Research Article

Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players

Volume: 9 Number: 1 October 22, 2026
TR EN

Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players

Abstract

Esports research increasingly recognizes that multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games contain differentiated team roles, yet it remains unclear whether these role differences correspond to cognitive and learning-related profiles beyond immediate gameplay. This exploratory secondary analysis examined whether naturally emerging predominant roles were associated with post-intervention transfer-related outcomes among novice League of Legends players. Here, transfer-related refers to outcomes assessed beyond immediate gameplay and does not imply causal demonstration of transfer. Data came from the experimental arm of an eight-week quasi-experimental intervention requiring at least 18 hours of gameplay. Of 42 experimental participants, one predominantly played jungle and was excluded because this created a single-participant category. The final sample comprised 41 undergraduates classified as top lane (n = 5), mid lane (n = 15), marksman/ADC (n = 12), or support (n = 9). Outcomes included EEG-based attention-related engagement, working-memory-related theta activity, and theta/alpha-based cognitive load recorded during a standardized dual n-back task, together with 21st-century learner skills and content-specific learning performance. After z-standardization, Euclidean distances were analyzed using PERMANOVA with 9,999 permutations, principal coordinates analysis, and a multivariate dispersion diagnostic. The omnibus PERMANOVA did not detect statistically significant role-based differentiation, pseudo-F(3, 37) = 0.941, p = .526, R² = .071. PCoA showed substantial overlap, no statistically detectable dispersion differences were found, and the baseline sensitivity analysis was non-significant. These findings suggest that functional role differentiation within MOBA gameplay should not be assumed to produce corresponding differentiation in transfer-related outcomes among novice players with relatively short role exposure.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency or institution.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for the broader doctoral research was obtained from the Anadolu University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Board (Protocol No. 666358, Decision Date: 28 December 2023). Participation was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.

Thanks

The authors thank all participants who contributed to the broader doctoral research from which the dataset used in this study was derived.

References

  1. Anderson, M. J. (2001). A new method for non‐parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology, 26(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x
  2. Anderson, M. J. (2006). Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics, 62(1), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00440.x
  3. Antonenko, P., Paas, F., Grabner, R., & Van Gog, T. (2010). Using electroencephalography to measure cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 22(4), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-010-9130-y
  4. Bediou, B., Adams, D. M., Mayer, R. E., Tipton, E., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2018). Meta-analysis of action video game impact on perceptual, attentional, and cognitive skills. Psychological Bulletin, 144(1), 77–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000130
  5. Bonny, J. W., Castaneda, L. M., & Swanson, T. (2016). Using an international gaming tournament to study individual differences in MOBA expertise and cognitive skills. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 3473–3484. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858190
  6. Brilliant, T. D., Nouchi, R., & Kawashima, R. (2019). Does video gaming have impacts on the brain: Evidence from a systematic review. Brain Sciences, 9(10), Article 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9100251
  7. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (28. baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  8. Düşkün, B. U., & Ülgen, Z. (2026). Cognitive evaluation in sports and esports: A comparative guide to performance testing. Journal of Sports, Exercise, and Performance, 1(1), 52–83. https://doi.org/10.66614/josep2026.5

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sports Science and Exercise (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 22, 2026

Submission Date

September 14, 2026

Acceptance Date

October 15, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9 Number: 1

APA
Boynukara, M., & Dursun, Ö. Ö. (2026). Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 9(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.2039229
AMA
1.Boynukara M, Dursun ÖÖ. Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players. MJSS. 2026;9(1):1-16. doi:10.38021/asbid.2039229
Chicago
Boynukara, Meriç, and Özcan Özgür Dursun. 2026. “Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players”. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science 9 (1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.2039229.
EndNote
Boynukara M, Dursun ÖÖ (October 1, 2026) Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science 9 1 1–16.
IEEE
[1]M. Boynukara and Ö. Ö. Dursun, “Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players”, MJSS, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.38021/asbid.2039229.
ISNAD
Boynukara, Meriç - Dursun, Özcan Özgür. “Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players”. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science 9/1 (October 1, 2026): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.2039229.
JAMA
1.Boynukara M, Dursun ÖÖ. Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players. MJSS. 2026;9:1–16.
MLA
Boynukara, Meriç, and Özcan Özgür Dursun. “Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players”. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, vol. 9, no. 1, Oct. 2026, pp. 1-16, doi:10.38021/asbid.2039229.
Vancouver
1.Meriç Boynukara, Özcan Özgür Dursun. Transfer-Related Cognitive and Learning Profiles Across Predominant MOBA Roles in Novice Esports Players. MJSS. 2026 Oct. 1;9(1):1-16. doi:10.38021/asbid.2039229

27208

Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY-NC 4.0 .

2624526366