmesi. F.Ü. Sağ. Bil. Vet.Derg., 32 (1), 45-51. http://www.fusabil.org.
Erol, İ. (2007). Gıda hijyeni ve mikrobiyolojisi. Ankara, Turkey: Pozitif Matbaacılık.
European Commission. (2006). Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006. Off. J. Eur. Union, 364, 5.
Fallah, A.A. (2010). Assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in central part of Iran. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 988-991.
Fedeles, B.I., Chawanthayatham, S., Croy, R.G., Wogan, G.N., & Essigmann, J.M. (2017). Early detection of the aflatoxin B1 mutational fingerprint: A diagnostic tool for liver cancer. Mol. Cell. Oncol., 4, e1329693:1-e1329693:3.
Gao, Y.N., Wang, J.Q., Li, S.L., Zhang, Y.D., & Zheng, N. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 cytotoxicity against human intestinal Caco-2 cells is enhanced in the presence of other mycotoxins. Food Chem. Toxicol., 96, 79-89.
Giovati, L., Magliani, W., Ciociola, T., Santinoli, C., Conti, S., & Polonelli, L. (2015). AFM1 in milk: physical, biological, and prophylactic methods to mitigate contamination. Toxins (Basel), 7, 4330-4349.
Harrison, J.C., Carvajal, M., & Garner, R.C. (1993). Does aflatoxin exposure in the United Kingdom constitute a cancer risk? Environ. Health Perspect. 99, 99-105.
He, X.Y., Tang, L., Wang, S.L., Cai, Q.S., Wang, J.S., & Hong, J.Y. (2006). Efficient activation of aflatoxin B1 by cytochrome P450 2A13, an enzyme predominantly expressed in human respiratory tract. Int. J. Cancer, 118, 2665-2671.
Hu, L.M., Luo, K., Xia, J., Xu, G.M., Wu, C.H., Han, J.J, & ve ark. (2017). Advantages of time-resolved fluorescent nanobeads compared with fluorescent submicrospheres, quantum dots, and colloidal gold as label in lateral flow assays for detection of ractopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron 91, 95-103.
Hussein, H.S.,& Brasel, J.M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167, 101-134.
Ismail, A., Akhtar, S., Levin, R.E., Ismail, T., Riaz, M., & Amir, M. (2015). Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 42, 418-427.
Ismail, A., Akhtar, S., Levin, R.E., Ismail, T., Riaz, M., & Amir, M. (2016). Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 42, 418-427.
Jafari, T., Fallah, A.A., Kheiri, S., Fadaei, A., & Amini, S.A. (2017). Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Shahrekord, Iran and association with dietary factors. Food Addit. Contam. Part B, 10, 128-136.
Joubert, B.R., Mantooth, S.N., McAllister, K.A. (2020). Environmental Health Research in Africa: Important Progress and Promising Opportunities. Review Front Genet. Jan 16, 10, 1166.
Kamkar, A., Jahed Khaniki, G.h.R., & Alavi, S.A. (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng., 8 (2), 123-128.
Kanapitsas, A., Batrinou, A., Aravantinos, A., & Markaki, P. (2015). Effect of γ-radiation on the production of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus parasiticus in raisins (Vitis vinifera L.). Radiat. Phys. Chem., 106, 327-332.
Karlovsky, P., Suman, M., Berthiller, F., Meester, J.De., Eisenbrand, G., Perrin, I., Oswald , I.P., & Speijers, G. (2016). Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res., 32, 179-205.
Kaya, S, & Şanlı, Y. (2002). Medikal Veterinerlik Hizmetleri Hayvansal Ürünler Ticaret ve Paz. Ltd. Şti. Yayını; ISBN 975-6676-08-6.
Kaya, S. (1989). Yem ve besinlerdeki mikotoksinler: İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı için önemleri. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg., 36 (1), 226-253.
Kızıl, M., Demir, P., Erkan, S., & Öksüztepe, Ö. (2017). Elazığ ilinde satılan çiğ süt ve UHT sütlerde Aflatoksin M1 düzeyi. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 10 (2),115-121.
Kong, W.J., Li, J.Y., Qiu, F., Wei, J.H., Xiao, X.H., Zheng, Y.G., & ve ark. (2013). Development of a sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection for high-throughput analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in coix seed. Anal. Chim. Acta 799, 68-76.
Kucukcakan, B., & Hayrulai-Musliu, Z. (2015). Challenging role of dietary aflatoxin B1 exposure and hepatitis B infection on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci., 3, 363-369.
Kumar, P., Mahato, D.K., Kamle, M., & Mohanta, T.K. (2017). Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Front. Microbiol., 7, 1-10.
Li, H., Wang, D., Tang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., & Li P. (2020). Time-resolved fluorescence ımmunochromatography assay (TRFICA) for Aflatoxin: aiming at increasing strip method sensitivity. Front Microbiol., 6 (11), 676.
Li, H., Xing, L., Zhang, M., Wang, J., & Zheng, N. (2018). The toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 on kidney through regulating l-proline and downstream apoptosis. Biomed. Res. Int., 1-11.
Liu, Y, & Wu, F. (2010). Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: A risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 818-824.
Lopez, C.E., Ramos, L.L., Ramadan, S.S., & ve ark. (2003). Ribesence of aflatoxin M1 in milk for human consumption in Argentina. Food Control, 14, 31-34.
Lu, P.X., Wang, J.B., Zhang, Q.N., Wu, Y., Sun, Y., & Chen, T.Y. (2010). Longitudinal study of aflatoxin exposure in the development of primary liver cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 90, 1665-1669.
Mahmood Fashandi, H., Abbasi, R., & Mousavi Khaneghah, A. (2018). The detoxification of aflatoxin M1 by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.: A review. J. Food Process. Preserv., 42, 1-10.
Marchese, S., Polo, A., Ariano, A., Velotto, A., Costantini, S., & Severino, L. (2018a). Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological properties and their ınvolvement in cancer development. Review Toxins (Basel) May 24, 10 (6), 214.
Marchese, S., Polo, A., Ariano, A., Velotto, S., Costantini, S., & Severino, L. (2018b). Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological properties and their involvement in cancer development. Toxins (Basel) 10, 1-19.
Markov, K., Mihaljevi´c, B., Domijan, A.M., Pleadin, J., Delaš, F., & Frece, J. (2015). Inactivation of aflatoxigenic fungi and the reduction of aflatoxin B1 invitro and in situ using gamma irradiation. Food Control, 54, 79-85.
Mohammed, S., Munissi, J.E., Nyandoro, S. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk and aflatoxin B1 in feed from household cows in Singida, Tanzania. Food Addit. Contam., 9, 85-90.
Mokhles, M., Abd El Wahhab, M.A., Tawfik, M., Ezzat, W., Gamil, K., Ibrahim, M. (2007). Detection of aflatoxin among hepatocellular carcinoma patients in Egypt. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 1422-1429.
Motawee, M. (2013). Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Content during Manufacture and Storage of Egyptian Domaiti Cheese. Vet. Med., 11.
Nugraha, A., Khotimah, K., Rietjens, I.M.C.M. (2018). Risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 exposure from maize and peanut consumption in Indonesia using the margin of exposure and liver cancer risk estimation approaches. Food Chem. Toxicol., 113, 134-144.
Özkaya, Ş., Başaran, A., Kaymak, T., & ve ark. (2002). Gıda ve yemlerde mikotoksin düzeylerinin tespiti. Bölüm 2: Türkiye’de üretilen süt ve peynirlerde aflatoksin M1 aranması. Gıdalarda katkı, kalıntı ve bulaşanların izlenmesi II. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Koruma-Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü Tebliği, Bursa.
Palou, L., Crisosto, C.H., Smilanick, J.L., Adaskaveg, J.E., & Zoffoli, J.P. (2002). Effects of continuous 0.3 ppm ozone exposure on decay development and physiological responses of peaches and table grapes in cold storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 24, 39-48.
Polat, F. (2013). Hatay ili süt ineği işletmelerinde kullanılan yemlerin aflatoksin düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve bu yemlerin kan parametreleri ile sütteki aflatoksin düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Hatay, Turkey, Thesis of PhD, AU, diss.
Prüss-Ustün, A., Wolf, J., Corvalán, C.F., Neville, T., Bos, R., & Neira, M. (2016). Diseases due to unhealthy environments: an updated estimate of the global burden of disease attributable to environmental determinants of health. J. Public Health, 39 (3), 464-475.
Radoni´c, J.R., Tanackov, S.D.K., Mihajlovi´c, I.J., Zorica, S., Miloradov, M.B.V., Škrinjar, M.M., Turk, M.M. (2016). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in human milk samples in Vojvodina, Serbia: Estimation of average daily intake by babies. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, 52, 59-63.
Rapisarda, V., Loreto, C., Malaguarnera, M., Ardiri, A., Proiti, M., Rigano, G., Frazzetto, E., Ruggeri, M.I., Malaguarnera, G., Bertino, N., & ve ark. (2016). Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World J. Hepatol., 8, 573-590.
Rastogi, S., Dwivedi, P.D., Khanna, S.K., & ve ark. (2004). Detection of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and infant milk products from Indian markets by ELISA. Food Control, 15, 287-290.
Saad-Hussein, A., Beshir, S., Moubarz, G., Elserougy, S., & Ibrahim, M.I. (2013). Effect of occupational exposure to aflatoxins on some liver tumor markers in textile workers. Am. J. Ind. Med., 56, 818-824.
Saltzmann, J., Xu, Y., Gong, Y.Y., Lindahl, J., Kersten, S., Dänicke, S., Routledge, M.N. (2020). Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Aflatoxin-Bovine Serum Albumin Adducts in Blood and Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk of Dairy Cows. Mycotoxin Res. May, 36 (2), 207-211.
Scholl, P.F., & Groopman, J.D. (2008). Long-term stability of human aflatoxin B1 albumin adducts assessed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 17, 1436-1439.
Sheijooni-Fumani, N., Hassan, J., & Yousefi, S.R. (2011). Determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereals by homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. J.Sep. Sci., 34, 1333-1337.
Shi, J., He, J., Lin, J., Sun, X., Sun, F., Ou, C., & Jiang, C. (2016). Distinct response of the hepatic transcriptome to aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis and resistance in rats. Sci. Rep., 6, 31898:1-31898:9.
Sulaiman, S.H., Jamaluddin, R., & Sabran, M.R. (2018). Association Between Urinary Aflatoxin (AFM₁) and Dietary Intake Among Adults in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Nutrients, Apr 7, 10 (4), 460.
Sun Y, Zixuan Liu Z, Dandan Liu D, Jin Chen J, Fang Gan F, Huang K. (2018). Low-level aflatoxin B1 promotes ınfluenza ınfection and modulates a switch in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. Cell Physiol Biochem., 49 (3), 1110-1126.
Sun, Z., Lu, P., Gail, M.H., Pee, D., Zhang, Q., Ming, L., Wang, J., Wu, Y., Liu, G., Wu, Y., ve ark. (1999). Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in male hepatitis B surface antigen carriers with chronic hepatitis who have detectable urinary aflatoxin metabolite M1. Hepatology 30, 379-383.
Sweeney, M.J., & Dobson, D.W. (1998). Mycotoxin production by Asperigillus, Fusarium and Penicillium sp. International Journal of Food Microbiology 43, 141-158.
Şanlı, Y. (1995). Veteriner Klinik Toksikoloji. Bölüm 2/Özel Toksikoloji, Mikotoksinler, 14, 283-328.
Tsai, F.J., Chen, S.Y., Liu, Y.C., Liao, H.Y., & Chen, C.J. (2017). The comparison of CHCA solvent compositions for improving LC-MALDI performance and its application to study the impact of aflatoxin B1 on the liver proteome of diabetes mellitus type 1 mice. PLoS ONE, 12, e0181423:1-e0181423:16.
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar (TGK) Yönetmeliği. (2011) Gıda Tarın ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, 29 Aralık 2011 tarih ve 28157 sayılı Resmi Gazete (3. Mükerrer).
Udomkun, P., Nimo, A., Nagle, M., Müller, J., Vanlauwe, B., & Bandyopadhyay, R. (2017). Innovative technologies to manage aflatoxins in foods and feeds and the profitability of applicatione-A review. Food Control, 76, 127-138.
Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Vermeulen, L.C., Gavai, A.K., & Liu, C. (2019). Climate change impacts on aflatoxin B1 in maize and aflatoxin M1 in milk: A case study of maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands. PLoS One. Jun 27, 14 (6), e0218956.
Van Vleet, T.R., Watterson, T.L., Klein, P.J., Coulombe, R.A., Jr. (2006). Aflatoxin B1 alters the expression of p53 in cytochrome P450-expressing human lung cells. Toxicol. Sci., 89, 399-407.
Veldman, A., Meijs, J., Borggreve, G., & Heeres-van der Tol, J. (1992). Carry-over of aflatoxin from cows’ food to milk. Anim. Sci., 55, 163-168.
Verma, R.J. (2004). Aflatoxin cause DNA damage. Int J Hum Genet., 4 (4), 231-236.
Villers, P. (2014). Aflatoxins and safe storage. Front. Microbiol. 5, 1-6.
Wang, D., Zhang, Z.W., Li, P.W., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, W. (2016). Time resolved fluorescent immuno chromatographyof aflatoxin B1 in soybean sauce: A rapid and sensitive quantitative Analysis. Sensors, 1094-1102.
Weidenbörner, M. (2001). Encyclopedia of food mycotoxins. Sprinter-Verlog, Berlin.
Williams, J.H., Phillips, T.D., Jolly, P.E., Stiles, J.K., Jolly, C.M., & Aggarwal, D. (2018). Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr,. 80, 1106-1122.
Yu, M.W., Lien, J.P., Chiu, Y.H., Santella, R.M., Liaw, Y.F., & Chen, C.J. (1997). Effect of aflatoxin metabolism and DNA adduct formation on hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers in Taiwan. J. Hepatol., 27, 320-330.
Zhang, J., Zheng, N., Liu, J., Li, F.D., Li, S.L., Wang, J.Q. (2015). Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 83, 54-60.
Zhao, M., Wang, P., Guo, Y., Wang, L., Luo, F., Qiu, B., & ve ark. (2018). Detection of aflatoxin B1 in food samples based on target-responsive aptamer-crosslinked hydrogel using a hand held pH meter as readout. Talanta 176, 34-39.
YEM VE GIDALARLA HAYATIMIZA GİREN AFLATOKSİNLERİ ÖNLEME YÖNTEMLERİ
Aflatoksinler, yemlerde ve gıdalarda bulunan mantar metabolitleridir. Mikotoksinler arasında, aflatoksin grubu insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerine ciddi etkileri nedeniyle çok dikkat çekmiştir. Geviş getiren hayvanlar Aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) içeren yemleri yediğinde, bu toksin metabolize olur ve Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) olarak süte geçer. Son yıllarda, toksin maruziyeti ile kanser hücresi proliferasyonu ve invazyonu arasındaki korelasyonda AFB1 ve AFM1’den sıkça söz edilmektedir. Son zamanlarda kanser hücreleri üzerindeki aflatoksin etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlayan bazı epidemiyolojik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu derlemede, AFB1 ve AFM1’in aktivasyon durumları ve literatürde kanser gelişimiyle ilgili korelasyon hakkında rapor edilmiş olan bazı veriler özetlenmektedir.
Ajani, J., Chakravarthy, D.V.S., Tanuja, P., Vali Pasha, K. (2014). Aflatoxins. Indian J. Adv. Chem. Sci., 3, 49-60.
Akdemir, Ç., & Altıntaş, A. (2004) Ankara’da işlenen sütlerde aflatoksin-M1 varlığının ve düzeylerinin HPLC ile araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 51, 175-179.
Anfossi, L., Baggiani, C., Giovannoli, C., Biagioli, F., D’Arco, G., Giraudi, G. (2013). Optimization of a lateral flow immunoassay for the ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Anal. Chim. Acta, 772, 75-80.
Assaf, J.C., Atoui, A., El Khoury, A., Chokr, A., & Louka, N.A. (2017). Comparative study of procedures for binding of aflatoxin M1 to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Brazilian J. Microbiol., 49, 120-127.
Assaf, J.C., El Khoury, A., Atoui, A., Louka, N., Chokr, A. (2018). A novel technique for aflatoxin M1 detoxification using chitin or treated shrimp shells: In vitro effect of physical and kinetic parameters on the binding stability. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 102, 6687-6697.
Assaf, J.C., EL Khoury, A., Chokr, A., Louka, N., & Atoui, A. (2019b). A novel method for elimination of aflatoxin M1 in milk using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG biofilm. Dairy Technol., 70, 1-9.
Assaf, J.C., Nahle, S., Chokr, A., Louka, N., Atoui, A., & Khoury, A. (2019a). Assorted methods for decontamination of aflatoxin M1 in milk using microbial adsorbents. Review Toxins (Basel) , May 29, 11 (6), 304.
Atasever, M.A., Adıgüzel, G., Atasever, M., & Özturan, K. (2010b). Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Some Cheese Types Consumed in Erzurum-Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 16 (Suppl-A): S87-S91, 2010. DOI:10.9775/kvfd.2009.1639.
Atasever, M.A., Adiguzel, G., Atasever, M., Özlü, H., & Ozturan, K. (2010a), Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in UHT milk in Erzurum-Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 16, 119-122.
Atasever, M.A., Atasever, M., Özturan, K. (2011). Afl atoxin M1 levels in retail yoghurt and ayran in Erzurum in Turkey Ataturk University. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 35 (1), 59-62.
Bovo, F., Ganev, K.C., Mousavi, A., Portela, B., Cruz, A.G., Granato, D., Corassin, C.H., Augusto, C., Oliveira, F., & Sant, A.S. (2016). The occurrence and effect of unit operations for dairy products processing on the fate of aflatoxin M1: A review. Food Control 68, 310-329.
Chen, G., Gong, Y.Y., Martin, E., Kimanya, M.E., Shirima, C.P., Routledge, M.N. (2018). Comparison of urinary aflatoxin M1 and aflatoxin albumin adducts as biomarkers for assessing aflatoxin exposure in Tanzanian children. Comparative Study Journal Biomarkers Mar, 23 (2), 131-136.
Chu, Y.J., Yang, H.I., Wu, H.C., Liu, J., Wang, L.Y., Lu, S.N., Lee, M.H., Jen, C.L., You, S.L., Santella, R.M., ve ark. (2017). Aflatoxin B1 exposure increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Int. J. Cancer, 141, 711-720.
Danesh, N.M., Bostan, H.B., Abnous, K., Ramezani, M., Youssefi, K., Taghdisi, S.M., ve ark. (2018). Ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 and its major metabolite aflatoxin M1 using aptasensors: a review. Trends Anal. Chem., 99, 117-128. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.009.
Deng, H., Su, X., & Wang, H. (2017). Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B1, bisphenol A, and 4-nonylphenol in peanut oils by liquid-liquid extraction combined with solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal. Method 11, 1303-1311.
Donnelly, P.J., Stewart, R.K., Ali, S.L., Conlan, A.A., Reid, K.R., Petsikas, D., & Massey, T.E. (1996). Biotransformation of aflatoxin B1 in human lung. Carcinogenesis, 17, 2487-2494.
Erkan, S., Demir, P., Öksüztepe, G. (2018). Elazığ’ da satışa sunulan Şavak Tulum peynirlerinin Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) ve bazı kimyasal parametreler bakımından incelenmesi. F.Ü. Sağ. Bil. Vet.Derg., 32 (1), 45-51. http://www.fusabil.org.
Erol, İ. (2007). Gıda hijyeni ve mikrobiyolojisi. Ankara, Turkey: Pozitif Matbaacılık.
European Commission. (2006). Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006. Off. J. Eur. Union, 364, 5.
Fallah, A.A. (2010). Assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in central part of Iran. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48, 988-991.
Fedeles, B.I., Chawanthayatham, S., Croy, R.G., Wogan, G.N., & Essigmann, J.M. (2017). Early detection of the aflatoxin B1 mutational fingerprint: A diagnostic tool for liver cancer. Mol. Cell. Oncol., 4, e1329693:1-e1329693:3.
Gao, Y.N., Wang, J.Q., Li, S.L., Zhang, Y.D., & Zheng, N. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 cytotoxicity against human intestinal Caco-2 cells is enhanced in the presence of other mycotoxins. Food Chem. Toxicol., 96, 79-89.
Giovati, L., Magliani, W., Ciociola, T., Santinoli, C., Conti, S., & Polonelli, L. (2015). AFM1 in milk: physical, biological, and prophylactic methods to mitigate contamination. Toxins (Basel), 7, 4330-4349.
Harrison, J.C., Carvajal, M., & Garner, R.C. (1993). Does aflatoxin exposure in the United Kingdom constitute a cancer risk? Environ. Health Perspect. 99, 99-105.
He, X.Y., Tang, L., Wang, S.L., Cai, Q.S., Wang, J.S., & Hong, J.Y. (2006). Efficient activation of aflatoxin B1 by cytochrome P450 2A13, an enzyme predominantly expressed in human respiratory tract. Int. J. Cancer, 118, 2665-2671.
Hu, L.M., Luo, K., Xia, J., Xu, G.M., Wu, C.H., Han, J.J, & ve ark. (2017). Advantages of time-resolved fluorescent nanobeads compared with fluorescent submicrospheres, quantum dots, and colloidal gold as label in lateral flow assays for detection of ractopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron 91, 95-103.
Hussein, H.S.,& Brasel, J.M. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167, 101-134.
Ismail, A., Akhtar, S., Levin, R.E., Ismail, T., Riaz, M., & Amir, M. (2015). Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 42, 418-427.
Ismail, A., Akhtar, S., Levin, R.E., Ismail, T., Riaz, M., & Amir, M. (2016). Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 42, 418-427.
Jafari, T., Fallah, A.A., Kheiri, S., Fadaei, A., & Amini, S.A. (2017). Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Shahrekord, Iran and association with dietary factors. Food Addit. Contam. Part B, 10, 128-136.
Joubert, B.R., Mantooth, S.N., McAllister, K.A. (2020). Environmental Health Research in Africa: Important Progress and Promising Opportunities. Review Front Genet. Jan 16, 10, 1166.
Kamkar, A., Jahed Khaniki, G.h.R., & Alavi, S.A. (2011). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Ardebil of Iran. Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng., 8 (2), 123-128.
Kanapitsas, A., Batrinou, A., Aravantinos, A., & Markaki, P. (2015). Effect of γ-radiation on the production of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus parasiticus in raisins (Vitis vinifera L.). Radiat. Phys. Chem., 106, 327-332.
Karlovsky, P., Suman, M., Berthiller, F., Meester, J.De., Eisenbrand, G., Perrin, I., Oswald , I.P., & Speijers, G. (2016). Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res., 32, 179-205.
Kaya, S, & Şanlı, Y. (2002). Medikal Veterinerlik Hizmetleri Hayvansal Ürünler Ticaret ve Paz. Ltd. Şti. Yayını; ISBN 975-6676-08-6.
Kaya, S. (1989). Yem ve besinlerdeki mikotoksinler: İnsan ve hayvan sağlığı için önemleri. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg., 36 (1), 226-253.
Kızıl, M., Demir, P., Erkan, S., & Öksüztepe, Ö. (2017). Elazığ ilinde satılan çiğ süt ve UHT sütlerde Aflatoksin M1 düzeyi. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg 10 (2),115-121.
Kong, W.J., Li, J.Y., Qiu, F., Wei, J.H., Xiao, X.H., Zheng, Y.G., & ve ark. (2013). Development of a sensitive and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection for high-throughput analysis of multi-class mycotoxins in coix seed. Anal. Chim. Acta 799, 68-76.
Kucukcakan, B., & Hayrulai-Musliu, Z. (2015). Challenging role of dietary aflatoxin B1 exposure and hepatitis B infection on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci., 3, 363-369.
Kumar, P., Mahato, D.K., Kamle, M., & Mohanta, T.K. (2017). Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Front. Microbiol., 7, 1-10.
Li, H., Wang, D., Tang, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, Q., & Li P. (2020). Time-resolved fluorescence ımmunochromatography assay (TRFICA) for Aflatoxin: aiming at increasing strip method sensitivity. Front Microbiol., 6 (11), 676.
Li, H., Xing, L., Zhang, M., Wang, J., & Zheng, N. (2018). The toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 on kidney through regulating l-proline and downstream apoptosis. Biomed. Res. Int., 1-11.
Liu, Y, & Wu, F. (2010). Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: A risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect., 118, 818-824.
Lopez, C.E., Ramos, L.L., Ramadan, S.S., & ve ark. (2003). Ribesence of aflatoxin M1 in milk for human consumption in Argentina. Food Control, 14, 31-34.
Lu, P.X., Wang, J.B., Zhang, Q.N., Wu, Y., Sun, Y., & Chen, T.Y. (2010). Longitudinal study of aflatoxin exposure in the development of primary liver cancer in patients with chronic hepatitis. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 90, 1665-1669.
Mahmood Fashandi, H., Abbasi, R., & Mousavi Khaneghah, A. (2018). The detoxification of aflatoxin M1 by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.: A review. J. Food Process. Preserv., 42, 1-10.
Marchese, S., Polo, A., Ariano, A., Velotto, A., Costantini, S., & Severino, L. (2018a). Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological properties and their ınvolvement in cancer development. Review Toxins (Basel) May 24, 10 (6), 214.
Marchese, S., Polo, A., Ariano, A., Velotto, S., Costantini, S., & Severino, L. (2018b). Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological properties and their involvement in cancer development. Toxins (Basel) 10, 1-19.
Markov, K., Mihaljevi´c, B., Domijan, A.M., Pleadin, J., Delaš, F., & Frece, J. (2015). Inactivation of aflatoxigenic fungi and the reduction of aflatoxin B1 invitro and in situ using gamma irradiation. Food Control, 54, 79-85.
Mohammed, S., Munissi, J.E., Nyandoro, S. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk and aflatoxin B1 in feed from household cows in Singida, Tanzania. Food Addit. Contam., 9, 85-90.
Mokhles, M., Abd El Wahhab, M.A., Tawfik, M., Ezzat, W., Gamil, K., Ibrahim, M. (2007). Detection of aflatoxin among hepatocellular carcinoma patients in Egypt. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 1422-1429.
Motawee, M. (2013). Reduction of Aflatoxin M1 Content during Manufacture and Storage of Egyptian Domaiti Cheese. Vet. Med., 11.
Nugraha, A., Khotimah, K., Rietjens, I.M.C.M. (2018). Risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 exposure from maize and peanut consumption in Indonesia using the margin of exposure and liver cancer risk estimation approaches. Food Chem. Toxicol., 113, 134-144.
Özkaya, Ş., Başaran, A., Kaymak, T., & ve ark. (2002). Gıda ve yemlerde mikotoksin düzeylerinin tespiti. Bölüm 2: Türkiye’de üretilen süt ve peynirlerde aflatoksin M1 aranması. Gıdalarda katkı, kalıntı ve bulaşanların izlenmesi II. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Koruma-Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü Tebliği, Bursa.
Palou, L., Crisosto, C.H., Smilanick, J.L., Adaskaveg, J.E., & Zoffoli, J.P. (2002). Effects of continuous 0.3 ppm ozone exposure on decay development and physiological responses of peaches and table grapes in cold storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 24, 39-48.
Polat, F. (2013). Hatay ili süt ineği işletmelerinde kullanılan yemlerin aflatoksin düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve bu yemlerin kan parametreleri ile sütteki aflatoksin düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Hatay, Turkey, Thesis of PhD, AU, diss.
Prüss-Ustün, A., Wolf, J., Corvalán, C.F., Neville, T., Bos, R., & Neira, M. (2016). Diseases due to unhealthy environments: an updated estimate of the global burden of disease attributable to environmental determinants of health. J. Public Health, 39 (3), 464-475.
Radoni´c, J.R., Tanackov, S.D.K., Mihajlovi´c, I.J., Zorica, S., Miloradov, M.B.V., Škrinjar, M.M., Turk, M.M. (2016). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in human milk samples in Vojvodina, Serbia: Estimation of average daily intake by babies. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B, 52, 59-63.
Rapisarda, V., Loreto, C., Malaguarnera, M., Ardiri, A., Proiti, M., Rigano, G., Frazzetto, E., Ruggeri, M.I., Malaguarnera, G., Bertino, N., & ve ark. (2016). Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure. World J. Hepatol., 8, 573-590.
Rastogi, S., Dwivedi, P.D., Khanna, S.K., & ve ark. (2004). Detection of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and infant milk products from Indian markets by ELISA. Food Control, 15, 287-290.
Saad-Hussein, A., Beshir, S., Moubarz, G., Elserougy, S., & Ibrahim, M.I. (2013). Effect of occupational exposure to aflatoxins on some liver tumor markers in textile workers. Am. J. Ind. Med., 56, 818-824.
Saltzmann, J., Xu, Y., Gong, Y.Y., Lindahl, J., Kersten, S., Dänicke, S., Routledge, M.N. (2020). Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Aflatoxin-Bovine Serum Albumin Adducts in Blood and Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Milk of Dairy Cows. Mycotoxin Res. May, 36 (2), 207-211.
Scholl, P.F., & Groopman, J.D. (2008). Long-term stability of human aflatoxin B1 albumin adducts assessed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev., 17, 1436-1439.
Sheijooni-Fumani, N., Hassan, J., & Yousefi, S.R. (2011). Determination of aflatoxin B1 in cereals by homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. J.Sep. Sci., 34, 1333-1337.
Shi, J., He, J., Lin, J., Sun, X., Sun, F., Ou, C., & Jiang, C. (2016). Distinct response of the hepatic transcriptome to aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis and resistance in rats. Sci. Rep., 6, 31898:1-31898:9.
Sulaiman, S.H., Jamaluddin, R., & Sabran, M.R. (2018). Association Between Urinary Aflatoxin (AFM₁) and Dietary Intake Among Adults in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia. Nutrients, Apr 7, 10 (4), 460.
Sun Y, Zixuan Liu Z, Dandan Liu D, Jin Chen J, Fang Gan F, Huang K. (2018). Low-level aflatoxin B1 promotes ınfluenza ınfection and modulates a switch in macrophage polarization from M1 to M2. Cell Physiol Biochem., 49 (3), 1110-1126.
Sun, Z., Lu, P., Gail, M.H., Pee, D., Zhang, Q., Ming, L., Wang, J., Wu, Y., Liu, G., Wu, Y., ve ark. (1999). Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in male hepatitis B surface antigen carriers with chronic hepatitis who have detectable urinary aflatoxin metabolite M1. Hepatology 30, 379-383.
Sweeney, M.J., & Dobson, D.W. (1998). Mycotoxin production by Asperigillus, Fusarium and Penicillium sp. International Journal of Food Microbiology 43, 141-158.
Şanlı, Y. (1995). Veteriner Klinik Toksikoloji. Bölüm 2/Özel Toksikoloji, Mikotoksinler, 14, 283-328.
Tsai, F.J., Chen, S.Y., Liu, Y.C., Liao, H.Y., & Chen, C.J. (2017). The comparison of CHCA solvent compositions for improving LC-MALDI performance and its application to study the impact of aflatoxin B1 on the liver proteome of diabetes mellitus type 1 mice. PLoS ONE, 12, e0181423:1-e0181423:16.
Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar (TGK) Yönetmeliği. (2011) Gıda Tarın ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, 29 Aralık 2011 tarih ve 28157 sayılı Resmi Gazete (3. Mükerrer).
Udomkun, P., Nimo, A., Nagle, M., Müller, J., Vanlauwe, B., & Bandyopadhyay, R. (2017). Innovative technologies to manage aflatoxins in foods and feeds and the profitability of applicatione-A review. Food Control, 76, 127-138.
Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Vermeulen, L.C., Gavai, A.K., & Liu, C. (2019). Climate change impacts on aflatoxin B1 in maize and aflatoxin M1 in milk: A case study of maize grown in Eastern Europe and imported to the Netherlands. PLoS One. Jun 27, 14 (6), e0218956.
Van Vleet, T.R., Watterson, T.L., Klein, P.J., Coulombe, R.A., Jr. (2006). Aflatoxin B1 alters the expression of p53 in cytochrome P450-expressing human lung cells. Toxicol. Sci., 89, 399-407.
Veldman, A., Meijs, J., Borggreve, G., & Heeres-van der Tol, J. (1992). Carry-over of aflatoxin from cows’ food to milk. Anim. Sci., 55, 163-168.
Verma, R.J. (2004). Aflatoxin cause DNA damage. Int J Hum Genet., 4 (4), 231-236.
Villers, P. (2014). Aflatoxins and safe storage. Front. Microbiol. 5, 1-6.
Wang, D., Zhang, Z.W., Li, P.W., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, W. (2016). Time resolved fluorescent immuno chromatographyof aflatoxin B1 in soybean sauce: A rapid and sensitive quantitative Analysis. Sensors, 1094-1102.
Weidenbörner, M. (2001). Encyclopedia of food mycotoxins. Sprinter-Verlog, Berlin.
Williams, J.H., Phillips, T.D., Jolly, P.E., Stiles, J.K., Jolly, C.M., & Aggarwal, D. (2018). Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr,. 80, 1106-1122.
Yu, M.W., Lien, J.P., Chiu, Y.H., Santella, R.M., Liaw, Y.F., & Chen, C.J. (1997). Effect of aflatoxin metabolism and DNA adduct formation on hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers in Taiwan. J. Hepatol., 27, 320-330.
Zhang, J., Zheng, N., Liu, J., Li, F.D., Li, S.L., Wang, J.Q. (2015). Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol., 83, 54-60.
Zhao, M., Wang, P., Guo, Y., Wang, L., Luo, F., Qiu, B., & ve ark. (2018). Detection of aflatoxin B1 in food samples based on target-responsive aptamer-crosslinked hydrogel using a hand held pH meter as readout. Talanta 176, 34-39.