Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma

Ertuğrul Ceylan

doi:10.47948/efad.1935170

TR EN

Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma

Abstract

Geç Osmanlı döneminde Çin ile diplomatik temasların kurulamamış olduğu bir ortamda, her iki devletin tebaasına ilişkin hukuki ve idari sorunlar zorunlu olarak üçüncü devletlerin vasıtası ile çözülmek durumunda kalmıştır. Bu eksiklik, iki taraf için de dolandırıcılık girişimlerine zemin hazırlayan önemli bir etken olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu makale, söz konusu güç boşluğunun somut bir tezahürü olarak İlyas Alâeddin vakasını ele almaktadır. Çince aslî adının Ma Fu (馬福) olduğu anlaşılan İlyas Alâeddin Ma, Osmanlı topraklarına gelerek kendisini Çin bahriyesinde görev yapmış üst düzey rütbeli bir subay olarak tanıtmış ve sahte askerî belgeler eşliğinde Osmanlı Devleti'nden istihdam talebinde bulunmuştur. Osmanlı makamlarının bu talep karşısında sergilediği kuşkucu yaklaşım üzerine başlatılan soruşturma ve müteakiben yapılan incelemeler neticesinde ibraz edilen belgelerin büyük çoğunluğunun düzmece olduğu ve mezkûr İlyas Alâeddin’in hiçbir resmî kayıtta yer almadığı tespit edilmiştir. Mezkûr olay, diplomatik temsil makamlarının yokluğunda dolandırıcılığın nasıl bir fırsat alanı bulduğunu ve Osmanlı bürokratik denetim sisteminin bu tür girişimlere karşı nasıl tepki verdiğini örneklemesi bakımından özgün bir hüviyet taşımaktadır.

Keywords

A Fake Admiral in the Ottoman Empire: Chinese Ilyas Alaeddin Ma

Abstract

In the absence of the formal diplomatic relations between the late Ottoman Empire and China, the legal and administrative affairs related to the subjects of both states’ had to be handled through the mediation of third-party states. Hence, the emergence of a diplomatic gap became a significant issue that contributed to the fraud committed by both parties. This research analyzes the historical account of the case involving the man named Ilyas Alâeddin as one of the practical instances of the above-mentioned power vacuum. Ilyas Alaeddin Ma, whose original Chinese name was Ma Fu (馬福), approached Ottoman territory with the posing as an important navy commander with a background in the Chinese Navy, seeking employment in the Ottoman Empire based on his false military credentials. Given the initial suspicion by the Ottoman government toward this request, it became apparent through examination that most of the documents provided were forgeries, and there was no trace of Ilyas Alâeddin in any official document. This case is unique in highlighting the exploitation of loopholes by fraudsters due to the lack of diplomatic relations and the Ottoman bureaucracy’s response to such practices.

Keywords

References

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Ceylan, E. (2024). İki Doğu Arasında: Geç Osmanlı Matbuatında Çin Algısı. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Karaman.
Ceylan, E. (2025). Osmanlı ve Joseon (Ciyūson): Türk Aydınların Joseon Üzerine Gözlemleri. Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8 (12), 88-116. doi:10.56448/ataddergi.1600363.
Habibzâde Ahmed Kemal (1996). Çin-Türkistan Hatıraları. (Ed. A. Özalp), İstanbul, Kitabevi Yayınları.
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Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

General Turkish History (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ertuğrul Ceylan ^*
0009-0005-2097-3971
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 6, 2026

Submission Date

April 21, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 1, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 16

DOI

https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1935170

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA66BD76PH

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ceylan, E. (2026). Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 154-164. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1935170

AMA

1.Ceylan E. Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma. KMU EFAD. 2026;(16):154-164. doi:10.47948/efad.1935170

Chicago

Ceylan, Ertuğrul. 2026. “Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, nos. 16: 154-64. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1935170.

EndNote

Ceylan E (July 1, 2026) Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 16 154–164.

IEEE

[1]E. Ceylan, “Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma”, KMU EFAD, no. 16, pp. 154–164, July 2026, doi: 10.47948/efad.1935170.

ISNAD

Ceylan, Ertuğrul. “Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 16 (July 1, 2026): 154-164. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1935170.

JAMA

1.Ceylan E. Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma. KMU EFAD. 2026;:154–164.

MLA

Ceylan, Ertuğrul. “Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 16, July 2026, pp. 154-6, doi:10.47948/efad.1935170.

Vancouver

1.Ertuğrul Ceylan. Osmanlı’da Sahte Bir Amiral: Çinli İlyas Alâeddin Ma. KMU EFAD. 2026 Jul. 1;(16):154-6. doi:10.47948/efad.1935170

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Single Author Journal Article

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Journal Article with Two Authors

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Journal Articles with Three or more Authors

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Books with Three or more Authors

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Books Without Authors

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Dictionary or Encyclopedia

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Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6. Bs., C. 1-20). London, Macmillan.

Gurun, O.A. (2001). Dictionary of Psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1-3). Istanbul, Revolution.

Article in the Encyclopedia

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Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago, Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Öncül, R. (2000). Psychology. Education and educational sciences dictionary (C. 1, pp. 501-503). Istanbul, National Education.

Note: If there is no author, bring the article to the beginning.

Published - Paper

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In-text: (Uçak, 2005: 96) Footnote: Aircraft, 2005: 96

Unpublished - Paper

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Undated, Authorless Website

The name of the resource. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://link on Day Month Year.

TMMOBB Chamber of Mechanical Engineers Library Catalog Scan (n.d.). Retrieved 8 August 2000 from http://kutuphane.mmo.org.tr/tarama.php?hit=1.

Unpublished Doctorate / Master's / Proficiency in Art Theses
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Akkas, I. (2020). Roman and Early Byzantine/Late Roman Period trade relations in the Ancient City of Parion in the light of amphora finds between 2008-2019. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Mersin University, Mersin.
Özkaya Karaismailoğlu, A. (2006). Power debates in social theory; Marx, Nietzsche, Weber, Foucault. Unpublished master's thesis, Uludag University, Bursa.
In text: (Akkaş, 2020: 150-151) Footnote: Akkaş, 2020: 150-151

Anonymous
Anonymous, 1993. Summary of Agricultural Statistics. T.R. Prime Ministry State Institute of Statistics, Publication No: 1579, Ankara.

Internet Only Article
Author, A. (Month Year). Article name. Journal/Site Name, Issue. Retrieved from https://link on Day Month Year.
Fredrickson, B.L. (March 2000). Developing positive emotions to maximize health and well-being. Prevention&Treatment, 3, retrieved 20 November 2000 from http://:'journals.apa.org/volume3/pre301a.

Chapter or Section in an Internet Document
Document Name. (Month year). Chapter/Chapter name. Retrieved from https://link on Day Month Year.
Benton Foundation. (July 7, 1998). Barriers to closing the gap. Losing ground bit by bit: Low- income communities in the information age. Retrieved August 18, 2001 from http://www.benton.org/Library/Low-Income/two.html.

Undated, Authorless Website
The name of the resource. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://link on Day Month Year.
TMMOBB Chamber of Mechanical Engineers Library Catalog Scan (n.d.). Retrieved 8 August 2000 from http://kutuphane.mmo.org.tr/tarama.php?hit=1.

KMU EFAD
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Evaluations should be made impartially and referee reports should be objective and measured. Insulting, condescending and accusatory expressions should be avoided.
Referees should avoid superficial and vague statements in their evaluation reports. In evaluations with negative results, the deficient and defective issues on which the result is based should be shown concretely.
Referees should evaluate the manuscripts within the time allocated to them. If they will not evaluate the manuscript, they should notify the journal within a reasonable period of time.
There should be no conflict of interest between the referees and the stakeholders of the article under evaluation.
The completion of other articles, artefacts, references, citations, rules and similar deficiencies related to the article should be pointed out.
Based on the double-blind refereeing system, evaluated articles or referees are not disclosed.

2. GENERAL ACTIONS AGAINST SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS

a) Plagiarism: Presenting the ideas, methods, data, practices, writings, figures or works of others as one's own, in whole or in part, without attribution, in accordance with the rules of scientific ethics,
b) Fraud: Presenting data that is not based on research, editing or altering the presented or published work on the basis of untrue data, reporting or publishing these, presenting unexamined research as if it had been done,
c) Distortion: To falsify research records and data; to present methods, equipment, and materials not used in the research as if they had been used; to fail to evaluate data that do not conform to the research hypothesis; to manipulate data or results to conform to the theory or assumptions in question, in accordance with the interests of the persons and organisations receiving the funding; to falsify or distort research results,
d) Duplicate publication: Presenting more than one paper containing the same research results as separate papers in associate professor exams and academic promotions,
e) Slicing: Presenting the results of research as separate works in certain examination evaluations and academic incentives and promotions by dividing the results of research in a way that violates the integrity of the research, by dividing it into parts inappropriately, and by making multiple publications without reference to each other,
f) Unfair authorship: Adding people who have not actively contributed to the article as authors, not including those who have actively contributed among the authors, changing the order of authors unjustifiably and inappropriately, removing the names of those who have actively contributed from the work during publication or in subsequent editions, using their influence even though they have not actively contributed,
g) Other types of ethical violations: Failure to clearly identify the supporting persons, institutions or organisations and their contributions to the research in publications of supported research; Failure to follow ethical rules in research involving humans and animals; Failure to respect patients' rights in their publications; Sharing the information contained in the work with others before it is published; Misusing the resources, places, facilities and equipment provided or reserved for scientific research; Making completely unfounded, unsubstantiated and intentional allegations of ethical violations (CoHE Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive, Article 8).

3. PLAGIARISM POLICY

As of December 2018, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (EFAD) has started to check the studies submitted for publication through plagiarism programs (Turnitin or iThenticate). The author should also send the document showing the plagiarism rate with the work. Studies with a plagiarism rate of more than 15% (excluding references) are not evaluated and returned to the author. If a work published in the journal is found to be plagiarism, the Editorial Board reserves the right to take various actions, including retracting the article and reporting the issue to the department head, dean and/or relevant institutions in the institution where the author works.

4. OPEN ACCESS POLICY

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) provides open access for the continuous and free use of its content in order to increase the global exchange of information and produce beneficial results for humanity. In this context, all articles published in the journal are accessible at https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/efad/archive. The entire content of the journal can be accessed free of charge by individuals and organisations. All users can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search and link to the full text of the articles published in the journal without permission from the authors or the journal management.

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) has adopted an open-access policy with its publication. Open access increases the global exchange of information, resulting in beneficial results for humanity. KMU EFAD also supports the Budapest Open Access Initiative, adopted on 12 September 2012.

In this context, open access policies adopted by the editorial board of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) are available at http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/boai-10-translations/turkish-translation.

All articles published in the Journal of the Faculty of Letters of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University (KMU EFAD) are licensed under the "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative 4.0 International License". This license; grants the right to reproduce, share and disseminate all published articles, data sets, graphics and attachments on data mining applications, search engines, websites, blogs and all other platforms, provided that the source is cited. Open access is an approach that facilitates interdisciplinary communication and encourages different disciplines to work with each other. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) provides added value to its field by providing more access to its articles and a more transparent evaluation process.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

It is freely available under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence:

Share: You may copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format.

The following conditions must be observed:

Attribution: You must give proper credit, link to the licence, and provide information if changes have been made. You may do these things appropriately, but this does not imply that the licensee approves of you and your use.
Non-commercial: You may not use this material for commercial purposes.
Not Derivative: If you have mixed, transferred, or built upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions: You may not impose legal conditions or technological measures that would legally restrict the use of the permissions provided by the licence.

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) recommends that libraries include the content of the journal in the library catalogue records within the scope of its open access policy.

The publisher of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) undertakes not to charge subscriptions or fees for accessing electronic articles published from any library or reader.

As Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD), our DOI Number registration, provided by Crossref, has been started on October 23, 2020. All articles to be published in our journal will now have a DOI number. In this way, confusion has been avoided in the citations to all articles to be published in our journal, and you can access your articles uninterruptedly, precisely and easily whenever you want.

5. COPYRIGHT POLICY

Firstly, All content responsibility of the articles published in the journal belongs to the authors and does not reflect the institutional opinion of the publisher and the journal. Authors submitting manuscripts to our journal are required to read and approve the following copyright agreement while uploading their manuscripts to the online system of our journal. Manuscripts submitted to our journal must not have been previously published in any medium or sent to any publication medium for publication. Authors submitting manuscripts read and approve the following copyright notice text on the checklist screen while uploading their manuscripts to the online system of our journal. By ticking the "I declare that it complies with the above items" box at the end of the checklist, they are deemed to have accepted the copyright notice text.

Copyright Notice Text
Author(s);
1. That the submitted article is the original work of the author(s) and that they have not plagiarised,
2. That all authors have individually participated in this study and take full responsibility for this study,
3. That all authors have seen and approved the final version of the submitted manuscript,
4. That the article has not been published elsewhere or submitted for publication,
5. They accept and undertake that the text, figures and documents in the article do not violate the copyrights of other persons.

Authors are deemed to have accepted the following conditions by submitting their work to the journal under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence.
1. That the submitted paper is the original work of the author(s) and that they have not plagiarized,
2. That all authors have substantially participated in the study subject of the article and that they take full responsibility for this study,
3. That all authors have seen, approved and submitted the final version of the submitted manuscript,
4. The authors certify that the Manuscript has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere,
5. The authors agree and undertake that the text, figures and documents in the article do not violate the Copyrights of other persons.
6. The authors agree and undertake to transfer their financial rights on the submitted manuscript, in particular the rights of processing, reproduction, representation, printing, publication, distribution and all kinds of public communication, including transmission via the Internet, to Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters for unlimited use.
7. Nevertheless, the intellectual property rights of the authors or the author's employer, if any, such as patent rights, the right to use the entire article in future books or other works of the author(s) without payment, and the right to reproduce the article for their purposes, provided that they do not sell the article, are reserved.
8. However, the author(s) retain the right to reproduce the article and distribute it by mail or electronic means. The use of any part of the article in another publication is permitted provided that Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters is mentioned as the publisher and the Journal is cited.
9. When citing, the Journal Name, Article Name, Author(s) Name, Surname, Volume No, Issue No and Year should be given. Documents (photographs, original figures, etc.) related to the articles published or not accepted for publication are kept by Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters for one year starting from the date of the decision and are destroyed at the end of this period.
10. The Author(s) undertake/agree that the 'Journal Editors and publisher' of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters have no responsibility for any claims or lawsuits to be filed by third parties due to copyright infringement, and that all responsibility belongs to the authors.
11. In addition, the Author / Authors undertake/undertake that there are no criminal elements or illegal expressions in the article, and that they do not use any illegal materials and methods while conducting research.

6. PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA

The editors ensure the protection of personal data related to the subjects or images included in the evaluated work. Those who contribute to the journal (editors, authors and referees) are given documents showing their contributions upon request.

7. ETHICS COMMITTEE, HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

Editors ensure the protection of human and animal rights in the reviewed works. The editors have the responsibility to refuse the study when there is no approval from the ethics committee on the subjects used in the study and there is no permission for experimental research. In studies that require ethics committee permission, information about the permission (name of the committee, date and number) should be included in the method section and also on the first/last page of the article. In case reports, it is necessary to include information that the informed consent/consent form was signed in the article.

8. POSSIBLE ABUSE AND FRAUD MEASURES

Editors take precautions against possible abuse and misconduct. In addition to conducting a rigorous and objective investigation regarding the detection and evaluation of complaints regarding this situation, the responsibilities of the editor share the relevant findings with the competent authorities.

9. ENSURING ACADEMIC PUBLICATION INTEGRITY

Editors ensure that decisions that include errors, inconsistencies or misleading in the works are corrected quickly.

10. PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Editors are obliged to protect the intellectual property rights of all published articles to defend the rights of the journal and authors in case of possible violations and to take the necessary measures to ensure that the content of all published articles does not violate the intellectual property rights of other publications.

11. CONSTRUCTION AND DISCUSSION

Editors take into account the criticisms to be made against the works published in the journal and display a constructive attitude towards these criticisms in line with the purpose and scope of the journal. The authors of the criticized works have the right to reply. Studies with negative results are rejected.

12. COMPLAINTS

Editors are responsible for carefully reviewing complaints and responding to authors, reviewers or readers in an enlightening and explanatory manner.

13. POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONCERNS

The owner of the journal, its publisher and no other political or commercial factor can influence the independent decisions of the editors.

14. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Editors assure and assure authors and reviewers that the publication process of the journal will be maintained independently and impartially.

15. PRIVACY STATEMENT

Personal information such as names and e-mail addresses entered in the journal management system of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) will only be used for the scientific purposes of this journal. This information will not be used for any other purpose or department and will not be shared with third parties.

16. ARCHIVING POLICY

Metadata and full texts of all articles published in the Journal of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) are stored in XML and .pdf formats on a 3rd party cloud server in an inaccessible manner. In addition, all articles are stored and presented in .pdf format on ULAKBİM servers through TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Journals Database (DergiPark).

1. Authors may use the final published version of an article for archiving an article in their own archives, on the author's personal website, or in an institutional repository after publication (e.g., in university repositories, scientific databases as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc. or on their websites).
2. Authors may self-archive their articles in public and/or commercial subject-based archives. There is no embargo period.
3. Authors can download the article as a PDF document. Authors can send copies of the article to others without embargo.
4. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication to the Journal of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
5. Provided they are the owners of the copyright to their work, authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
4. The publisher allows all versions of the articles (submitted version, accepted version, published version) to be stored in an institutional or other archive of the author's choice without embargo.

Published Version/Publication Type: Open Access / No embargo.
Accepted Version/ No embargo.
Submitted Version/ No embargo.

17. GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) POLICY

KMU EFAD establishes this policy to ensure that generative artificial intelligence tools are used in academic processes in accordance with ethical, scientific, and legal principles. The policy applies to all authors, reviewers, and editors.

Rules for Authors
Disclosure and Transparency: If generative artificial intelligence was used in any section (e.g., abstract, introduction, visuals, tables, analysis, etc.), this use must be indicated in the “Artificial Intelligence Use Disclosure” section of the article. The name of the tool used, its version, and the purpose of its use must be clearly stated in the disclosure.
Example: “OpenAI ChatGPT (GPT 4) was used for grammar correction during the writing process of this study, and the outputs were checked by the author.”
Limited Areas of Use: The use of artificial intelligence is only permitted for “grammar, spelling, style editing, translation, and visual/table creation support.” The scientific content of the research, data analysis, production of results, or interpretation should not be done entirely through AI.
Scientific Responsibility and Accuracy: The author is responsible for the accuracy of all content (text, analysis, graphics, visuals) created with AI. The outputs obtained must be verified with sources and supported with references if necessary.
Citation: Artificial intelligence tools are not cited as authors or in the bibliography/footnotes, but may only be mentioned in the acknowledgments section.

Rules for Reviewers and Editors
Confidentiality and Intellectual Property: Submitted articles may not be uploaded to artificial intelligence tools for peer review under any circumstances.
Review Process: Reviewers should base their evaluations on their expertise; the use of AI is not permitted. However, AI may be used to improve the language of the report, in which case it must be disclosed.
Management of Suspicious Cases: If a reviewer or editor suspects the use of AI, they should share this with the journal committee and request additional documentation if necessary.

Visuals, Tables, and Data Analysis
All graphics, tables, and visuals created or supported by artificial intelligence should be indicated below; the tool name, version, and purpose of use should be explained. These materials should be guaranteed by the author in terms of scientific accuracy and appropriate controls should be performed.

Procedure in Case of Violation
If unreported or inappropriate AI use is detected, the article may be rejected. If detected post-publication, corrections may be made or the work may be retracted. Repeated violations may negatively impact the author's applications to KMU EFAD.

Continuous Updates
Our policy will be updated at least once a year to align with evolving technology and ethical frameworks.

18. JOURNAL SECTION POLICY

Research Paper