Araştırma Makalesi
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Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Kadın Emeği ve Yoksulluk: Fiyatlandırılan ve Fiyatlandırılamayan Emek Biçimlerinin Makroekonomik Yansımaları Üzerine Nitel Bir Analiz

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 71, 215 - 234, 25.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1850805
https://izlik.org/JA66BZ92FP

Öz

Bu çalışma, kadın emeğinin toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında nasıl yapılandığını ve bu emeğin yoksullukla ilişkisini makroekonomik bir perspektifle analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kadınların hem ücretli (fiyatlandırılan) hem de ücretsiz (fiyatlandırılamayan) emek biçimlerinde deneyimledikleri eşitsizlikler, ekonomik bağımsızlık, görünürlük ve sosyal statü bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Farklı sosyoekonomik koşullara sahip 10 kadınla gerçekleştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanan nitel araştırmada, kadınların görünmeyen emek yüküyle nasıl başa çıktıkları, sosyal destek mekanizmalarına erişimleri ve yaşam stratejileri detaylı biçimde incelenmiştir. Bulgular, görünmeyen emeğin ulusal gelir hesaplamalarına yansımadığı için makro düzeyde ekonomik büyüme, gelir dağılımı ve kamu harcamaları gibi göstergelerin eksik kaldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Kadınların çalışma yaşamına katılımı yalnızca bireysel güçlenme değil, aynı zamanda makroekonomik istikrar açısından da kritik önemdedir. Çalışma, toplumsal cinsiyete duyarlı bütçeleme ve sosyal destek politikalarının geliştirilmesi gerektiğine dikkat çekerek, kadın emeğinin hem mikro hem de makro ölçekte tanınmasını savunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bauhardt, C., & Çağlar, G. (2010). Gender and Economy: Feminist Critique of Political Economy. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 9.
  • Benería, L., Berik, G., & Floro, M. (2016). Gender, development, and globalization: Economics as if all people mattered (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203107935
  • Bora, A. (2007). Olmayanın Nesini İdare Edeceksin? Yoksulluk, Kadınlar ve Hane, Erdoğan, N. (der.) Yoksulluk Halleri: Türkiye'de Kent Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Görünümleri (s.97-133). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Budlender, D., & Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering budgets: A practitioners' guide to understanding and implementing gender-responsive budgets. Commonwealth Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14217/9781848597990-en
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
  • Chant, S. (2006). Rethinking the “feminization of poverty” in relation to aggregate gender indices. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768538
  • Chant, S. (2007). Gender, generation and poverty: Exploring the feminization of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America (1.Basım). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847206886
  • CİHAN, A. (2004), "Kadın ve Erkek Grup Arasındaki Eşitsizlik: Diyarbakır ve Çevresi Örneklemi", IV. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Değişen Dünya ve Türkiye'de Eşitsizlikler Bildiri Kitabı içinde Sivas, 157-165
  • Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market: A quantitative estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/683847
  • Dayıoğlu, M., & Başlevent, C. (2012). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının ve Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Boyutları, Dedeoğlu, S. V & Elveren, A. Y. (der.) Türkiye’de Refah Devleti ve Kadın (s.127-157). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Ekiz Gökmen, Ç. (2016a, Ekim 20-22) Farklı Sosyo-Kültürel Yapılarda Evli Kadınların İşgücü Piyasasına Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu (TEK), Beşinci Uluslararası Ekonomi Konferansı, Bodrum, Muğla, Türkiye
  • Elson, D. (1999). Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues. World Development, 27(3), 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00147-8
  • Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M. & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes. OECD Development Centre, 2014(12), OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1f3fd03f-en
  • Folbre, N. (2001). The invisible heart: Economics and family values. The New Press.
  • Fraser, N. (2016). Contradictions of capital and care. New Left Review, 100, 99–117. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii100/articles/nancy-fraser-contradictions-of-capital-and-care
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
  • Haidinger, B., & Knittler, K. (2014). Feministische Ökonomie: Einführung. Wien: Mandelbaum, 85.
  • ILO (2020). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2020. International Labour Organization. https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.158
  • ILO (International Labour Organization). (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/care-work-and-care-jobs-future-decent-work
  • IMF. (2018). Pursuing Women’s Economic Empowerment. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment
  • Ironmonger, D. (1996). Counting outputs, capital inputs and caring labor: Estimating gross household product. Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, 2(3), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545709610001707756
  • Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
  • Kiren Gürler, Ö. & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Göre Gelir Farklılığının Ayrıştırma Yöntemiyle Uygulanması, Journal of Yaşar University, 2(6), 571-589. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19118/202875
  • Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
  • McKinsey Global Institute. (2015). The power of parity: How advancing women's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. McKinsey Global Institute https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The ‘feminization of poverty’ and women’s human rights. Gender Equality and Development Section, UNESCO.
  • Oakley, A. (1974). The sociology of housework. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
  • Palaz, S. (2002). Discrimination against women in Turkey: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Ege Akademik Bakış, 2(1), 1–13. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39832/472239
  • Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Household decisions, gender, and development: A synthesis of recent research. International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Razavi, S. & Staab, S. (2010). Underpaid and overworked: A cross-national perspective on care workers. International Labour Review, 149(4), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00095.x
  • Sallan Gül, S. (2005) Türkiye’de Yoksulluğun Kadınsılaşması, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 38(1), 25-45. https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/ArticleRead?id=f4dd765c-12f2-ef67-f98f-3558c282a9cd
  • Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8
  • TÜİK (2015) Faaliyet Türüne, Cinsiyete ve Eğitim Durumuna Göre Kişi Başına Ortalama Faaliyet Süresi, 2014-2015, Zaman Kullanım Araştırması 2014-2015.
  • TÜİK (2017) Aile Yapısı Araştırması 2016, Haber Bülteni, 21869. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2016-21869
  • UN Women. (2021). Feminist plan for sustainability and social justice.
  • UNDP. (2022). Gender Equality Strategy 2022–2025. United Nations Development Programme.
  • Waring, M. (1988). If women counted: A new feminist economics. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • World Bank. (2020). Women, Business and the Law 2020.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Women's Labor and Poverty from a Gender Perspective: A Qualitative Analysis on the Macroeconomic Reflections of Priced and Unpriced Forms of Labor

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 71, 215 - 234, 25.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1850805
https://izlik.org/JA66BZ92FP

Öz

This study aims to analyze how women's labor is structured within the context of gender and its relationship with poverty from a macroeconomic perspective. The inequalities experienced by women in both paid (priced) and unpaid (unpriced) forms of labor are examined in relation to economic independence, visibility, and social status. Based on semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with ten women from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, this qualitative research explores how women cope with the burden of invisible labor, their access to social support mechanisms, and their livelihood strategies. The findings reveal that because invisible labor is not reflected in national income accounting, key macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth, income distribution, and public expenditures remain incomplete. Women's participation in the labor market is shown to be not only a matter of individual empowerment but also a critical factor for macroeconomic stability. The study highlights the need for the development of gender-sensitive budgeting and social support policies, advocating for the recognition of women's labor at both the micro and macro levels.

Kaynakça

  • Bauhardt, C., & Çağlar, G. (2010). Gender and Economy: Feminist Critique of Political Economy. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 9.
  • Benería, L., Berik, G., & Floro, M. (2016). Gender, development, and globalization: Economics as if all people mattered (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203107935
  • Bora, A. (2007). Olmayanın Nesini İdare Edeceksin? Yoksulluk, Kadınlar ve Hane, Erdoğan, N. (der.) Yoksulluk Halleri: Türkiye'de Kent Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Görünümleri (s.97-133). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Budlender, D., & Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering budgets: A practitioners' guide to understanding and implementing gender-responsive budgets. Commonwealth Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14217/9781848597990-en
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
  • Chant, S. (2006). Rethinking the “feminization of poverty” in relation to aggregate gender indices. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768538
  • Chant, S. (2007). Gender, generation and poverty: Exploring the feminization of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America (1.Basım). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847206886
  • CİHAN, A. (2004), "Kadın ve Erkek Grup Arasındaki Eşitsizlik: Diyarbakır ve Çevresi Örneklemi", IV. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Değişen Dünya ve Türkiye'de Eşitsizlikler Bildiri Kitabı içinde Sivas, 157-165
  • Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market: A quantitative estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/683847
  • Dayıoğlu, M., & Başlevent, C. (2012). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının ve Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Boyutları, Dedeoğlu, S. V & Elveren, A. Y. (der.) Türkiye’de Refah Devleti ve Kadın (s.127-157). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Ekiz Gökmen, Ç. (2016a, Ekim 20-22) Farklı Sosyo-Kültürel Yapılarda Evli Kadınların İşgücü Piyasasına Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu (TEK), Beşinci Uluslararası Ekonomi Konferansı, Bodrum, Muğla, Türkiye
  • Elson, D. (1999). Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues. World Development, 27(3), 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00147-8
  • Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M. & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes. OECD Development Centre, 2014(12), OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1f3fd03f-en
  • Folbre, N. (2001). The invisible heart: Economics and family values. The New Press.
  • Fraser, N. (2016). Contradictions of capital and care. New Left Review, 100, 99–117. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii100/articles/nancy-fraser-contradictions-of-capital-and-care
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
  • Haidinger, B., & Knittler, K. (2014). Feministische Ökonomie: Einführung. Wien: Mandelbaum, 85.
  • ILO (2020). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2020. International Labour Organization. https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.158
  • ILO (International Labour Organization). (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/care-work-and-care-jobs-future-decent-work
  • IMF. (2018). Pursuing Women’s Economic Empowerment. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment
  • Ironmonger, D. (1996). Counting outputs, capital inputs and caring labor: Estimating gross household product. Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, 2(3), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545709610001707756
  • Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
  • Kiren Gürler, Ö. & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Göre Gelir Farklılığının Ayrıştırma Yöntemiyle Uygulanması, Journal of Yaşar University, 2(6), 571-589. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19118/202875
  • Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
  • McKinsey Global Institute. (2015). The power of parity: How advancing women's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. McKinsey Global Institute https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The ‘feminization of poverty’ and women’s human rights. Gender Equality and Development Section, UNESCO.
  • Oakley, A. (1974). The sociology of housework. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
  • Palaz, S. (2002). Discrimination against women in Turkey: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Ege Akademik Bakış, 2(1), 1–13. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39832/472239
  • Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Household decisions, gender, and development: A synthesis of recent research. International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Razavi, S. & Staab, S. (2010). Underpaid and overworked: A cross-national perspective on care workers. International Labour Review, 149(4), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00095.x
  • Sallan Gül, S. (2005) Türkiye’de Yoksulluğun Kadınsılaşması, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 38(1), 25-45. https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/ArticleRead?id=f4dd765c-12f2-ef67-f98f-3558c282a9cd
  • Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8
  • TÜİK (2015) Faaliyet Türüne, Cinsiyete ve Eğitim Durumuna Göre Kişi Başına Ortalama Faaliyet Süresi, 2014-2015, Zaman Kullanım Araştırması 2014-2015.
  • TÜİK (2017) Aile Yapısı Araştırması 2016, Haber Bülteni, 21869. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2016-21869
  • UN Women. (2021). Feminist plan for sustainability and social justice.
  • UNDP. (2022). Gender Equality Strategy 2022–2025. United Nations Development Programme.
  • Waring, M. (1988). If women counted: A new feminist economics. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • World Bank. (2020). Women, Business and the Law 2020.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 71, 215 - 234, 25.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1850805
https://izlik.org/JA66BZ92FP

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Bauhardt, C., & Çağlar, G. (2010). Gender and Economy: Feminist Critique of Political Economy. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 9.
  • Benería, L., Berik, G., & Floro, M. (2016). Gender, development, and globalization: Economics as if all people mattered (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203107935
  • Bora, A. (2007). Olmayanın Nesini İdare Edeceksin? Yoksulluk, Kadınlar ve Hane, Erdoğan, N. (der.) Yoksulluk Halleri: Türkiye'de Kent Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Görünümleri (s.97-133). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Budlender, D., & Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering budgets: A practitioners' guide to understanding and implementing gender-responsive budgets. Commonwealth Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14217/9781848597990-en
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
  • Chant, S. (2006). Rethinking the “feminization of poverty” in relation to aggregate gender indices. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768538
  • Chant, S. (2007). Gender, generation and poverty: Exploring the feminization of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America (1.Basım). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847206886
  • CİHAN, A. (2004), "Kadın ve Erkek Grup Arasındaki Eşitsizlik: Diyarbakır ve Çevresi Örneklemi", IV. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Değişen Dünya ve Türkiye'de Eşitsizlikler Bildiri Kitabı içinde Sivas, 157-165
  • Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market: A quantitative estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/683847
  • Dayıoğlu, M., & Başlevent, C. (2012). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının ve Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Boyutları, Dedeoğlu, S. V & Elveren, A. Y. (der.) Türkiye’de Refah Devleti ve Kadın (s.127-157). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Ekiz Gökmen, Ç. (2016a, Ekim 20-22) Farklı Sosyo-Kültürel Yapılarda Evli Kadınların İşgücü Piyasasına Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu (TEK), Beşinci Uluslararası Ekonomi Konferansı, Bodrum, Muğla, Türkiye
  • Elson, D. (1999). Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues. World Development, 27(3), 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00147-8
  • Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M. & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes. OECD Development Centre, 2014(12), OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1f3fd03f-en
  • Folbre, N. (2001). The invisible heart: Economics and family values. The New Press.
  • Fraser, N. (2016). Contradictions of capital and care. New Left Review, 100, 99–117. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii100/articles/nancy-fraser-contradictions-of-capital-and-care
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
  • Haidinger, B., & Knittler, K. (2014). Feministische Ökonomie: Einführung. Wien: Mandelbaum, 85.
  • ILO (2020). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2020. International Labour Organization. https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.158
  • ILO (International Labour Organization). (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/care-work-and-care-jobs-future-decent-work
  • IMF. (2018). Pursuing Women’s Economic Empowerment. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment
  • Ironmonger, D. (1996). Counting outputs, capital inputs and caring labor: Estimating gross household product. Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, 2(3), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545709610001707756
  • Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
  • Kiren Gürler, Ö. & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Göre Gelir Farklılığının Ayrıştırma Yöntemiyle Uygulanması, Journal of Yaşar University, 2(6), 571-589. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19118/202875
  • Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
  • McKinsey Global Institute. (2015). The power of parity: How advancing women's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. McKinsey Global Institute https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The ‘feminization of poverty’ and women’s human rights. Gender Equality and Development Section, UNESCO.
  • Oakley, A. (1974). The sociology of housework. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
  • Palaz, S. (2002). Discrimination against women in Turkey: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Ege Akademik Bakış, 2(1), 1–13. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39832/472239
  • Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Household decisions, gender, and development: A synthesis of recent research. International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Razavi, S. & Staab, S. (2010). Underpaid and overworked: A cross-national perspective on care workers. International Labour Review, 149(4), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00095.x
  • Sallan Gül, S. (2005) Türkiye’de Yoksulluğun Kadınsılaşması, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 38(1), 25-45. https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/ArticleRead?id=f4dd765c-12f2-ef67-f98f-3558c282a9cd
  • Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8
  • TÜİK (2015) Faaliyet Türüne, Cinsiyete ve Eğitim Durumuna Göre Kişi Başına Ortalama Faaliyet Süresi, 2014-2015, Zaman Kullanım Araştırması 2014-2015.
  • TÜİK (2017) Aile Yapısı Araştırması 2016, Haber Bülteni, 21869. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2016-21869
  • UN Women. (2021). Feminist plan for sustainability and social justice.
  • UNDP. (2022). Gender Equality Strategy 2022–2025. United Nations Development Programme.
  • Waring, M. (1988). If women counted: A new feminist economics. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • World Bank. (2020). Women, Business and the Law 2020.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 71, 215 - 234, 25.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1850805
https://izlik.org/JA66BZ92FP

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Bauhardt, C., & Çağlar, G. (2010). Gender and Economy: Feminist Critique of Political Economy. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 9.
  • Benería, L., Berik, G., & Floro, M. (2016). Gender, development, and globalization: Economics as if all people mattered (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203107935
  • Bora, A. (2007). Olmayanın Nesini İdare Edeceksin? Yoksulluk, Kadınlar ve Hane, Erdoğan, N. (der.) Yoksulluk Halleri: Türkiye'de Kent Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Görünümleri (s.97-133). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Budlender, D., & Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering budgets: A practitioners' guide to understanding and implementing gender-responsive budgets. Commonwealth Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14217/9781848597990-en
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
  • Chant, S. (2006). Rethinking the “feminization of poverty” in relation to aggregate gender indices. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768538
  • Chant, S. (2007). Gender, generation and poverty: Exploring the feminization of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America (1.Basım). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847206886
  • CİHAN, A. (2004), "Kadın ve Erkek Grup Arasındaki Eşitsizlik: Diyarbakır ve Çevresi Örneklemi", IV. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Değişen Dünya ve Türkiye'de Eşitsizlikler Bildiri Kitabı içinde Sivas, 157-165
  • Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market: A quantitative estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/683847
  • Dayıoğlu, M., & Başlevent, C. (2012). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının ve Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Boyutları, Dedeoğlu, S. V & Elveren, A. Y. (der.) Türkiye’de Refah Devleti ve Kadın (s.127-157). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Ekiz Gökmen, Ç. (2016a, Ekim 20-22) Farklı Sosyo-Kültürel Yapılarda Evli Kadınların İşgücü Piyasasına Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu (TEK), Beşinci Uluslararası Ekonomi Konferansı, Bodrum, Muğla, Türkiye
  • Elson, D. (1999). Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues. World Development, 27(3), 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00147-8
  • Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M. & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes. OECD Development Centre, 2014(12), OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1f3fd03f-en
  • Folbre, N. (2001). The invisible heart: Economics and family values. The New Press.
  • Fraser, N. (2016). Contradictions of capital and care. New Left Review, 100, 99–117. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii100/articles/nancy-fraser-contradictions-of-capital-and-care
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
  • Haidinger, B., & Knittler, K. (2014). Feministische Ökonomie: Einführung. Wien: Mandelbaum, 85.
  • ILO (2020). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2020. International Labour Organization. https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.158
  • ILO (International Labour Organization). (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/care-work-and-care-jobs-future-decent-work
  • IMF. (2018). Pursuing Women’s Economic Empowerment. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment
  • Ironmonger, D. (1996). Counting outputs, capital inputs and caring labor: Estimating gross household product. Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, 2(3), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545709610001707756
  • Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
  • Kiren Gürler, Ö. & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Göre Gelir Farklılığının Ayrıştırma Yöntemiyle Uygulanması, Journal of Yaşar University, 2(6), 571-589. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19118/202875
  • Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
  • McKinsey Global Institute. (2015). The power of parity: How advancing women's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. McKinsey Global Institute https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The ‘feminization of poverty’ and women’s human rights. Gender Equality and Development Section, UNESCO.
  • Oakley, A. (1974). The sociology of housework. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
  • Palaz, S. (2002). Discrimination against women in Turkey: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Ege Akademik Bakış, 2(1), 1–13. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39832/472239
  • Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Household decisions, gender, and development: A synthesis of recent research. International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Razavi, S. & Staab, S. (2010). Underpaid and overworked: A cross-national perspective on care workers. International Labour Review, 149(4), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00095.x
  • Sallan Gül, S. (2005) Türkiye’de Yoksulluğun Kadınsılaşması, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 38(1), 25-45. https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/ArticleRead?id=f4dd765c-12f2-ef67-f98f-3558c282a9cd
  • Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8
  • TÜİK (2015) Faaliyet Türüne, Cinsiyete ve Eğitim Durumuna Göre Kişi Başına Ortalama Faaliyet Süresi, 2014-2015, Zaman Kullanım Araştırması 2014-2015.
  • TÜİK (2017) Aile Yapısı Araştırması 2016, Haber Bülteni, 21869. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2016-21869
  • UN Women. (2021). Feminist plan for sustainability and social justice.
  • UNDP. (2022). Gender Equality Strategy 2022–2025. United Nations Development Programme.
  • Waring, M. (1988). If women counted: A new feminist economics. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • World Bank. (2020). Women, Business and the Law 2020.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 71, 215 - 234, 25.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1850805
https://izlik.org/JA66BZ92FP

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Bauhardt, C., & Çağlar, G. (2010). Gender and Economy: Feminist Critique of Political Economy. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 9.
  • Benería, L., Berik, G., & Floro, M. (2016). Gender, development, and globalization: Economics as if all people mattered (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203107935
  • Bora, A. (2007). Olmayanın Nesini İdare Edeceksin? Yoksulluk, Kadınlar ve Hane, Erdoğan, N. (der.) Yoksulluk Halleri: Türkiye'de Kent Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Görünümleri (s.97-133). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Budlender, D., & Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering budgets: A practitioners' guide to understanding and implementing gender-responsive budgets. Commonwealth Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.14217/9781848597990-en
  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
  • Chant, S. (2006). Rethinking the “feminization of poverty” in relation to aggregate gender indices. Journal of Human Development, 7(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649880600768538
  • Chant, S. (2007). Gender, generation and poverty: Exploring the feminization of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America (1.Basım). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781847206886
  • CİHAN, A. (2004), "Kadın ve Erkek Grup Arasındaki Eşitsizlik: Diyarbakır ve Çevresi Örneklemi", IV. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi, Değişen Dünya ve Türkiye'de Eşitsizlikler Bildiri Kitabı içinde Sivas, 157-165
  • Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market: A quantitative estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/683847
  • Dayıoğlu, M., & Başlevent, C. (2012). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının ve Yoksulluğun Toplumsal Boyutları, Dedeoğlu, S. V & Elveren, A. Y. (der.) Türkiye’de Refah Devleti ve Kadın (s.127-157). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Ekiz Gökmen, Ç. (2016a, Ekim 20-22) Farklı Sosyo-Kültürel Yapılarda Evli Kadınların İşgücü Piyasasına Katılımı Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu (TEK), Beşinci Uluslararası Ekonomi Konferansı, Bodrum, Muğla, Türkiye
  • Elson, D. (1999). Labor markets as gendered institutions: Equality, efficiency and empowerment issues. World Development, 27(3), 611–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00147-8
  • Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M. & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The Missing Link in the Analysis of Gender Gaps in Labour Outcomes. OECD Development Centre, 2014(12), OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1f3fd03f-en
  • Folbre, N. (2001). The invisible heart: Economics and family values. The New Press.
  • Fraser, N. (2016). Contradictions of capital and care. New Left Review, 100, 99–117. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii100/articles/nancy-fraser-contradictions-of-capital-and-care
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
  • Haidinger, B., & Knittler, K. (2014). Feministische Ökonomie: Einführung. Wien: Mandelbaum, 85.
  • ILO (2020). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2020. International Labour Organization. https://doi.org/10.1002/wow3.158
  • ILO (International Labour Organization). (2018). Care work and care jobs for the future of decent work. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/publications/major-publications/care-work-and-care-jobs-future-decent-work
  • IMF. (2018). Pursuing Women’s Economic Empowerment. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/05/31/pp053118pursuing-womens-economic-empowerment
  • Ironmonger, D. (1996). Counting outputs, capital inputs and caring labor: Estimating gross household product. Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, 2(3), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545709610001707756
  • Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
  • Kiren Gürler, Ö. & Üçdoğruk, Ş. (2007). Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Göre Gelir Farklılığının Ayrıştırma Yöntemiyle Uygulanması, Journal of Yaşar University, 2(6), 571-589. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jyasar/issue/19118/202875
  • Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
  • McKinsey Global Institute. (2015). The power of parity: How advancing women's equality can add $12 trillion to global growth. McKinsey Global Institute https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth
  • Moghadam, V. M. (2005). The ‘feminization of poverty’ and women’s human rights. Gender Equality and Development Section, UNESCO.
  • Oakley, A. (1974). The sociology of housework. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
  • Palaz, S. (2002). Discrimination against women in Turkey: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Ege Akademik Bakış, 2(1), 1–13. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eab/issue/39832/472239
  • Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Household decisions, gender, and development: A synthesis of recent research. International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Razavi, S. & Staab, S. (2010). Underpaid and overworked: A cross-national perspective on care workers. International Labour Review, 149(4), 407–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00095.x
  • Sallan Gül, S. (2005) Türkiye’de Yoksulluğun Kadınsılaşması, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 38(1), 25-45. https://ammeidaresi.hacibayram.edu.tr/ArticleRead?id=f4dd765c-12f2-ef67-f98f-3558c282a9cd
  • Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211–1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8
  • TÜİK (2015) Faaliyet Türüne, Cinsiyete ve Eğitim Durumuna Göre Kişi Başına Ortalama Faaliyet Süresi, 2014-2015, Zaman Kullanım Araştırması 2014-2015.
  • TÜİK (2017) Aile Yapısı Araştırması 2016, Haber Bülteni, 21869. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2016-21869
  • UN Women. (2021). Feminist plan for sustainability and social justice.
  • UNDP. (2022). Gender Equality Strategy 2022–2025. United Nations Development Programme.
  • Waring, M. (1988). If women counted: A new feminist economics. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
  • World Bank. (2020). Women, Business and the Law 2020.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (12. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kadın Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yunus Budak 0000-0003-3126-743X

Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1850805
IZ https://izlik.org/JA66BZ92FP
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 71

Kaynak Göster

APA Budak, Y. (2026). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Kadın Emeği ve Yoksulluk: Fiyatlandırılan ve Fiyatlandırılamayan Emek Biçimlerinin Makroekonomik Yansımaları Üzerine Nitel Bir Analiz. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 71, 215-234. https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1850805

Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.