An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice

Elif Yılmaz

doi:10.47948/efad.1976927

EN TR

An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice

Abstract

Poetry translation is a multilayered rewriting process shaped by the attempt to preserve rich symbolic structures, rhythmic elements, and sound patterns while maintaining semantic integrity. This study aims to comparatively analyse Robert Frost’s poem Fire and Ice and its translation into Turkish created by Talât Sait Halman from an interdisciplinary perspective. Based on a qualitative research method, the study adopts Holmes’s (1972) descriptive translation approach. The texts are analysed along the levels of narrative and discourse within the framework of Barthes’ (1967) layers of meaning, Derrida’s (1978) deconstruction theory, Kristeva’s (1980) concept of intertextuality, and Lefevere’s (1992) rewriting approach. The analysis reveals that Halman’s translation largely preserves the narrative level of the source text, including the binary opposition constructed around the signs of fire and ice and the lyrical subject’s choice between these two forces. However, significant transformations are observed at the discourse level. It is determined that the emphatic positions of the signs at the end of the lines are partially lost and that the lyrical subject’s epistemic hesitation is largely eliminated in the translation, resulting in a more certain and dramatic discourse. The findings demonstrate that poetry translation is not a process of transferring meaning in a fixed manner, but rather a dynamic creative process that reconstructs meaning in accordance with the expressive possibilities of the target language. Since limited to a single source text and its translation, this study does not claim generalizability. Yet, it offers an interdisciplinary analytical model for poetry translation studies.

Keywords

Şiir Çevirisinde Anlatı ve Söylem Düzeylerinin Çözümlenmesi: Robert Frost’un Fire and Ice Şiiri Örneği

Abstract

Şiir çevirisi, zengin sembolik yapıları, ritmik öğeleri ve ses uyumlarını koruma çabası ile anlam bütünlüğünü yitirmeme kaygısı arasında şekillenen çok katmanlı bir yeniden yazım sürecidir. Bu çalışma, Robert Frost'un Fire and Ice adlı şiirini ve Talât Sait Halman'ın Türkçe çevirisini disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşımla karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemine dayanan çalışmada Holmes'un (1972) betimleyici çeviri yaklaşımı benimsenmiştir. Metinler anlatı ve söylem düzeyleri ekseninde Barthes'ın (1967) anlam katmanları, Derrida'nın (1978) yapısöküm kuramı, Kristeva'nın (1980) metinlerarasılık kavramı ve Lefevere'in (1992) yeniden yazım yaklaşımı çerçevesinde çözümlenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda Halman çevirisinin kaynak metnin anlatı düzeyini, ateş ve buz göstergeleri etrafında kurulan ikili karşıtlığını ve lirik öznenin taraf seçimini büyük ölçüde koruduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşılık söylem düzeyinde belirgin dönüşümler yaşandığı görülmüştür. Göstergelerin dize sonundaki vurgu konumlarının kısmen yitirildiği ve lirik öznenin epistemik çekincesinin çeviride büyük ölçüde ortadan kalkarak daha kesin ve dramatik bir söyleme dönüştüğü belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, şiir çevirisinin anlamı sabit biçimde aktaran değil erek dilin söylem olanakları doğrultusunda yeniden kuran dinamik bir yaratıcı süreç olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Tek bir kaynak metin ve çevirisiyle sınırlı olan çalışma genellenebilirlik iddiası taşımamakla birlikte şiir çevirisi araştırmalarına disiplinlerarası bir çözümleme örneği sunmaktadır.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Translation and Interpretation Studies

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Elif Yılmaz ^*
0009-0004-6249-7072
Türkiye

Publication Date

August 30, 2026

Submission Date

June 23, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 30, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 16

DOI

https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1976927

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA29PH42NR

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yılmaz, E. (2026). An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 274-294. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1976927

AMA

1.Yılmaz E. An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice. KMU EFAD. 2026;(16):274-294. doi:10.47948/efad.1976927

Chicago

Yılmaz, Elif. 2026. “An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, nos. 16: 274-94. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1976927.

EndNote

Yılmaz E (August 1, 2026) An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 16 274–294.

IEEE

[1]E. Yılmaz, “An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice”, KMU EFAD, no. 16, pp. 274–294, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.47948/efad.1976927.

ISNAD

Yılmaz, Elif. “An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 16 (August 1, 2026): 274-294. https://doi.org/10.47948/efad.1976927.

JAMA

1.Yılmaz E. An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice. KMU EFAD. 2026;:274–294.

MLA

Yılmaz, Elif. “An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice”. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, no. 16, Aug. 2026, pp. 274-9, doi:10.47948/efad.1976927.

Vancouver

1.Elif Yılmaz. An Analysis of Narrative and Discourse Levels in Poetry Translation: The Case of Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice. KMU EFAD. 2026 Aug. 1;(16):274-9. doi:10.47948/efad.1976927

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KMU EFAD editor and assistant editors, Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors (COPE) published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors) will provide the following ethical duties and responsibilities. :

Editors have the responsibility and authority to accept or reject articles. They must use this responsibility and authority in a proper and timely manner.
Editors should prioritise academic concerns and criteria when accepting articles to the journal.
Editors should not be in a conflict of interest/relationship with the articles they accept or reject.
Editors should accept original articles that will contribute to the relevant fields specified in the journal policy.
Editors should reject incomplete and erroneous research that does not comply with the journal policy, publication rules and level without any influence.
Editors should allow inaccurate, incomplete and problematic articles to be withdrawn before or after the referee report or to be published after correction.
Editors are responsible for ensuring that manuscripts evaluated by at least two referees are evaluated according to a double-blind refereeing system and for keeping the names of referees and authors confidential.
Editors continue their work processes without compromising intellectual property rights and ethical standards.
The editors take responsibility for the plagiarism status of the articles through "Turnitin and/or Ithenticate" plagiarism programmes and whether they are unpublished original research.
The editors take into account the knowledge, skills and experience required by all readers, researchers and practitioners.
The editors take care that the published issues contribute to the reader, researcher, practitioner and the scientific field and are of original quality.
The editors ensure that all members of the advisory committee advance the processes in accordance with the publication policies and guidelines.
The editors inform the advisory committee members about the publication policies.
Editors ensure that advisory committee members evaluate their work independently.
Editors can contribute to new advisory board members and make decisions as appropriate.
Editors should submit manuscripts appropriate to the expertise of advisory board members for evaluation.
Editors interact regularly with the advisory board.
Editors organise regular meetings with the editorial board to discuss editorial policies and journal development.
The relationship between the editors (Editor and Associate Editors) and the publisher is based on the principle of editorial independence. According to the written agreement between the editors and the publisher, all decisions of the editors are independent of the publisher and the owner of the journal.
It is the duty of the editors to complete the preliminary review, refereeing, editing and publishing processes of the articles submitted to the journal in a timely and healthy manner.

b) Authors' responsibilities

It is the responsibility of the author to ensure that the submitted article is original and research-based in accordance with the specified academic fields.
The submitted article should not be contrary to scientific publication ethics (plagiarism, forgery, distortion, republication, slicing, unfair authorship, not specifying the supporting organisation).
The article should not be submitted to different journals/journals at the same time and should not have been published in another journal/journal before.
It is against the ethics of science to include the names of people who have not made academic contributions to the article as authors or to rank authors based on unscientific criteria such as title, age and gender without considering the order of contribution. It should not be suggested to change the order of authors, remove authors, or add authors to an article submitted for publication. In order for a study to be published, the consent of all authors must be obtained.
The author(s) are obliged to submit the raw data of the article to the editor if requested by the journal editors.
It is assumed that the authors submitting an article to the journal have read and accepted the journal's publication and writing principles, and the authors are deemed to have undertaken what is expected of them in these principles.
The references cited must be indicated in the bibliography and the "References" list must be prepared completely and accurately.
The author(s) are obliged to contact the editor to inform the editor, to correct or withdraw the article when they realise an error related to their articles in the evaluation and early view stage or published electronically.
The author(s) should take into account the Directive on Scientific Research and Publication Ethics as stated by the Council of Higher Education (CoHE).

c) Referees' responsibilities

Reviewers should evaluate the manuscript to be published in the journal with the responsibility to promote academic quality.
Reviewers should only accept to review manuscripts for which they have the necessary expertise to make an appropriate assessment, can observe blind reviewer confidentiality, and can keep the details of the manuscript confidential in every way.
During and after the manuscript review process, no information about the manuscript should be shared with others in any way.
Reviewers should only evaluate the accuracy of the content of the articles and their compliance with academic criteria.
The fact that the ideas put forward in the article differ from the referee's thoughts should not affect the evaluation.
Evaluations should be made impartially and referee reports should be objective and measured. Insulting, condescending and accusatory expressions should be avoided.
Referees should avoid superficial and vague statements in their evaluation reports. In evaluations with negative results, the deficient and defective issues on which the result is based should be shown concretely.
Referees should evaluate the manuscripts within the time allocated to them. If they will not evaluate the manuscript, they should notify the journal within a reasonable period of time.
There should be no conflict of interest between the referees and the stakeholders of the article under evaluation.
The completion of other articles, artefacts, references, citations, rules and similar deficiencies related to the article should be pointed out.
Based on the double-blind refereeing system, evaluated articles or referees are not disclosed.

2. GENERAL ACTIONS AGAINST SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS

a) Plagiarism: Presenting the ideas, methods, data, practices, writings, figures or works of others as one's own, in whole or in part, without attribution, in accordance with the rules of scientific ethics,
b) Fraud: Presenting data that is not based on research, editing or altering the presented or published work on the basis of untrue data, reporting or publishing these, presenting unexamined research as if it had been done,
c) Distortion: To falsify research records and data; to present methods, equipment, and materials not used in the research as if they had been used; to fail to evaluate data that do not conform to the research hypothesis; to manipulate data or results to conform to the theory or assumptions in question, in accordance with the interests of the persons and organisations receiving the funding; to falsify or distort research results,
d) Duplicate publication: Presenting more than one paper containing the same research results as separate papers in associate professor exams and academic promotions,
e) Slicing: Presenting the results of research as separate works in certain examination evaluations and academic incentives and promotions by dividing the results of research in a way that violates the integrity of the research, by dividing it into parts inappropriately, and by making multiple publications without reference to each other,
f) Unfair authorship: Adding people who have not actively contributed to the article as authors, not including those who have actively contributed among the authors, changing the order of authors unjustifiably and inappropriately, removing the names of those who have actively contributed from the work during publication or in subsequent editions, using their influence even though they have not actively contributed,
g) Other types of ethical violations: Failure to clearly identify the supporting persons, institutions or organisations and their contributions to the research in publications of supported research; Failure to follow ethical rules in research involving humans and animals; Failure to respect patients' rights in their publications; Sharing the information contained in the work with others before it is published; Misusing the resources, places, facilities and equipment provided or reserved for scientific research; Making completely unfounded, unsubstantiated and intentional allegations of ethical violations (CoHE Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive, Article 8).

3. PLAGIARISM POLICY

As of December 2018, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (EFAD) has started to check the studies submitted for publication through plagiarism programs (Turnitin or iThenticate). The author should also send the document showing the plagiarism rate with the work. Studies with a plagiarism rate of more than 15% (excluding references) are not evaluated and returned to the author. If a work published in the journal is found to be plagiarism, the Editorial Board reserves the right to take various actions, including retracting the article and reporting the issue to the department head, dean and/or relevant institutions in the institution where the author works.

4. OPEN ACCESS POLICY

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) provides open access for the continuous and free use of its content in order to increase the global exchange of information and produce beneficial results for humanity. In this context, all articles published in the journal are accessible at https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/efad/archive. The entire content of the journal can be accessed free of charge by individuals and organisations. All users can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search and link to the full text of the articles published in the journal without permission from the authors or the journal management.

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) has adopted an open-access policy with its publication. Open access increases the global exchange of information, resulting in beneficial results for humanity. KMU EFAD also supports the Budapest Open Access Initiative, adopted on 12 September 2012.

In this context, open access policies adopted by the editorial board of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) are available at http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/boai-10-translations/turkish-translation.

All articles published in the Journal of the Faculty of Letters of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University (KMU EFAD) are licensed under the "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative 4.0 International License". This license; grants the right to reproduce, share and disseminate all published articles, data sets, graphics and attachments on data mining applications, search engines, websites, blogs and all other platforms, provided that the source is cited. Open access is an approach that facilitates interdisciplinary communication and encourages different disciplines to work with each other. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) provides added value to its field by providing more access to its articles and a more transparent evaluation process.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

It is freely available under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence:

Share: You may copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format.

The following conditions must be observed:

Attribution: You must give proper credit, link to the licence, and provide information if changes have been made. You may do these things appropriately, but this does not imply that the licensee approves of you and your use.
Non-commercial: You may not use this material for commercial purposes.
Not Derivative: If you have mixed, transferred, or built upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions: You may not impose legal conditions or technological measures that would legally restrict the use of the permissions provided by the licence.

Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) recommends that libraries include the content of the journal in the library catalogue records within the scope of its open access policy.

The publisher of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) undertakes not to charge subscriptions or fees for accessing electronic articles published from any library or reader.

As Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD), our DOI Number registration, provided by Crossref, has been started on October 23, 2020. All articles to be published in our journal will now have a DOI number. In this way, confusion has been avoided in the citations to all articles to be published in our journal, and you can access your articles uninterruptedly, precisely and easily whenever you want.

5. COPYRIGHT POLICY

Firstly, All content responsibility of the articles published in the journal belongs to the authors and does not reflect the institutional opinion of the publisher and the journal. Authors submitting manuscripts to our journal are required to read and approve the following copyright agreement while uploading their manuscripts to the online system of our journal. Manuscripts submitted to our journal must not have been previously published in any medium or sent to any publication medium for publication. Authors submitting manuscripts read and approve the following copyright notice text on the checklist screen while uploading their manuscripts to the online system of our journal. By ticking the "I declare that it complies with the above items" box at the end of the checklist, they are deemed to have accepted the copyright notice text.

Copyright Notice Text
Author(s);
1. That the submitted article is the original work of the author(s) and that they have not plagiarised,
2. That all authors have individually participated in this study and take full responsibility for this study,
3. That all authors have seen and approved the final version of the submitted manuscript,
4. That the article has not been published elsewhere or submitted for publication,
5. They accept and undertake that the text, figures and documents in the article do not violate the copyrights of other persons.

Authors are deemed to have accepted the following conditions by submitting their work to the journal under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence.
1. That the submitted paper is the original work of the author(s) and that they have not plagiarized,
2. That all authors have substantially participated in the study subject of the article and that they take full responsibility for this study,
3. That all authors have seen, approved and submitted the final version of the submitted manuscript,
4. The authors certify that the Manuscript has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere,
5. The authors agree and undertake that the text, figures and documents in the article do not violate the Copyrights of other persons.
6. The authors agree and undertake to transfer their financial rights on the submitted manuscript, in particular the rights of processing, reproduction, representation, printing, publication, distribution and all kinds of public communication, including transmission via the Internet, to Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters for unlimited use.
7. Nevertheless, the intellectual property rights of the authors or the author's employer, if any, such as patent rights, the right to use the entire article in future books or other works of the author(s) without payment, and the right to reproduce the article for their purposes, provided that they do not sell the article, are reserved.
8. However, the author(s) retain the right to reproduce the article and distribute it by mail or electronic means. The use of any part of the article in another publication is permitted provided that Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters is mentioned as the publisher and the Journal is cited.
9. When citing, the Journal Name, Article Name, Author(s) Name, Surname, Volume No, Issue No and Year should be given. Documents (photographs, original figures, etc.) related to the articles published or not accepted for publication are kept by Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters for one year starting from the date of the decision and are destroyed at the end of this period.
10. The Author(s) undertake/agree that the 'Journal Editors and publisher' of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Faculty of Letters have no responsibility for any claims or lawsuits to be filed by third parties due to copyright infringement, and that all responsibility belongs to the authors.
11. In addition, the Author / Authors undertake/undertake that there are no criminal elements or illegal expressions in the article, and that they do not use any illegal materials and methods while conducting research.

6. PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA

The editors ensure the protection of personal data related to the subjects or images included in the evaluated work. Those who contribute to the journal (editors, authors and referees) are given documents showing their contributions upon request.

7. ETHICS COMMITTEE, HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS

Editors ensure the protection of human and animal rights in the reviewed works. The editors have the responsibility to refuse the study when there is no approval from the ethics committee on the subjects used in the study and there is no permission for experimental research. In studies that require ethics committee permission, information about the permission (name of the committee, date and number) should be included in the method section and also on the first/last page of the article. In case reports, it is necessary to include information that the informed consent/consent form was signed in the article.

8. POSSIBLE ABUSE AND FRAUD MEASURES

Editors take precautions against possible abuse and misconduct. In addition to conducting a rigorous and objective investigation regarding the detection and evaluation of complaints regarding this situation, the responsibilities of the editor share the relevant findings with the competent authorities.

9. ENSURING ACADEMIC PUBLICATION INTEGRITY

Editors ensure that decisions that include errors, inconsistencies or misleading in the works are corrected quickly.

10. PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Editors are obliged to protect the intellectual property rights of all published articles to defend the rights of the journal and authors in case of possible violations and to take the necessary measures to ensure that the content of all published articles does not violate the intellectual property rights of other publications.

11. CONSTRUCTION AND DISCUSSION

Editors take into account the criticisms to be made against the works published in the journal and display a constructive attitude towards these criticisms in line with the purpose and scope of the journal. The authors of the criticized works have the right to reply. Studies with negative results are rejected.

12. COMPLAINTS

Editors are responsible for carefully reviewing complaints and responding to authors, reviewers or readers in an enlightening and explanatory manner.

13. POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONCERNS

The owner of the journal, its publisher and no other political or commercial factor can influence the independent decisions of the editors.

14. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

Editors assure and assure authors and reviewers that the publication process of the journal will be maintained independently and impartially.

15. PRIVACY STATEMENT

Personal information such as names and e-mail addresses entered in the journal management system of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of the Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) will only be used for the scientific purposes of this journal. This information will not be used for any other purpose or department and will not be shared with third parties.

16. ARCHIVING POLICY

Metadata and full texts of all articles published in the Journal of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) are stored in XML and .pdf formats on a 3rd party cloud server in an inaccessible manner. In addition, all articles are stored and presented in .pdf format on ULAKBİM servers through TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Journals Database (DergiPark).

1. Authors may use the final published version of an article for archiving an article in their own archives, on the author's personal website, or in an institutional repository after publication (e.g., in university repositories, scientific databases as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc. or on their websites).
2. Authors may self-archive their articles in public and/or commercial subject-based archives. There is no embargo period.
3. Authors can download the article as a PDF document. Authors can send copies of the article to others without embargo.
4. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication to the Journal of Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Faculty of Letters (KMU EFAD) with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
5. Provided they are the owners of the copyright to their work, authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
4. The publisher allows all versions of the articles (submitted version, accepted version, published version) to be stored in an institutional or other archive of the author's choice without embargo.

Published Version/Publication Type: Open Access / No embargo.
Accepted Version/ No embargo.
Submitted Version/ No embargo.

17. GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) POLICY

KMU EFAD establishes this policy to ensure that generative artificial intelligence tools are used in academic processes in accordance with ethical, scientific, and legal principles. The policy applies to all authors, reviewers, and editors.

Rules for Authors
Disclosure and Transparency: If generative artificial intelligence was used in any section (e.g., abstract, introduction, visuals, tables, analysis, etc.), this use must be indicated in the “Artificial Intelligence Use Disclosure” section of the article. The name of the tool used, its version, and the purpose of its use must be clearly stated in the disclosure.
Example: “OpenAI ChatGPT (GPT 4) was used for grammar correction during the writing process of this study, and the outputs were checked by the author.”
Limited Areas of Use: The use of artificial intelligence is only permitted for “grammar, spelling, style editing, translation, and visual/table creation support.” The scientific content of the research, data analysis, production of results, or interpretation should not be done entirely through AI.
Scientific Responsibility and Accuracy: The author is responsible for the accuracy of all content (text, analysis, graphics, visuals) created with AI. The outputs obtained must be verified with sources and supported with references if necessary.
Citation: Artificial intelligence tools are not cited as authors or in the bibliography/footnotes, but may only be mentioned in the acknowledgments section.

Rules for Reviewers and Editors
Confidentiality and Intellectual Property: Submitted articles may not be uploaded to artificial intelligence tools for peer review under any circumstances.
Review Process: Reviewers should base their evaluations on their expertise; the use of AI is not permitted. However, AI may be used to improve the language of the report, in which case it must be disclosed.
Management of Suspicious Cases: If a reviewer or editor suspects the use of AI, they should share this with the journal committee and request additional documentation if necessary.

Visuals, Tables, and Data Analysis
All graphics, tables, and visuals created or supported by artificial intelligence should be indicated below; the tool name, version, and purpose of use should be explained. These materials should be guaranteed by the author in terms of scientific accuracy and appropriate controls should be performed.

Procedure in Case of Violation
If unreported or inappropriate AI use is detected, the article may be rejected. If detected post-publication, corrections may be made or the work may be retracted. Repeated violations may negatively impact the author's applications to KMU EFAD.

Continuous Updates
Our policy will be updated at least once a year to align with evolving technology and ethical frameworks.

18. JOURNAL SECTION POLICY

Research Paper