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Süt Ürünlerinde Probiyotik Bakterilerin Canlılığını Etkileyen Faktörler

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 1/2, 59 - 68, 27.06.2018

Abstract

Probiyotikler; canlılarda sindirim sistemi
mikroflorasını geliştirerek sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri olan mikroorganizmalardır.
Bunların başlıcaları
Lactobacillus
acidophilus
ve Bifidobacterium
animalis
subsp. lactis (Bifidobacterium BB12)’dir. Bu bakterilerin
sağlık üzerine olumlu etkilerinden dolayı dondurma, yoğurt ve
fermente süt gibi süt ürünlerinde kullanımları son
yıllarda artış göstermiştir. Sağlık üzerine olumlu etki gösterebilmesi için
canlı probiyotik bakteri sayısının yüksek olması gerekir. Probiyotikler üzerine
yapılan çalışmalarda depolama sırasında ürünlerdeki probiyotik bakteri
sayısının hızlı bir şekilde düştüğü belirlenmiştir.
 Probiyotik mikroorganizmaların gıdalardaki canlılıklarına etki eden
bir çok faktör bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan bazıları bakteri türleri arasındaki
etkileşim, inokülasyon süresi, ürünün asitliği, depolama sıcaklığı, ambalajın
oksijen geçirgenliği, üründeki diğer starter bakteriler tarafından üretilen
antimikrobiyel maddelerdir.  
Canlı probiyotik
bakteri sayısı aside ve safraya dayanıklı suşların seçilmesi, ambalajın oksijen
geçirgenliğinin azaltılması, iki aşamalı fermentasyon uygulaması,
mikroenkapsülasyon uygulamaları, stres koşullarına adaptasyon ve mikro besin
elementleri ilavesi gibi yöntemlerle artırılabilir. Bu derlemede, süt
ürünlerinde probiyotik bakterilerin canlılığını etkileyen faktörler ve bu
faktörleri engellemeye yönelik yapılan çalşmalar incelenmiştir.

References

  • Ahmed, B., and Mital, B. K. (1990). Effects of magnesium and manganese ions on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of food Technology, 27(4), 228–229.
  • Akın M. B., Akın, M. S., and Kırmacı, Z. (2007). Effects of ınulin and sugar levels on the viability of yogurt and probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics in probiotic ıce-cream, Food Chemistry 104 (1), 93-99
  • Akın M. S., and Güler-Akin M. B., (2005). Effects of different ıncubation temperatures on the microflora, chemical composition and sensory characteristics of bio-yogurt. Ital. J. Food Sci. 1 (17), 67-74.
  • Akın, M. B., Akın, M. S., Özer, B, ve Kırmacı, H. A., (2006). Kapsüllenmiş ve serbest lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus casei ve lactobacillus rhamnosus’un dondurmada canlı kalma sürelerinin ve dondurmanın duyusal özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Türkiye Bilimsel Ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu Proje Sonuç Raporu (Proje No: 105 O 033), 61s.
  • Akın, M. B., Akın, M. S., Vardin, H., Eren, L., 2009. Emülsiyon tekniği ile tereyağı içerisinde kapsüllenen lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium bifidum’un stirred tip meyveli yoğurtlarda ve ın vitro koşullarda canlı kalma sürelerinin araştırılması. Türkiye Bilimsel Ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu Proje Sonuç Raporu (Proje No: 108 O 004), 58s.
  • Akın, M. B., and Daşnik, F. (2015). Effects of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase levels on the viability of probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics in symbiotic ice-cream. Mljekarstvo 65(2):121-129, doi: 10.15567/mljekarstvo.2015.0202
  • Akın, M. B., ve Akın, M. S., (2015). Buğday lifi oranı ve uzunluğunun yağı azaltılmış probiyotik yoğurtların mikrobiyolojik özelliklerine etkisi. 2. İç Anadolu Bölgesi Tarım ve Gıda Kongresi. 203s. 28-30 Nisan 2015, Nevşehir.
  • Akın, M. S., (2006). Farklı oranlarda lactobacillus acidophilus ve lactobacillus casei kullanılarak üretilen bio-yoğurtlarda canlı bakteri sayılarının ve asetaldehit düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. HÜBAK Proje Sonuç Raporu (Proje No: 105 O 033), 41s.
  • Akın, M.B., and Akın M. S., (2014). The effects of carob extract powder and sugar level on the some properties of acidophilus yoghurt. Balkan Agriculture Congress. p545. 8-11 September 2014, Edirne/Turkey.
  • Akın, M.S. (2005).Effects of inulin and different sugar levels on viability of probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics of probiotic fermented ice¬cream. Milchwissenschaft, 60 (3), 297-301.
  • Corcoran, B. M., Stanton, C., Fıtzgerald, G. F., and Ross, R. P. (2008). Life under stress: The probiotic stress response and how it may be manipulated. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, 1382-1399.
  • Cruz, A. G., Antunes, A. E. C., Sousa, A. L. O. P., Faria, J. A. F., and Saad, S. M. I. (2009). Ice-cream as a probiotic food carrier. Food Research International, 42: 1233-1239.
  • Dave, R. I., and Shah, N. P. (1997a). Viability of yoghurt and probiotic bacteria in yoghurts made form commercial starter cultures. International Dairy Journal, 7, 31–41.
  • Dave, R. I., and Shah, N. P. (1997b). Characteristics of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-1. International Dairy Journal, 7, 707–715.
  • Dave, R. I., and Shah, N. P. (1998). Ingredient supplementation effects on viability of probiotic bacteria in yogurt. Journal of Dairy Science, 81, 2804–2816.
  • Dave, R.I., and N.P. Shah. (1997c). Effect of level of starter culture on viability of yoghurt and probiotic bacteria in yoghurts. Food Australia 49:32–37.
  • Delikanlı, B., and Özcan, T. (2015). Probiyotik içeren yenilebilir filmler ve kaplamalar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 59-70.
  • Eren, L., (2009). Sodyum aljinatla kapsüllenmiş bazı probiyotik bakterilerin stirred tip meyveli yoğurtlarda ve in vitro koşullarda canlı kalma sürelerinin araştırılması. T.C. Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Şanlıurfa, 78 s.
  • Gilliland, S. E., (1979). Beneficial inter-relationships between certain microorganisms and humans: Candidate microorganisms for use as dietary adjuncts. Journal of Food Protection, 42, 164–167.
  • Güler-Akın, and M. B. (2005). “Effects of Different Incubation Temperatures on the Acetaldehyde Content and Viable Bacteria Counts of Bio-yogurt Made from Ewe’s Milk”, Int. J. Dairy Technology 58 (3), 174-179.
  • Güler-Akın, M. B., Akın, M. S. (2007). Effects of cysteine and different ıncubation temperatures on the microflora, chemical composition and sensory characteristics of bio-yogurt made from goat’s milk”, Food Chemistry 100 (2), 788-793
  • Hoier, E. (1992). Use of probiotic starter cultures in dairy products. Food Australia, 44(9), 418–420.
  • Holzapfel, W.H., Haberer, P., Snel, J., Schillinger U., and Huis İn’t Veld, J.H.J., (1998). Over view of gut flora and probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 41, 85-101.
  • Hood, S. K., and Zottola, M. L. (1988). Effec to flow pH on the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus to survive and adhere to human intestinal cells. J. Food Sci. 53, 1514–1516.
  • Hughes, D. B., and Hoover, D. G. (1995). Viability and enzymatic activity of bifidobacteria in milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 78, 268–276.
  • IDF (1992), International Standard 163. General standard of identity for fermented milks. International Dairy Federation, Brussels.
  • Ishibashi, N., and Shimamura, S. (1993). Bifidobacteria: Research and development in Japan. Food Technology, 47(6), 126, 129–134.
  • Kailasaphaty K., and Sultana K., (2003). Survival and -Galactosidase activity of encapsulated and free Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis in ice-cream, Australian J. of Dairy Technol., 58, 223-227.
  • Kim, E. R., Lee, K. W., Park, Y. H., and Kwak, H. S. (1993). The study of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt during delivery and storage. Korean Journal of Dairy Science, 14(3), 260–268.
  • Kneifel, W., and Pacher. B. (1993). An X-Glu based agar medium for the selective enumeration of L. acidophilus in yogurt related milk products. Int. Dairy J. 3,277–291.
  • Lankaputhra, W.E.V., and Shah. N. P. (1997). Improving viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria in yogurt using two step fermentation and neutralised mix. Food Australia 49,363–366.
  • Lee, Y., Nomoto, K., Salminen, S., and Gorbach, S., L. (1999). Handbook of Probiotics. Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York.
  • Lourens-Hatting, Viljoen, B. C. (2001). Yoghurt as probiotic carrier food. International Dairy Journal 11, 1-17.
  • Martin, J. H., and Chou, K. M. (1992). Selection of Bifidobacteria for use as dietary adjuncts in cultured dairy foods: I- tolerance to pH of yogurt. Cultured Dairy Products Journal, 27(4), 21–26.
  • Mattila-Sandholm, T., Mylärinen, P., Crittenden, R., and Mogensen, G., (2002). Technological challenges for future probiotic foods. International Dairy Journal 12, 173-182.
  • Murga, M.L.F., Cabrera, G.M., De Valdez, G.F., Disalvo, E.A., and Seldes, A.M. (2000). Influence of growth temperature on cryotolerance and lipid composition of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 342-348.
  • Nighswonger, B. D., Brashears, M. M., and Gilliland, S. E. (1996). Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in fermented milk products during refrigerated storage. Journal of Dairy Science, 79, 212–219.
  • Rybka, S. (1994). The enumeration of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium species in yogurt. B.Sc. dissertation, University of New South Wales, Sydney.
  • Saxena, S. N., Mital, B. K., and Garg, S. K. (1994). Effect of casitone and fructose on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and its survival during storage. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 21, 271–276.
  • Shah, N. P. (2000). Probiotic Bacteria: Selective Enumeration and Survival in Dairy Foods. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 894-907.
  • Shori, A. B. (2017). Microencapsulation ımproved probiotics survival during gastric transit. Hayatı Journal of Biosciences, 24, 1-5.
  • Streit, F., Corrieu, G., and B´Eal, C. (2007). Acidification improves cryotolerance of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CFL1. Journal of Biotechnology, 128, 659–667.
  • Tamime A. Y., and Robinson R. K. (1999). Yoghurt Science and Technology. Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Second Edition, Cambridge.
  • Tuomola E, Crittenden R, Playne M, Isolauri E, and Salminen S. (2001). Quality assurance criteria for probiotic bacteria, Am. J. Clin Nutr. 73, 393-398.
  • Uymaz, B. (2010). Probiyotikler ve kullanım alanları. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 95-104.
  • Vinderola C. G., Reinheimer J. A. (2000). Enumeration of L. casei in the presence of L. acidophilus, bifidobacteria and starter bacteria in fermented dairy products. Int. Dairy J. 10, 271-275.
  • Wang, Y. (2009). Prebiotics: Present and future in food science and technology. Food Research International Vol. 42, Issue 1, 8–12.
  • Yerlikaya, O., ve Karagözlü, C. (2008). Probiyotik süt ürünleri ve bağışıklık sistemi. Süt Dünyası, 16, 57-59.
  • Yıldırım Z., Bayram M., ve Yıldırım M. (2003). Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerindeki Yararlı Etkileri. Süt Endüstrisinde Yeni Eğilimler Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 267-272, 22-23 Mayıs 2003. İzmir.
  • Ying, D., Sanguansri, L., Weerakkody, R., Bull, M., Singh, T. K., & Augustin, M. A. (2016). Effect of encapsulant matrix on stability of microencapsulated probiotics. Journal of Functional Foods, 25, 447-458
Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 1/2, 59 - 68, 27.06.2018

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, B., and Mital, B. K. (1990). Effects of magnesium and manganese ions on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of food Technology, 27(4), 228–229.
  • Akın M. B., Akın, M. S., and Kırmacı, Z. (2007). Effects of ınulin and sugar levels on the viability of yogurt and probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics in probiotic ıce-cream, Food Chemistry 104 (1), 93-99
  • Akın M. S., and Güler-Akin M. B., (2005). Effects of different ıncubation temperatures on the microflora, chemical composition and sensory characteristics of bio-yogurt. Ital. J. Food Sci. 1 (17), 67-74.
  • Akın, M. B., Akın, M. S., Özer, B, ve Kırmacı, H. A., (2006). Kapsüllenmiş ve serbest lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus casei ve lactobacillus rhamnosus’un dondurmada canlı kalma sürelerinin ve dondurmanın duyusal özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi. Türkiye Bilimsel Ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu Proje Sonuç Raporu (Proje No: 105 O 033), 61s.
  • Akın, M. B., Akın, M. S., Vardin, H., Eren, L., 2009. Emülsiyon tekniği ile tereyağı içerisinde kapsüllenen lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacterium bifidum’un stirred tip meyveli yoğurtlarda ve ın vitro koşullarda canlı kalma sürelerinin araştırılması. Türkiye Bilimsel Ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu Proje Sonuç Raporu (Proje No: 108 O 004), 58s.
  • Akın, M. B., and Daşnik, F. (2015). Effects of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase levels on the viability of probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics in symbiotic ice-cream. Mljekarstvo 65(2):121-129, doi: 10.15567/mljekarstvo.2015.0202
  • Akın, M. B., ve Akın, M. S., (2015). Buğday lifi oranı ve uzunluğunun yağı azaltılmış probiyotik yoğurtların mikrobiyolojik özelliklerine etkisi. 2. İç Anadolu Bölgesi Tarım ve Gıda Kongresi. 203s. 28-30 Nisan 2015, Nevşehir.
  • Akın, M. S., (2006). Farklı oranlarda lactobacillus acidophilus ve lactobacillus casei kullanılarak üretilen bio-yoğurtlarda canlı bakteri sayılarının ve asetaldehit düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. HÜBAK Proje Sonuç Raporu (Proje No: 105 O 033), 41s.
  • Akın, M.B., and Akın M. S., (2014). The effects of carob extract powder and sugar level on the some properties of acidophilus yoghurt. Balkan Agriculture Congress. p545. 8-11 September 2014, Edirne/Turkey.
  • Akın, M.S. (2005).Effects of inulin and different sugar levels on viability of probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics of probiotic fermented ice¬cream. Milchwissenschaft, 60 (3), 297-301.
  • Corcoran, B. M., Stanton, C., Fıtzgerald, G. F., and Ross, R. P. (2008). Life under stress: The probiotic stress response and how it may be manipulated. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 14, 1382-1399.
  • Cruz, A. G., Antunes, A. E. C., Sousa, A. L. O. P., Faria, J. A. F., and Saad, S. M. I. (2009). Ice-cream as a probiotic food carrier. Food Research International, 42: 1233-1239.
  • Dave, R. I., and Shah, N. P. (1997a). Viability of yoghurt and probiotic bacteria in yoghurts made form commercial starter cultures. International Dairy Journal, 7, 31–41.
  • Dave, R. I., and Shah, N. P. (1997b). Characteristics of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-1. International Dairy Journal, 7, 707–715.
  • Dave, R. I., and Shah, N. P. (1998). Ingredient supplementation effects on viability of probiotic bacteria in yogurt. Journal of Dairy Science, 81, 2804–2816.
  • Dave, R.I., and N.P. Shah. (1997c). Effect of level of starter culture on viability of yoghurt and probiotic bacteria in yoghurts. Food Australia 49:32–37.
  • Delikanlı, B., and Özcan, T. (2015). Probiyotik içeren yenilebilir filmler ve kaplamalar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(2), 59-70.
  • Eren, L., (2009). Sodyum aljinatla kapsüllenmiş bazı probiyotik bakterilerin stirred tip meyveli yoğurtlarda ve in vitro koşullarda canlı kalma sürelerinin araştırılması. T.C. Harran Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Şanlıurfa, 78 s.
  • Gilliland, S. E., (1979). Beneficial inter-relationships between certain microorganisms and humans: Candidate microorganisms for use as dietary adjuncts. Journal of Food Protection, 42, 164–167.
  • Güler-Akın, and M. B. (2005). “Effects of Different Incubation Temperatures on the Acetaldehyde Content and Viable Bacteria Counts of Bio-yogurt Made from Ewe’s Milk”, Int. J. Dairy Technology 58 (3), 174-179.
  • Güler-Akın, M. B., Akın, M. S. (2007). Effects of cysteine and different ıncubation temperatures on the microflora, chemical composition and sensory characteristics of bio-yogurt made from goat’s milk”, Food Chemistry 100 (2), 788-793
  • Hoier, E. (1992). Use of probiotic starter cultures in dairy products. Food Australia, 44(9), 418–420.
  • Holzapfel, W.H., Haberer, P., Snel, J., Schillinger U., and Huis İn’t Veld, J.H.J., (1998). Over view of gut flora and probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 41, 85-101.
  • Hood, S. K., and Zottola, M. L. (1988). Effec to flow pH on the ability of Lactobacillus acidophilus to survive and adhere to human intestinal cells. J. Food Sci. 53, 1514–1516.
  • Hughes, D. B., and Hoover, D. G. (1995). Viability and enzymatic activity of bifidobacteria in milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 78, 268–276.
  • IDF (1992), International Standard 163. General standard of identity for fermented milks. International Dairy Federation, Brussels.
  • Ishibashi, N., and Shimamura, S. (1993). Bifidobacteria: Research and development in Japan. Food Technology, 47(6), 126, 129–134.
  • Kailasaphaty K., and Sultana K., (2003). Survival and -Galactosidase activity of encapsulated and free Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis in ice-cream, Australian J. of Dairy Technol., 58, 223-227.
  • Kim, E. R., Lee, K. W., Park, Y. H., and Kwak, H. S. (1993). The study of lactic acid bacteria in yogurt during delivery and storage. Korean Journal of Dairy Science, 14(3), 260–268.
  • Kneifel, W., and Pacher. B. (1993). An X-Glu based agar medium for the selective enumeration of L. acidophilus in yogurt related milk products. Int. Dairy J. 3,277–291.
  • Lankaputhra, W.E.V., and Shah. N. P. (1997). Improving viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria in yogurt using two step fermentation and neutralised mix. Food Australia 49,363–366.
  • Lee, Y., Nomoto, K., Salminen, S., and Gorbach, S., L. (1999). Handbook of Probiotics. Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York.
  • Lourens-Hatting, Viljoen, B. C. (2001). Yoghurt as probiotic carrier food. International Dairy Journal 11, 1-17.
  • Martin, J. H., and Chou, K. M. (1992). Selection of Bifidobacteria for use as dietary adjuncts in cultured dairy foods: I- tolerance to pH of yogurt. Cultured Dairy Products Journal, 27(4), 21–26.
  • Mattila-Sandholm, T., Mylärinen, P., Crittenden, R., and Mogensen, G., (2002). Technological challenges for future probiotic foods. International Dairy Journal 12, 173-182.
  • Murga, M.L.F., Cabrera, G.M., De Valdez, G.F., Disalvo, E.A., and Seldes, A.M. (2000). Influence of growth temperature on cryotolerance and lipid composition of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 342-348.
  • Nighswonger, B. D., Brashears, M. M., and Gilliland, S. E. (1996). Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in fermented milk products during refrigerated storage. Journal of Dairy Science, 79, 212–219.
  • Rybka, S. (1994). The enumeration of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium species in yogurt. B.Sc. dissertation, University of New South Wales, Sydney.
  • Saxena, S. N., Mital, B. K., and Garg, S. K. (1994). Effect of casitone and fructose on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and its survival during storage. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 21, 271–276.
  • Shah, N. P. (2000). Probiotic Bacteria: Selective Enumeration and Survival in Dairy Foods. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 894-907.
  • Shori, A. B. (2017). Microencapsulation ımproved probiotics survival during gastric transit. Hayatı Journal of Biosciences, 24, 1-5.
  • Streit, F., Corrieu, G., and B´Eal, C. (2007). Acidification improves cryotolerance of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CFL1. Journal of Biotechnology, 128, 659–667.
  • Tamime A. Y., and Robinson R. K. (1999). Yoghurt Science and Technology. Woodhead Publishing Ltd. Second Edition, Cambridge.
  • Tuomola E, Crittenden R, Playne M, Isolauri E, and Salminen S. (2001). Quality assurance criteria for probiotic bacteria, Am. J. Clin Nutr. 73, 393-398.
  • Uymaz, B. (2010). Probiyotikler ve kullanım alanları. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 95-104.
  • Vinderola C. G., Reinheimer J. A. (2000). Enumeration of L. casei in the presence of L. acidophilus, bifidobacteria and starter bacteria in fermented dairy products. Int. Dairy J. 10, 271-275.
  • Wang, Y. (2009). Prebiotics: Present and future in food science and technology. Food Research International Vol. 42, Issue 1, 8–12.
  • Yerlikaya, O., ve Karagözlü, C. (2008). Probiyotik süt ürünleri ve bağışıklık sistemi. Süt Dünyası, 16, 57-59.
  • Yıldırım Z., Bayram M., ve Yıldırım M. (2003). Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerindeki Yararlı Etkileri. Süt Endüstrisinde Yeni Eğilimler Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 267-272, 22-23 Mayıs 2003. İzmir.
  • Ying, D., Sanguansri, L., Weerakkody, R., Bull, M., Singh, T. K., & Augustin, M. A. (2016). Effect of encapsulant matrix on stability of microencapsulated probiotics. Journal of Functional Foods, 25, 447-458
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Aslı Çelikel

Büşra Göncü This is me

Mutlu Buket Akın

Musa Serdar Akın

Publication Date June 27, 2018
Submission Date March 21, 2018
Acceptance Date June 7, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 1/2

Cite

APA Çelikel, A., Göncü, B., Akın, M. B., Akın, M. S. (2018). Süt Ürünlerinde Probiyotik Bakterilerin Canlılığını Etkileyen Faktörler. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1/2), 59-68.