JOURNAL OF LABOR RELATIONS MANUSCRIPT GUIDELINES
1) Paper Format
a) Font
• The text of the article must be written in Word format, using the Times New Roman font and 10-point size. The same font must be used throughout the entire article, with the exception of figures, computer code, etc. The text should use 1.5 line spacing and be formatted with 6 pt spacing before and after the text via the “Page Layout” tab. The “Özet” and “Abstract” sections should be written in 9-point font.
• The Turkish title of the article should be written in 11-point font, bold and centered, with single line spacing and 6 nk spacing before and after. The English title of the article should be written in 11-point font, italicized and centered, with single line spacing and 6 nk spacing before and after. After the Turkish and English titles of the article have been written, the author’s name(s) should be written on the next line, preceded by a single line space. The author’s name(s) should be written in 10-point font with single line spacing, with 6-point spacing before and after. If there is a single author, the author’s name (not the author information, but the author’s name) should be right-aligned; if there are multiple authors, their names should be centered. The author information on the first page of the article should be listed in the following order: title, university/institution name, faculty name, department name, city, country, ROR ID, ORCID, and email address. The corresponding author must be identified. Author information should be formatted with single line spacing, 8-point font size, and 0 pt spacing before and after.
• A sans serif font with a font size between 8 and 14 points should be used in the figures. For computer code, the 10-point Courier New font should be used. For footnotes, the default font (Times New Roman) should be used in 10-point size. Footnotes should be single-spaced, justified, and set to 0 pt before and after using the “Page Layout” tab.
• Articles must adhere to the TDK Style Guide and use clear, academic, unbiased, and neutral language. The language and references must be checked before the article is submitted.
• Articles must be at least 4,000 and no more than 9,000 characters.
• The abstract must be at least 150 and no more than 200 words.
NOTE: Manuscripts submitted to our journal must be prepared and submitted in accordance with our journal’s article template. 📝 Journal of Labor Relations Article Template
b) Headings
Headings should use 1.5 line spacing, and no blank lines should be added above or below them. In the “Page Layout” tab, the spacing before and after the heading should be set to 6 pt. Headings should be numbered according to whether they are main or subheadings. The “Introduction,” “Discussion,” “Conclusion,” and “References” sections should not be numbered. The following rules must be followed for heading levels:
Level 1 and Level 2 Headings: 10-point font, bold, indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) from the left margin, with the first letter of each word capitalized.
Level 3 Headings: 10-point, bold, italic, indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) from the left margin, with the first letter of each word capitalized.
Level 4 Heading: 10-point, bold, italic, indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) from the left margin, with only the first letter of the first word capitalized.
c) Line Spacing
With the exception of certain special cases, all sections of the article should be written with 1.5 line spacing, and no extra spaces should be added at the beginning or end of paragraphs. The special cases where 1.5 line spacing should not be used are as follows:
Title page: On the title page, a single-line blank space should be inserted between the title (Turkish and English titles) and the author’s name.
Abstract: The Abstract section must be typed with single line spacing and a 0 nk margin before and after, as set in the “Page Layout” tab.
Tables: Text in table cells may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-spaced. Table numbers, titles, and notes must be single-spaced with 6 nk before and after. If the table is very long, the spacing before and after may be adjusted to 3 nk or 0 nk.
Figures: Text within the visual portion of a figure may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-spaced. The figure number, caption, and notes must be single-spaced and formatted in 6-point font.
Footnotes: Footnotes should be in Times New Roman font, single-spaced, and 10-point in size.
Long Quotes: Quotes longer than 40 words should be formatted as block quotes. A block quote should begin on a new line, and the entire quote should be indented 0.5 inches from the left margin. The entire quote should be typed with single-line spacing.
d) Margins
A 3 cm margin should be used on all sides of the page.
e) Page Order
• The article should include, in the following order: title (Turkish title, English title), abstract (Turkish abstract, English abstract), main text (covering sections such as introduction, literature review, findings, and conclusions), references, and, if applicable, appendices.
• The References section should begin on a new page.
• Abstracts should not exceed 200 words, and there should be at least 3 and no more than 5 keywords listed below the abstract. Each letter of the keywords should be capitalized.
• Tables and figures should be placed in the text after they are mentioned. A blank line should be added before and after tables and figures to separate them from the text.
• The page number should be centered at the bottom of the page.
f) Paragraph Alignment and Indentation
Paragraphs should be justified, and the first line of each paragraph should be indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) from the left margin. To indent the first line, you can use the “Tab” key or make the necessary adjustments in the Paragraph tab. Do not use the space bar to create an indent. There are some exceptions to the indentation rule in paragraph formatting. These are:
• The first line of abstracts should not be indented.
• All block quotations (i.e., all lines) should be indented 0.5 inches (1.27 cm) from the left margin.
• Entries in the reference list should have a 0.5-inch hanging indent.
2) In-Text Citations
a) Basic Principles of Citation
• Every work cited must appear in the reference list, and every work in the reference list must be cited in the text (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix). Primary sources should be cited whenever possible.
• In quotations, author information may be provided either in parentheses or in the text (in-text). In quotations within parentheses, the author’s name and publication year appear inside the parentheses. In in-text quotations, the author’s name is included in the text as part of the sentence, and the year is placed in parentheses.
• It is not mandatory to include a page number in a citation; however, if it helps readers locate the relevant passage in a long or complex work, the page number may be included (in addition to the author and year).
Example of a citation in parentheses: Misbalanced news reports can undermine the public’s perception of expert consensus on an issue (Koehler, 2016).
Example of a narrative citation: Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a 4-year-old girl who showed an insecure attachment to her mother; in working with the family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing the mother’s empathy for her child (pp. 152–153).
• These guidelines apply when you read a primary source and summarize it yourself. If possible, it is best to read and cite the primary source directly; if that is not possible, use a citation from a secondary source.
b) Citation of Personal Communications
Since readers cannot access the information in personal communications, they should not be included in the reference list but should only be cited in the text. The initials and last name(s) of the person(s) with whom contact was made should be provided, the date of the conversation should be specified, and one of the following formats should be used:
Narrative citation: E. Taşçı (personal communication, August 8, 2019)
Quotation in parentheses: (E. Taşçı, personal communication, August 8, 2019)
When quoting or citing information from participants interviewed as part of the author’s own research, a “personal communication” citation should not be used; instead, participants should be quoted directly. When directly quoting participants’ statements, the formatting rules for “short quotations” or “long quotations” in the “d) Quotations” section must be followed.
c) Plagiarism
Authors must comply with the principles regarding plagiarism; otherwise, the article may be rejected or revisions may be requested. It is the authors’ responsibility to avoid not only plagiarism but also self-plagiarism. If an article submitted to the journal is based on the author’s own master’s or doctoral thesis, or on a paper previously published or presented, this must be indicated in the text of the article (on the title page), and the principles regarding self-plagiarism must also be observed.
d) Citations
When writing an article, it is more appropriate to paraphrase sources in the author’s own words rather than quoting them directly. However, in some cases (definitions, quotations, etc.), it may be necessary to quote directly, word for word. When quoting directly, the author’s name, year, and page number must be cited.
Short Quotes: Quotes of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in quotation marks and require no additional formatting. Ellipses should not be added at the beginning or end of a quote unless they appear in the original source. In direct quotes, the source must be cited within the same sentence as the quote, including location information such as page or paragraph numbers. Citations can be in parentheses or in-text. In-text citations in parentheses should appear immediately after the quotation or at the end of the sentence. For in-text citations, the author and year should be included in the sentence, and location information—such as page or paragraph numbers—should be added in parentheses after the quotation. If the citation appears at the end of the sentence, the punctuation mark should be placed after the closing parenthesis of the citation. “Location information” refers to the page information from which the citation was taken. For sources without page numbers (such as websites), the appropriate paragraph number, section, or heading should be provided.
Example of a short citation:
Effective teams can be difficult to describe because “high performance in one domain does not translate to high performance in another” (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).
Long Quotations: Quotations longer than 40 words should be formatted as block quotations and should not be enclosed in quotation marks. A block quote should begin on a new line, and the entire quote should be indented 0.5 inches from the left margin. The entire quote should be set in single-line spacing. If the quote contains more than one paragraph, each subsequent paragraph should be indented an additional 0.5 inches from the first paragraph. If an in-parentheses citation is used, the source must be indicated in parentheses after the closing punctuation mark of the citation (author, year, page). If an in-text citation is used, the author and year must be indicated in the text, and the page number must be indicated in parentheses after the closing punctuation mark of the quotation. In both cases, no punctuation mark should be added after the closing parenthesis. Below is an example of an in-parentheses citation for long quotations:
Example of a long quotation in parentheses:
Researchers examined how people talk to themselves:
Internal speech is a paradoxical phenomenon. It is a central experience in many people’s daily lives, yet it poses significant challenges to any effort to study it scientifically. Nevertheless, a wide variety of methodologies and approaches have come together to shed light on the subjective experience of inner speech and its cognitive and neural foundations. (Alderson-Day ve Fernyhough, 2015, s. 957)
3) Style Guidelines
• When using abbreviations, the reader must be familiar with the abbreviation as it appears in the article. The first time an abbreviation appears in the text, its full name should be stated, followed by the abbreviation.
• When presenting numerical data in the text of an article, generally, numbers from zero to nine should be written out in words, while numbers 10 and above should be written as digits. If a sentence is to begin with a number, the numerical value should be written out in words regardless of whether it is less than 10, or the sentence should be restructured so that it does not begin with a number. However, numbers immediately preceding a unit of measurement, statistical or mathematical expressions, decimals, percentages, ratios, times, dates, ages, and exact monetary amounts must be written out in words, even if they are less than 10.
4) Tables and Figures
If the data presented in tables and figures are not the author’s own, they must be cited. Tables and figures must be labeled above the table or figure, and these labels must be in 10-point font. The source must be listed below the table or figure and must be in 9-point font. All visuals other than tables (images, diagrams, graphs, drawings, infographics, etc.) should be labeled as “figures.” Table and figure titles, along with the citations added below them, should be formatted with a 6-point before and after spacing. The following guidelines must be followed when inserting tables and figures:
• A single line space should be inserted between the table or figure and the text.
• Tables and figures must be numbered, and the numbers should be written in bold. A period should follow the number, and the table or figure titles should be written in italics (not bold), with the first letter of each word in the title capitalized.
• In a table, all rows in the leftmost column (excluding the header) should be left-aligned. The table header should be centered (this refers to the header, not the table name). Information in the other cells of the table should also be centered if it is not too long; if it is too long—that is, if it contains a lot of text—it should be left-aligned.
• The Times New Roman font should be used in tables.
• If a table is too wide to fit on one page but will fit when the page is oriented horizontally, the page should be oriented horizontally.
• If a table does not fit on the current page, it should be moved to a new page.
• If there is text within figures, the font size should be between 8 and 14 points.
• “Notes” should be added below figures or tables only when necessary. The word “Note” should be written in italics with the first letter capitalized, followed by the explanation. The explanation should not be in italics. The “Note” section should be in 9-point font. The “Note” section should be single-spaced, with the line spacing set to 6nk via the “Page Layout” tab. If a source is cited below a figure or table, the “Source:” section should be in bold, the rest should be in regular text, and the font size should be 9-point. The source section added below the figure or table should also be set to single-line spacing with 6nk before and after spacing via the “Page Layout” tab.
5) References
In the Journal of Labor Relations Style Guide, the sections on citations, footnotes, and references have been prepared in accordance with APA 7 style. In this section, examples of references are provided based on APA 7 style, categorized by source type.
a) Journal Article: When citing a journal article, the following information must be included in the following order: author information, year of publication, article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers, and page numbers. If a DOI number is available, the DOI link should be added after the page numbers. The journal title should be in italics, and the other information should be in regular type.
Example: Pope, J. P., & Wall, H. (2025). Is the goal intrinsic or extrinsic? Examining self-determination theory researchers’ and the general public’s perceptions of exercise goals. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 57(3), 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000411
In-text citations in parentheses: (Pope and Wall, 2025)
Narrative citations: Pope and Wall (2025)
b) Book/E-Book: When citing a book or e-book, include the author’s name, publication year, title, edition number (this information should be in parentheses), and publisher, in that order. If a DOI is available, the DOI link should be added after the publisher’s name. The book title should be in italics, and the other information should be in regular text.
Example: Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
In-text citations: (Jackson, 2019)
Narrative citations: Jackson (2019)
When citing an edited book, if there is a single editor, “(Ed)” should be written in parentheses after the editor’s name; if there are multiple editors, “(Eds)” should be written in parentheses, followed by a period. All other citation guidelines are the same as those for books and e-books.
Example: Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.). (2010). Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/
c) Book Chapter: When citing a book chapter, the following information must be included in the following order: author information, year of publication, chapter title, editor information (followed by “(Ed.)” if there is a single editor or “(Eds.)” if there are multiple editors), book title, page range of the chapter, publisher, and DOI information, if available. The book title should be in italics; all other information should be in regular type.
Example: Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary Arts: Talent and Development. RF Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, and FC Worrell (Eds.), The Psychology of High Performance: Transforming Human Potential into Domain-Specific Ability (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016
Citations in parentheses: (Aron et al., 2019)
Narrative citations: Aron et al. (2019)
d) Report: In a report prepared by a government agency or an organization, the agency responsible for preparing the report must be listed as the author. When citing a report, the following information must be provided in the following order: institution name, year of publication, report title, report number (if available, in parentheses), publisher, and report link. The report title should be in italics, and the other information should be in regular text. If a report is written by an individual author or authors, the citation is formatted the same way as for institutional reports.
Example of an Institutional Report: National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf
Citations in parentheses: (National Cancer Institute, 2019)
Narrative citations: National Cancer Institute (2019)
Example of a Report Written by Individual Authors: Stuster, J., Adolf, J., Byrne, V., & Greene, M. (2018). Human exploration of Mars: Preliminary lists of crew tasks (Report No. NASA/CR-2018-220043). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190001401.pdf
Citations in parentheses: (Stuster et al., 2018)
Narrative citations: Stuster et al. (2018)
e) Statement: If a conference paper is published in a journal, it is cited in the same format as journal articles; if published as a book, it is cited in the same format as edited books; and if published as a book chapter, it is cited in the same format as book chapters.
Example of a citation for a conference paper published in a journal: Duckworth, AL, Quirk, A., Gallop, R., Hoyle, RH, Kelly, DR, and Matthews, MD (2019). Cognitive and non-cognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116 (47), 23499–23504. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910510116
In-text citations: (Duckworth et al., 2019)
Narrative citations: Duckworth et al. (2019)
Example of a citation for a paper published in a book: Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.). (2016). Computer Science Lecture Notes: Vol. 9562. Theory of Cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9
In-text citations in parentheses: (Kushilevitz and Malkin, 2016)
Narrative citations: Kushilevitz and Malkin (2016)
Example of a citation for a paper published as a book chapter: Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 11353. Learning and Intelligent Optimization (pp. 225–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_21
Citations in parentheses: (Bedenel et al., 2019)
Narrative citations: Bedenel et al. (2019)
f) Published Thesis: When citing a published thesis, the phrase “Doctoral thesis” or “Master’s thesis” should be included in the citation, followed by a comma and the name of the institution that awarded the degree. This information should be provided in square brackets after the thesis title and, if available, the publication number. If an accessible URL is available, it should also be included at the end.
Example of a citation for a published dissertation: Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate-level degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI
In-text citations in parentheses: (Miranda, 2019)
Narrative citations: Miranda (2019)
g) Web Page: Citations to web pages vary depending on the nature of the web page.
When citing a web page from a news site: Include, in order, the author, publication date, title (in italicized sentence format), website name, and URL.
Example: Roberts, N. (June 10, 2020). “Trayvon Martin’s mother, Sybrina Fulton, qualifies to run for elected office.” BET. https://www.bet.com/article/41f3i2/trayvon-martin-s-mother-sybrina-fulton-is-running-for-office
When citing a webpage from a government agency with a group of authors: For a page on an official website that does not list an author, the relevant agency responsible for that webpage should be cited as the author. The names of parent agencies not listed in the author field should also appear in the citation (in the example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health). When citing, include the agency name, date (including month and day if available), webpage title (in italics), and URL in that order.
Example: National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
When citing a webpage authored by a group affiliated with an organization: Include, in order, the organization’s name, the date (including the month and day, if available), the webpage title (in italics), and the URL.
Example: World Health Organization. (May 24, 2018). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
When citing a web page with an individual author: If the web page mentions individual author(s), their names must be listed as authors in the reference list. When citing, include the author’s name, date (including month and day if available), web page title (in italics), website name, and URL in that order.
Example: Schaeffer, K. (October 1, 2021). What we know about online learning and the homework gap amid the pandemic. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/10/01/what-we-know-about-online-learning-and-the-homework-gap-amid-the-pandemic/
When citing a web page on a website with an access date: If the page content changes over time but is not archived, the citation must include an access date. When citing, include the author’s name or institutional name, the phrase “no date,” the web page title (in italics), the access date, and the URL in that order.
Example: U.S. Census Bureau. (no date). U.S. and World Population Clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/