Instructions for Authors

Manuscript Title

The manuscript title should be concise, informative, and accurately reflect the content of the study. It should not exceed 12 words and should be formatted in Times New Roman, 14-point, bold, and centered.

Abstract

The abstract should be written in Times New Roman, 10-point font, single-spaced, and fully justified. It should not exceed 150 words and should briefly describe the background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion of the study while emphasizing its originality and significance.

Footnotes, references, abbreviations that are not widely recognized, tables, and figures should not be included in the abstract.

Keywords: Provide 3–5 keywords immediately after the abstract. Keywords should be separated by commas and, whenever possible, selected from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) or other internationally recognized indexing vocabularies.

Main Text

The main text should be prepared in Times New Roman, 11-point font, single-spaced, and fully justified.

Page Layout

• Top margin: 3 cm
• Bottom margin: 2 cm
• Left margin: 1.5 cm
• Right margin: 1.5 cm
• Header: 1 cm
• Footer: 1 cm

Paragraph formatting should be as follows:

• Alignment: Justified
• First-line indentation: None
• Spacing before: 6 pt
• Spacing after: 6 pt
• Line spacing: Single

Headings

Main section headings should be written in Times New Roman, 11-point, bold, uppercase letters.

Subheadings should be numbered consecutively (e.g., 1.1., 1.2.) and formatted in Times New Roman, 11-point, bold.

Introduction

The Introduction should present the scientific background of the study, summarize the relevant literature, explain the significance of the research, identify the research problem, and clearly state the study objectives and/or hypotheses. Subheadings may be used when appropriate.

In-Text Citations

CBU-SBED follows the APA 7th edition referencing style.

Single Author

• (Smith, 1990)
• (Smith, 1990, p. 67)
• Smith (1990) reported that...
• According to Smith (1990)...

Two Authors

• (Smith & Jones, 2022)
• Smith and Jones (2022) reported...

Three or More Authors

For both the first and subsequent citations, use:

• (Smith et al., 2022)
• Smith et al. (2022) demonstrated...

Multiple References

List references alphabetically and separate them with semicolons.

Example:

(Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith, 1990)

Lists

When presenting information in list format, use lowercase letters:

a. First item.

b. Second item.

c. Third item.

Tables

Tables should be numbered consecutively in the order they are cited in the text.

• Table titles should appear above the table.
• Titles should be centered and written in 11-point font.
• Major words should begin with capital letters.
• Text within tables should be Times New Roman, 9-point.
• Tables should be formatted using the AutoFit function.
• Table notes and references should appear below the table in 8-point font.
• Leave one blank line between the table and the subsequent paragraph.

Figures

Figures should be numbered consecutively in the order they are cited.

• Figure titles should appear below the figure.
• Images should be of high resolution and suitable for publication.
• Symbols, abbreviations, and statistical information should be clearly explained in the figure legend when necessary.

All tables and figures must be cited in the text in numerical order.

Figures should be centered on the page and numbered consecutively in the order in which they are cited in the text. If a figure exceeds the page width, it should be proportionally resized to fit within the page margins while maintaining its quality.

Figure numbers and titles should be placed above the figure and centered. The label (e.g., Figure 1.) should be bold, whereas the figure title should be in 11-point font, regular typeface, with only the first word and proper nouns capitalized. Any references or explanatory notes below the figure should be presented in 8-point font. Leave one blank line between the figure and the subsequent paragraph.

II. METHODS

The Methods section should provide sufficient detail to enable the study to be replicated. It should clearly describe the study design, setting, participants, sampling method, eligibility criteria, data collection procedures, measurement tools, validity and reliability (where applicable), ethical considerations, and statistical analysis.

Because the journal employs a double-blind peer-review process, the manuscript submitted for review must not contain any information that could identify the authors or their institutions.

Study Design

Clearly specify the study design (e.g., randomized controlled trial, cohort study, cross-sectional study, qualitative study, systematic review) and justify its selection when appropriate.

Participants

Describe the study population, inclusion and exclusion criteria, sampling method, sample size determination, recruitment process, and study setting. For experimental studies, provide detailed information regarding intervention and control groups, randomization procedures, allocation concealment, blinding methods, and interventions administered. Where applicable, include the clinical trial registration number.

Data Collection

Describe all data collection instruments and procedures in sufficient detail. Information regarding the validity and reliability of questionnaires, scales, or other measurement tools should be provided when applicable.

Statistical Analysis

Describe all statistical methods used to analyze the data, including software packages, statistical tests, significance levels, confidence intervals, and methods used to verify assumptions. The rationale for selecting each statistical method should be clearly explained. References should be provided whenever appropriate.

For qualitative studies, describe the analytical approach (e.g., thematic analysis, content analysis, grounded theory) and the procedures used to ensure trustworthiness and rigor.

Reporting Guidelines

Authors should prepare their manuscripts in accordance with the appropriate international reporting guideline for their study design and indicate compliance within the manuscript.

Recommended reporting guidelines include:

• Randomized controlled trials: SPIRIT, CONSORT and relevant CONSORT Extensions
• Observational studies: STROBE and STROBE Extensions
• Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: PRISMA and PRISMA Extensions
• Study protocols: SPIRIT or PRISMA-P
• Diagnostic accuracy studies: STARD
• Prediction model studies: TRIPOD
• Case reports: CARE and CARE Extensions
• Clinical practice guidelines: AGREE II and RIGHT
• Qualitative research: SRQR or COREQ

III. RESULTS

The Results section should present the study findings objectively and in the same sequence as the study objectives or hypotheses.

Tables, figures, graphs, and illustrations may be used where appropriate to improve clarity. Results should be reported concisely without interpretation or discussion. Statistical findings should include appropriate measures of uncertainty (e.g., confidence intervals, effect sizes, and exact p-values whenever possible).

IV. DISCUSSION

The Discussion should interpret the study findings in relation to the existing literature and explain their scientific and clinical significance.

Authors should discuss similarities and differences between their findings and those of previous studies, provide possible explanations for observed results, address the strengths and limitations of the study, and consider the implications of the findings for research and clinical practice.

The limitations of the study should be clearly presented in a separate paragraph at the end of this section.

V. CONCLUSION

The Conclusion should summarize the principal findings of the study without repeating the Results section. Conclusions should be supported by the study findings and should avoid unsupported claims.

Authors are encouraged to include practical implications of their findings as well as recommendations for future research. Depending on the structure of the manuscript, Conclusion and Recommendations may be presented either as separate sections or under a single heading.

Research Ethics Statement

All manuscripts involving human participants, animals, biological materials, or personal data must include a Research Ethics Statement.

The statement should specify:

• the name of the approving Ethics Committee,
• approval number,
• approval date,
• confirmation that informed consent was obtained when applicable, and
• any institutional permissions obtained.

To preserve the integrity of the double-blind peer-review process, identifying institutional information should be omitted from the manuscript submitted for initial review and provided only after acceptance when requested by the editorial office.

Author Contributions

Authors should provide a statement describing the individual contributions of each author using recognized authorship criteria (e.g., CRediT taxonomy or a similar contribution model).

For manuscripts submitted for peer review, author names and institutional affiliations must not be included in this section. Following acceptance, the contribution statement should be completed before publication.

Example:

• Conceptualization:
• Methodology:
• Data Collection:
• Data Analysis:
• Writing – Original Draft:
• Writing – Review & Editing:
• Supervision:

Conflict of Interest Disclosure

Authors must disclose any financial, professional, institutional, or personal relationships that could be perceived to influence the work reported in the manuscript.

If no conflicts of interest exist, the following statement should be included:

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

If a conflict of interest exists, authors should provide a clear description of the relationship and explain how any potential conflicts have been managed.

Note: To preserve the integrity of the double-blind peer-review process, author names and institutional affiliations should not be included in this section during the initial submission. This information will be added after the manuscript has been accepted.

Funding Statement

Authors should disclose all sources of financial support for the research, including grant numbers where applicable.

If the study received no external funding, please state:

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Funding information that could reveal the identity of the authors or their institutions should be omitted during the initial submission and added after acceptance.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Disclosure

Authors must disclose the use of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies during the preparation of the manuscript.

The disclosure should specify:

• the AI tool(s) used;
• the purpose for which the tool was used (e.g., language editing, grammar checking, image generation, or code assistance); and
• confirmation that the authors reviewed, verified, and accepted full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of all manuscript content.

Artificial intelligence tools must not be listed as authors because they cannot assume responsibility for the published work.

If no AI-assisted technologies were used, authors should state:

Artificial Intelligence Statement: No artificial intelligence-assisted technologies were used in the preparation of this manuscript.

References

CBU-SBED follows the APA 7th edition referencing style.

References should be:

• arranged alphabetically by the surname of the first author;
• formatted in Times New Roman, 9-point font;
• single-spaced;
• with 0 pt spacing before and after; and
• formatted with a 0.5 cm hanging indent.

Examples:

Journal Article

Göçer Şahin, S., Çakıcı Eser, D., & Gelbal, S. (2018). The interaction effect of the correlation between dimensions and item discrimination on parameter estimation. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(3), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.402992

Book

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2005). Research methods in education. Routledge.

Doctoral Dissertation

Bulut, O. (2013). Between-person and within-person subscore reliability: Comparison of unidimensional and multidimensional IRT models (Doctoral dissertation). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (UMI No. 3589000)

Important Notes for Initial Submission

To ensure a double-blind peer-review process:

• Do not include author names, affiliations, ORCID iDs, acknowledgements, funding information that identifies authors or institutions, or corresponding author details in the manuscript submitted for review.
• Remove all identifying information from the title page, footnotes, document properties, and file metadata.
• Delete any editorial notes or template instructions before submitting the manuscript.

The following information will be requested after the manuscript has been accepted:

• Presentation at a scientific meeting (if applicable)
• Thesis or project information (if applicable)
• Corresponding author's name, e-mail address (ORCID-linked e-mail preferred), and ORCID iD
• All authors' names, academic titles, institutional affiliations, mailing addresses, and ORCID iDs
• Acknowledgements (if applicable)

Open Access License

All articles published in CBU-SBED are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.

Publication Ethics

CBU-SBED (Celal Bayar University-Health Sciences Institute Journal) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and scientific integrity throughout the editorial and publication process. The journal aims to advance knowledge in the health sciences by publishing high-quality, scientifically sound, and ethically conducted research evaluated through a fair, transparent, and impartial peer-review process.

All parties involved in the publication process—including authors, editors, reviewers, the publisher, and readers—are expected to comply with internationally recognized ethical principles and standards. Scientific misconduct, including but not limited to plagiarism, data fabrication, data falsification, duplicate publication, image manipulation, and inappropriate authorship, is not tolerated. If evidence of scientific misconduct is identified at any stage of the editorial process, the manuscript will be rejected or retracted as appropriate, and the relevant institution(s) may be notified. The journal reserves the right to request the original data, statistical analyses, or supporting documentation from authors whenever necessary during the editorial or peer-review process.

CBU-SBED follows the recommendations and best practices of internationally recognized organizations and guidelines, including:

• Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
• Council of Science Editors (CSE)
• World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)
• World Medical Association (WMA), including the Declaration of Helsinki
• Council of Higher Education of Türkiye (YÖK) Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Guidelines
• Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine and its Additional Protocol concerning Biomedical Research
• Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines

The journal adheres to these principles in matters relating to authorship, editorial responsibilities, peer review, conflicts of interest, research integrity, intellectual property, corrections, retractions, and post-publication discussions.

Research Ethics

CBU-SBED requires all research involving humans or animals to be conducted in accordance with internationally accepted ethical principles and applicable national regulations. Respect for human dignity, participant rights, animal welfare, and scientific integrity constitutes the foundation of the journal's research ethics policy.

Ethics Committee Approval

Ethics Committee approval must be obtained before the commencement of studies requiring ethical review and must be clearly stated in the manuscript, together with the name of the approving committee, approval number, and approval date.

Ethics Committee approval is required for, but is not limited to, the following types of research:

• Studies involving human participants using qualitative or quantitative research methods, including questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observations, experimental studies, and similar data collection techniques.
• Clinical research involving human participants.
• Experimental or observational studies involving animals.
• Studies using human biological materials, tissues, medical records, or personal health data.
• Retrospective studies involving identifiable personal data in accordance with applicable data protection legislation.
• Any research requiring ethical approval under national or institutional regulations.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that informed consent has been obtained from all participants whenever required and that studies involving vulnerable populations have been conducted in accordance with applicable ethical standards.

Research involving human participants must comply with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national regulations. Animal studies must be performed in accordance with internationally accepted standards for the care and use of laboratory animals and approved by the appropriate institutional ethics committee.

Failure to provide appropriate ethical approval or to comply with ethical requirements may result in rejection of the manuscript or withdrawal of a published article.

Publisher's Ethical Responsibilities

CBU-SBED (Celal Bayar University-Health Sciences Institute Journal) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal published by the Institute of Health Sciences of Manisa Celal Bayar University. The publisher is committed to supporting the dissemination of high-quality scientific research while ensuring the integrity, independence, and transparency of the editorial process. The journal operates on a non-profit basis and does not charge submission, processing, or publication fees.

The publisher is committed to:

• safeguarding editorial independence and ensuring that editorial decisions are made solely on scientific merit and ethical considerations;
• protecting the copyright and intellectual property rights of published content;
• preserving and archiving all published articles to ensure their long-term accessibility;
• supporting editors in maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and research integrity;
• taking appropriate action when allegations of research misconduct or ethical violations are raised; and
• encouraging authors, reviewers, editors, and readers to report suspected ethical concerns or misconduct.

Editors' Duties and Responsibilities

The Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editors, and Editorial Board are responsible for ensuring the quality, integrity, and ethical standards of all manuscripts submitted to the journal. Editorial decisions are made independently, fairly, and without discrimination.

Editors are responsible for:

• evaluating manuscripts solely on the basis of their scientific quality, originality, methodological rigor, ethical standards, and relevance to the journal's aims and scope;
• conducting an initial editorial assessment and rejecting manuscripts that are outside the journal's scope or fail to meet the journal's scientific or ethical standards;
• ensuring that all manuscripts undergo a fair, timely, and confidential double-blind peer-review process;
• selecting reviewers based on their scientific expertise while avoiding potential conflicts of interest;
• maintaining the confidentiality of authors, reviewers, and editorial communications throughout the review process;
• making editorial decisions independently and without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, nationality, gender, religion, political beliefs, institutional affiliation, or other personal characteristics of the authors;
• considering reviewers' recommendations carefully while retaining full responsibility for the final editorial decision;
• ensuring consistency in editorial decision-making and avoiding unnecessary reversal of previous editorial decisions unless substantial scientific or ethical concerns arise;
• identifying and appropriately managing conflicts of interest involving authors, reviewers, or editors, and requesting additional documentation, including ethics committee approval or supporting information, whenever necessary;
• ensuring that manuscripts supported by commercial organizations or funding agencies are evaluated according to the same scientific and ethical standards as all other submissions;
• investigating allegations of research misconduct, plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, image manipulation, or other ethical concerns in accordance with COPE recommendations;
• providing authors with an opportunity to respond to allegations before making a final decision; and
• publishing corrections, expressions of concern, retractions, or apologies whenever necessary to maintain the integrity of the scientific record.

Editors are expected to act transparently, objectively, and responsibly throughout the editorial process and to uphold the highest standards of publication ethics in accordance with internationally accepted guidelines.

Reviewers' Responsibilities

CBU-SBED employs a double-blind peer-review system in which the identities of both authors and reviewers remain confidential throughout the evaluation process. All correspondence between reviewers and authors is handled exclusively through the journal's editorial management system.

Reviewers play a vital role in maintaining the scientific quality and integrity of the journal. By accepting a review invitation, reviewers agree to uphold the highest standards of professionalism, confidentiality, and ethical conduct.

Reviewers are expected to:

• accept review assignments only for manuscripts within their area of expertise and complete their evaluations within the requested timeframe;
• evaluate manuscripts objectively, fairly, and solely on their scientific merit, originality, methodological quality, ethical standards, and relevance to the journal's scope;
• provide constructive, respectful, and evidence-based comments that assist authors in improving their manuscripts;
• avoid personal criticism or inappropriate language and maintain a professional and courteous tone throughout the review process;
• maintain the confidentiality of all manuscripts and related materials before, during, and after the review process;
• not use, share, reproduce, or disclose unpublished information obtained through peer review for personal or professional advantage;
• immediately inform the editors of any actual or potential conflict of interest and decline the review if impartial evaluation cannot be ensured;
• notify the editors of any suspected plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, image manipulation, unethical research practices, or other forms of scientific misconduct;
• destroy or permanently delete manuscript files after completing the review process in accordance with confidentiality requirements; and
• promptly inform the editorial office if circumstances arise that prevent completion of the review or require revision of their recommendations.

Authors' Responsibilities

Authors are responsible for ensuring that manuscripts submitted to CBU-SBED are original, scientifically rigorous, ethically conducted, and prepared in accordance with the journal's policies.

Authors are expected to:

• submit only original work that has not been published previously and is not under consideration by another journal;
• ensure that all data presented are accurate, authentic, and honestly reported, without fabrication, falsification, inappropriate manipulation, or selective reporting;
• appropriately acknowledge and cite all sources in accordance with accepted academic citation standards;
• ensure that authorship accurately reflects substantial intellectual contributions to the study. Individuals who have not made a significant contribution should not be listed as authors, and all listed authors must approve the final version of the manuscript before submission;
• disclose all financial support, funding sources, potential conflicts of interest, and any relationships that could influence the interpretation of the research;
• obtain all necessary permissions for copyrighted materials, questionnaires, scales, figures, photographs, or other copyrighted content included in the manuscript;
• obtain informed consent from research participants whenever required and clearly state this in the manuscript;
• obtain Ethics Committee approval for all studies involving human participants, animals, biological materials, or research requiring ethical review. The manuscript must include the name of the ethics committee, approval number, and approval date, and supporting documentation must be provided during submission;
• conduct research involving human participants in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national regulations, and conduct animal research in accordance with internationally accepted animal welfare guidelines;
• promptly notify the Editor-in-Chief if a significant error or inaccuracy is identified in a submitted, accepted, or published article and cooperate fully in issuing a correction, corrigendum, or retraction when necessary; and
• cooperate with the editorial office by providing original data, study protocols, ethics approvals, or other supporting documentation when requested during the editorial or peer-review process.

Ethics Committee Approval

Ethics Committee approval is mandatory for all research requiring ethical review, including studies involving human participants, animals, biological materials, personal data, clinical research, surveys, interviews, observational studies, experimental research, and similar scientific investigations.

The ethics approval statement should include the name of the approving committee, approval number, and approval date and should appear in the Methods section as well as in the designated section of the manuscript during submission. A copy of the ethics approval document must also be uploaded through the journal's online submission system.

Review articles, editorials, and other manuscript types that do not require ethics committee approval should include a clear statement indicating that ethics approval was not required for the study.

Conflict of Interest and Copyright Policy

CBU-SBED is committed to ensuring transparency, integrity, and impartiality throughout the editorial and publication process. All participants in the publication process—including authors, reviewers, editors, and the publisher—are expected to disclose any actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest that could influence the evaluation, interpretation, or publication of a manuscript.

A conflict of interest may arise from financial, professional, institutional, personal, or other relationships that could affect, or be perceived to affect, the objectivity of the research or editorial decision-making process.

Authors are required to disclose all relevant conflicts of interest and sources of financial support at the time of manuscript submission. Reviewers and editors must also declare any conflicts of interest and withdraw from the evaluation process whenever an impartial assessment cannot be ensured.

If a potential conflict of interest or ethical concern is identified during the editorial process, the journal may suspend the review process until the matter has been satisfactorily resolved. When necessary, the editorial office may request additional documentation, including ethics committee approval, informed consent forms, funding information, or other supporting documents.

Copyright

Authors retain the copyright of their published work. Upon acceptance for publication, authors grant CBU-SBED the right of first publication. Articles published in the journal may be shared, distributed, and cited provided that appropriate credit is given to the authors and the journal in accordance with the terms of the journal's Creative Commons license.

As part of the submission process, the corresponding author must upload a completed and signed Copyright Transfer and Conflict of Interest Declaration Form, signed by all authors.

Publication Fees

CBU-SBED is a fully open-access, non-profit scientific journal and does not charge any fees at any stage of the publication process. There are no submission fees, article processing charges (APCs), editorial processing fees, or publication fees.

All accepted articles are assigned a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and are made freely and permanently accessible to readers immediately upon publication. The journal is committed to promoting the unrestricted dissemination of scientific knowledge without financial barriers for authors or readers.

Early View

To facilitate the rapid dissemination of scientific findings, manuscripts that have successfully completed peer review, editorial processing, and production are published online as Early View articles before assignment to a specific journal issue.

Early View articles receive a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and are considered officially published and fully citable from the date of online publication.

Once assigned to a regular issue, the article is published with its final volume, issue, and page numbers. Minor editorial or formatting revisions may be incorporated into the final version; however, no substantive changes affecting the scientific content will be made after Early View publication.