Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Relationship Between Coping, Perceived Teacher Acceptance and Disciplinary Status Among Turkish High School Students

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1289 - 1318, 30.10.2017

Öz

The aim of the current study is to examine the
relation between high school students’ coping styles and perceived teacher
acceptance and the disciplinary status of students (suspension from school, reprimands, and no disciplinary penalties). Stress Coping
Inventory (Özbay & Şahin, 1997) and Perceived Teacher Acceptance/Control
Scale (Rohner, 2005) were used as the measures. The study group consists of 234
high school students. The average age of the participants was 15.59 and standard
deviation was 1.30. There were 35 girls and 199 boys in the participants. Results
show that suspension from school, reprimands and perceived teacher rejection
predicted the coping styles. The group who were
suspended from
school
have the highest scores on the
biochemical avoidance and the lowest scores on the functional coping style. The
results may be helpful for practitioners of counseling services, especially for
consulting and psychological counseling services, or as a preliminary study,
leading to further research on teacher acceptance/rejection.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, G. R. & Berzonsky, M. D. (2003). Blackwell handbook of adolescence. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Ahmed, R. A., Rohner, R. P., & Carrasco, M. A., (2012). Relations between psychological adjustment and perceived parental, sibling, best friend, and teacher acceptance among Kuwaiti adolescents. In K. Ripoll-Nuñez, A. L. Comunian, & C. M. Brown (Eds.), Expanding horizons: Current research on interpersonal acceptance, (1-10). Boca Raton, FL: BrownWalker Press.
  • Ali, S. (2011). Perceived teacher and parental acceptance-rejection, and the academic achievement, adjustment, and behavior of children: Literature review. International Journal of Peace and Development Studies, 2 (5), pp. 138-147.
  • Ali, S., Khaleque, A. & Rohner, R. P. (2015). Influence of perceived teacher acceptance and parental acceptance on youth’s psychological adjustment and school conduct: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis. Cross-Cultural Research, 49, 2. Al-Yagon, M. & Mikulincer, M. (2006). Children's appraisal of teacher as a secure base and their socio-emotional and academic adjustment in middle childhood. Research in Education, 75(1).
  • Aslan, Ş. (2007). Örgütsel ortamlarda bireysel stresle başa çıkma tutumlarının araştırılması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (18), 67-84.
  • Avşaroğlu, S. & Üre, Ö. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin karar vermede özsaygı, karar verme ve stresle başaçıkma stillerinin benlik saygısı ve bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (18), 85-100.
  • Bartek, S. E., Krebs, D.L. & Taylor, M. C. (1993). Coping, defending, and the relations between moral judgment and moral behavior in prostitutes and other female juvenile delinquents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 66-73.
  • Basut, E. (2004). Suça yönelen ve yönelmeyen ergenlerin stres, stresle başa çıkma ve kişilik örüntüleri yönünden incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Blankemeyer, M., Flannery, D. J., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2002). The role of aggression and social competence in children’s perception of the child-teacher relationship. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 293-304.
  • Bulut, A. F. & Akbaş T. (2012). Ergenlerde görülen kural dışı davranışların aile işlevselliği ve yaşam kalitesi açsından incelenmesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 337-352.
  • Compas B., Davis G.E. & Forsythe, C. J. (1985). Characteristics of life events during adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 677-691.
  • Compas, B,, Malcarne, V. & Fondacaro, K. M. (1988). Coping with stresful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 405-411.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dubow, E. F. & Tisak, D.J. (1989). The relation between stressful life events and adjustment in elementary school children: the role of social support and social problem-solving skills. Child Development, 60 (6), pp. 1412-1423.
  • Dwairy, M. (2011). Perceived family and school rejection and adolescents’ psychological states. Psychology, 2 (6), 55-541.
  • Erkmen, N. & Çetin, M. Ç. (2008). Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (19), 231-242.
  • Erkman, F., Caner, A., Sart, H. Z., Börkan, B. & Kenan Sahan, K. (2010). Influence of perceived teacher acceptance, self concept, and school attitude on the academic achievement of school age children in turkey. Cross-Cultural Research, 44 (3), 295–309).
  • Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes:a theoretical analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839-852.
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J. & Delongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 3, 571-579.
  • Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (2004). Adolescents least able to cope: how do they respond to their stresses. British Journal of Guidance ve Counselling. 32 (1), 25-37.
  • Howard, M. S., & Medway, F. J. (2004). Adolescents' attachment and coping with stress. Psychology in the Schools, 41(3), 391-402.
  • Hughes, J. N. & Cavell, T. A. (1999). Influence of the teacher-student relationship in childhood conduct problems: a prospective study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 28: 173- 184.
  • Hurrelmann, K. & Richter, M. (2006). Risk behaviour in adolescence. The relationship between developmental and health problems. Journal of PubliHealth, 14, 20-28.
  • Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, pp. 597-605.
  • Kaner, S. (1992). Suçluluğu açıklayan yaklaşımlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 2, 473-496.
  • Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (7. Basım). Ankara: 3A Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.
  • Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2011). Transnational relations between perceived parental acceptance and personality dispositions of children and adults: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 103–115.
  • Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2012). Pancultural associations between perceived parental acceptance and psychological adjustment of children and adults: A meta-analytic review of worldwide research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, 784–800.
  • Kourkoutas, E., & Erkman, F. (Eds.). (2011). Interpersonal acceptance and rejection: Social, emotional, and educational contexts. Universal-Publishers.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1-21.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. The handbook of behavioral medicine, 282-325.
  • Makri-Botsari, E. (2015). Adolescents' unconditional acceptance by parents and teachers and educational outcomes: A structural model of gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 50-62.
  • Matheny, K.,Aycock, D. & Mccarthy, C. (1993). Stress in school-age children and youth. Educational Psychology Review, 5, 109-134.
  • Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 406-414.
  • MEB, (2011). Faaliyet Raporu. İç Denetim Birimi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Önder, F. C. ve Yılmaz, Y. (2012). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde görülen kuraldışı davranışları yordamada yaşam doyumu ve anne-baba sitillerinin rolü. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12 (3), 1737-1748.
  • Özbay, Y ve Şahin, M. (1997). Stresle başaçıkma tutumları envanteri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. IV. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi. Ankara.
  • Patterson, J. M. & McCubbin H. I. (1987). Adolescent coping style and behaviors: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescence, 10, 163-186.
  • Recklitis, C. J. & Noam, G. G. (1999) Clinical and developmental perspectives on adolescent coping. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 30, 87-101.
  • Richter, M. (2010). Risk behaviour in adolescence. Berlin: Springer VS.
  • Rohner, R. P. (2004). The parental “acceptance-rejection syndrome”: Universal correlates of perceived rejection. American Psychologist, 59, 827–840.
  • Rohner, R. P. (2005). Teacher Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire(TARQ/Control): Testmanual. In R.P.Rohner ve A. Khaleque (Eds.), Handbook for the Study of Parental Acceptanceand Rejection (pp.137–152). Storrs,CT:Rohner Research.
  • Rohner, R. P. (2015). Introduction to parental acceptance-rejection theory, methods, evidence, and implications. Retrieved from http://csiar.uconn.edu/
  • Rohner, R. P. (Ed.). (2010). Teacher acceptance, parental acceptance and the adjustment, achievement, and behavior of school-going youth [Special issue]. Cross Cultural Research, 44, 211-309.
  • Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (2010). Testing central postulates of parental acceptance-rejection theory (PARTheory): A meta-analysis of cross-cultural studies. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2, 73–87.
  • Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (Eds.) (2005). Handbook for the Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection (4thed.). Storrs, CT: Rohner Research.
  • Ruchkin, V., Eisemann, M. & Hagglöf, B. (1999). Coping styles in delinquent adolescents and control: the role of personality and parental rearing. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 705-717.
  • Tillman, K. S. (2010). Parental acceptance-rejectıon theory and court-ınvolved adolescent females: An exploratıon of parent-chıld relatıonshıps, teacher-student relatıonshıps, and adolescent socıo-emotıonal functıonıng (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of North Dakota.
  • Weiss, R. S. (1998). A taxonomy of relationships. Journal of social and personal relationships, 15(5), 671-683. Yeşilyaprak, B. (2008). Eğitimde rehberlik hizmetleri. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Yıldırım, S., ve Erkman, F. (2008). Validity, reliability, and partial norm study of the Turkish Teacher Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire: Child, Short Form. In F. Erkman (Ed.), Acceptance: The essence of peace (pp. 257-273). Istanbul, Turkey: Turkish Psychology Association.

Lise Öğrencilerinin Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları ve Algılanan Öğretmen Reddinin Disiplin Durumlarına Dayalı Olarak İncelenmesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1289 - 1318, 30.10.2017

Öz

Bu araştırmanın
amacı ergenlerin disiplin durumları ile stresle başa çıkma tarzları ve
algılanan öğretmen reddi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Ölçme
araçları olarak Stresle Başa Çıkma Tutumları Envanteri (Özbay ve Şahin, 1997)
ve Algılanan Öğretmen Kabul-Red/Kontrol Ölçeği (Rohner, 2005) kullanılmıştır.
Çalışma grubu 234 lise öğrencisinden oluşturulmuştur. Yaş ortalaması 15.59 ve
standart sapması 1.30 olan katılımcıların 35’i kız, 199’u erkektir. Regresyon
analizi sonuçları ergen öğrencilerin kınama veya uzaklaştırma cezası almış olma
durumlarının ve algılanan öğretmen reddi puanlarının stresle başa çıkma
tutumlarını yordadığını göstermiştir. Araştırmanın bir diğer sonucu, öğrencilerin
stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının ve algılanan öğretmen reddinin disiplin
durumlarına göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı yönündedir. Uzaklaştırma cezası alan
öğrenciler kaçma biyo-kimyasal başa çıkma tarzını daha sık kullanma ve öğretmen
davranışlarını reddedici algılama eğilimindeyken, kınama cezası alan öğrenciler
kaçma-duygusal eylemsel ve kabul bilişsel yeniden yapılandırmayı kullanma
eğilimindedir. Disiplin cezası almayan öğrenciler ise en sık aktif planlama,
dış yardım arama ve dine sığınma başa çıkma tarzını kullanmışlardır. Sonuçların
kişiler arası kabul-red kuramının gelişerek yaygınlaşmasına ve rehberlik
hizmetleri uygulayıcılarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. 

Kaynakça

  • Adams, G. R. & Berzonsky, M. D. (2003). Blackwell handbook of adolescence. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Ahmed, R. A., Rohner, R. P., & Carrasco, M. A., (2012). Relations between psychological adjustment and perceived parental, sibling, best friend, and teacher acceptance among Kuwaiti adolescents. In K. Ripoll-Nuñez, A. L. Comunian, & C. M. Brown (Eds.), Expanding horizons: Current research on interpersonal acceptance, (1-10). Boca Raton, FL: BrownWalker Press.
  • Ali, S. (2011). Perceived teacher and parental acceptance-rejection, and the academic achievement, adjustment, and behavior of children: Literature review. International Journal of Peace and Development Studies, 2 (5), pp. 138-147.
  • Ali, S., Khaleque, A. & Rohner, R. P. (2015). Influence of perceived teacher acceptance and parental acceptance on youth’s psychological adjustment and school conduct: A Cross-Cultural Meta-Analysis. Cross-Cultural Research, 49, 2. Al-Yagon, M. & Mikulincer, M. (2006). Children's appraisal of teacher as a secure base and their socio-emotional and academic adjustment in middle childhood. Research in Education, 75(1).
  • Aslan, Ş. (2007). Örgütsel ortamlarda bireysel stresle başa çıkma tutumlarının araştırılması. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (18), 67-84.
  • Avşaroğlu, S. & Üre, Ö. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin karar vermede özsaygı, karar verme ve stresle başaçıkma stillerinin benlik saygısı ve bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (18), 85-100.
  • Bartek, S. E., Krebs, D.L. & Taylor, M. C. (1993). Coping, defending, and the relations between moral judgment and moral behavior in prostitutes and other female juvenile delinquents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 66-73.
  • Basut, E. (2004). Suça yönelen ve yönelmeyen ergenlerin stres, stresle başa çıkma ve kişilik örüntüleri yönünden incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Blankemeyer, M., Flannery, D. J., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2002). The role of aggression and social competence in children’s perception of the child-teacher relationship. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 293-304.
  • Bulut, A. F. & Akbaş T. (2012). Ergenlerde görülen kural dışı davranışların aile işlevselliği ve yaşam kalitesi açsından incelenmesi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 337-352.
  • Compas B., Davis G.E. & Forsythe, C. J. (1985). Characteristics of life events during adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 677-691.
  • Compas, B,, Malcarne, V. & Fondacaro, K. M. (1988). Coping with stresful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 405-411.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Dubow, E. F. & Tisak, D.J. (1989). The relation between stressful life events and adjustment in elementary school children: the role of social support and social problem-solving skills. Child Development, 60 (6), pp. 1412-1423.
  • Dwairy, M. (2011). Perceived family and school rejection and adolescents’ psychological states. Psychology, 2 (6), 55-541.
  • Erkmen, N. & Çetin, M. Ç. (2008). Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (19), 231-242.
  • Erkman, F., Caner, A., Sart, H. Z., Börkan, B. & Kenan Sahan, K. (2010). Influence of perceived teacher acceptance, self concept, and school attitude on the academic achievement of school age children in turkey. Cross-Cultural Research, 44 (3), 295–309).
  • Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes:a theoretical analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 839-852.
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J. & Delongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 3, 571-579.
  • Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (2004). Adolescents least able to cope: how do they respond to their stresses. British Journal of Guidance ve Counselling. 32 (1), 25-37.
  • Howard, M. S., & Medway, F. J. (2004). Adolescents' attachment and coping with stress. Psychology in the Schools, 41(3), 391-402.
  • Hughes, J. N. & Cavell, T. A. (1999). Influence of the teacher-student relationship in childhood conduct problems: a prospective study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 28: 173- 184.
  • Hurrelmann, K. & Richter, M. (2006). Risk behaviour in adolescence. The relationship between developmental and health problems. Journal of PubliHealth, 14, 20-28.
  • Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12, pp. 597-605.
  • Kaner, S. (1992). Suçluluğu açıklayan yaklaşımlar. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 2, 473-496.
  • Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (7. Basım). Ankara: 3A Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.
  • Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2011). Transnational relations between perceived parental acceptance and personality dispositions of children and adults: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 103–115.
  • Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2012). Pancultural associations between perceived parental acceptance and psychological adjustment of children and adults: A meta-analytic review of worldwide research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43, 784–800.
  • Kourkoutas, E., & Erkman, F. (Eds.). (2011). Interpersonal acceptance and rejection: Social, emotional, and educational contexts. Universal-Publishers.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1-21.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. The handbook of behavioral medicine, 282-325.
  • Makri-Botsari, E. (2015). Adolescents' unconditional acceptance by parents and teachers and educational outcomes: A structural model of gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 50-62.
  • Matheny, K.,Aycock, D. & Mccarthy, C. (1993). Stress in school-age children and youth. Educational Psychology Review, 5, 109-134.
  • Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 406-414.
  • MEB, (2011). Faaliyet Raporu. İç Denetim Birimi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Önder, F. C. ve Yılmaz, Y. (2012). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde görülen kuraldışı davranışları yordamada yaşam doyumu ve anne-baba sitillerinin rolü. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 12 (3), 1737-1748.
  • Özbay, Y ve Şahin, M. (1997). Stresle başaçıkma tutumları envanteri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. IV. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi. Ankara.
  • Patterson, J. M. & McCubbin H. I. (1987). Adolescent coping style and behaviors: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescence, 10, 163-186.
  • Recklitis, C. J. & Noam, G. G. (1999) Clinical and developmental perspectives on adolescent coping. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 30, 87-101.
  • Richter, M. (2010). Risk behaviour in adolescence. Berlin: Springer VS.
  • Rohner, R. P. (2004). The parental “acceptance-rejection syndrome”: Universal correlates of perceived rejection. American Psychologist, 59, 827–840.
  • Rohner, R. P. (2005). Teacher Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire(TARQ/Control): Testmanual. In R.P.Rohner ve A. Khaleque (Eds.), Handbook for the Study of Parental Acceptanceand Rejection (pp.137–152). Storrs,CT:Rohner Research.
  • Rohner, R. P. (2015). Introduction to parental acceptance-rejection theory, methods, evidence, and implications. Retrieved from http://csiar.uconn.edu/
  • Rohner, R. P. (Ed.). (2010). Teacher acceptance, parental acceptance and the adjustment, achievement, and behavior of school-going youth [Special issue]. Cross Cultural Research, 44, 211-309.
  • Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (2010). Testing central postulates of parental acceptance-rejection theory (PARTheory): A meta-analysis of cross-cultural studies. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2, 73–87.
  • Rohner, R. P., & Khaleque, A. (Eds.) (2005). Handbook for the Study of Parental Acceptance and Rejection (4thed.). Storrs, CT: Rohner Research.
  • Ruchkin, V., Eisemann, M. & Hagglöf, B. (1999). Coping styles in delinquent adolescents and control: the role of personality and parental rearing. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 705-717.
  • Tillman, K. S. (2010). Parental acceptance-rejectıon theory and court-ınvolved adolescent females: An exploratıon of parent-chıld relatıonshıps, teacher-student relatıonshıps, and adolescent socıo-emotıonal functıonıng (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of North Dakota.
  • Weiss, R. S. (1998). A taxonomy of relationships. Journal of social and personal relationships, 15(5), 671-683. Yeşilyaprak, B. (2008). Eğitimde rehberlik hizmetleri. Ankara: Nobel.
  • Yıldırım, S., ve Erkman, F. (2008). Validity, reliability, and partial norm study of the Turkish Teacher Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire: Child, Short Form. In F. Erkman (Ed.), Acceptance: The essence of peace (pp. 257-273). Istanbul, Turkey: Turkish Psychology Association.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Behire Kuyumcu

Hifa Nazile Yıldız

Zehra Böke Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuyumcu, B., Yıldız, H. N., & Böke, Z. (2017). Lise Öğrencilerinin Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları ve Algılanan Öğretmen Reddinin Disiplin Durumlarına Dayalı Olarak İncelenmesi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 1289-1318.