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Used Methods for Detection of Irradiated Foods (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2012, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 111 - 118, 01.04.2012

Vasfiye Başbayraktar

Abstract

Proper control of irradiation processing of food is very critical to facilitate international trade of irradiated foods and to ensure consumer confidence. Therefore, detection of irradiated food has become important. The detection of irradiated food is based on physical, chemical, biological and microbiological changes of food during irradiation. The ideal method of detection must be specific to irradiation and not affected by other processes, storage conditions, and irradiation period, and the detection limits should be below the applied irradiation dose and applicable to all food. Also, the method should be accurate, reliable, repeatable, easy to apply and fast, and should give information about the dose applied to food. Unfortunately, no single method that meets these expectations has not been developed yet. For this purpose, more than one method are used for the detection of irradiated food. Some of these methods have been accepted by CEN and TSE for irradiated foods.

Keywords

Food irradiation detection methods

References

  • Farkas J, Mohacsi-Farkas C. 2011. History and future of food irradiation. Trends Food Sci Tech, 22, 121-126.
  • Stefanova R, Vasilev NV, Spassov SL. 2010. Irradiation of food, current legislation framework, and detection of irradiated foods. Food Anal Method, 3, 225–252.
  • Arvanitoyannis IS (ed). 2010. Irradiation of Commodities: Techniques, Applications, Detection, Legislation, Safety and Consumer Opinion. Elsevier, USA, 710 p.
  • Kume T, Furuta M, Todoriki S, Uenoyama N, Kobayashi Y. 2009. Status of food irradiation in the world. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 222–226.
  • Chauhan SK, Kumar R, Nadanasabapathy S, Bawa AS. 2009. Detection methods for irradiated foods. Compr Rev Food Sci F, 8, 4-16.
  • Anon 1999. Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Işınlama Yönetmeliği. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. 6 Aralık 1999 tarih ve 23868 sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
  • Wong YC, Sin DWM, Yao WY. 2010. Food irradiation and its detection. In: Handbook of Seafood and Seafood Products Analysis, Nollet LML, Toldra F (eds), CRC Press, USA, pp. 774- 796.
  • Chiaravalle AE, Mangiacotti M, Marchesani G, Vegliante G. 2010. Electron spin resonance (ESR) detection of irradiated fish containing bone (gilthead sea bream, cod, and swordfish). Vet Res Commun, 34 (1), 149-152.
  • Steward EM. 2008. Detection of irradiated ingredients. In: Handbook of Processed Meats and Poultry Analysis, Nollet LML, Toldra F (eds), CRC Press, USA, pp. 725-745.
  • Atta S, Ahmad T, Zeb A, Nagra SA. 2008. The ESR method to detect the irradiated fish and beef bones. J Chem Soc Pak, 30 (5), 708-711.
  • Goulas AE, Stahl M, Riganakos KA. 2008. Effect of various parameters on detection of irradiated fish and oregano using the ESR and PSL methods. Food Control, 19, 1076-1085.
  • Anon 1996. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food – containing bone, method by ESR –spectroscopy. EN 1786 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – ışınlanmış, kemik ihtiva eden gıdaların tespiti – ESR spektroskopi metodu. TS EN 1786 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Li W, Ha Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. 2010. Quantitative Detection of Absorbed Dose of Irradiated Dried Fuit by ESR Spectroscopy Method. http://en.cnki. com.cn/Article_en (Erişim tarihi 26.08.2011).
  • Tepe-Çam S, Engin B. 2010. Identification of irradiated sage tea (Salvia officinalis L.) by ESR spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem, 79, 540–544.
  • Kikuchi M, Hussain MS, Morishita N, Ukai M, Kobayashi Y, Shimoyama Y. 2010. ESR study of free radicals in mango. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 75, 310–313.
  • Aleksieva K, Georgieva L, Tzvetkova E, Yordanov ND. 2009. EPR study on tomatoes before and after gamma-irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 823–825.
  • Yordanov ND, Aleksieva K. 2009. Preparation and applicability of fresh fruit samples for the identification of radiation treatment by EPR. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 213–216.
  • Ukai M, Kameya H, Nakamur H, Shimoyama Y. 2008. An electron spin resonance study of dry vegetables before and after irradiation. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 69, 1417–1422.
  • Polat M, Korkmaz M. 2008. Detection of irradiated black tea (Camellia sinensis) and rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by ESR spectroscopy. Food Chem, 107, 956–961.
  • Shimoyama Y, Ukai M, Nakamura H. 2007. Advanced protocol for the detection of irradiated food by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem, 76, 1837–1839.
  • Anon 2000. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food – containing cellulose by ESR spectroscopy. EN 1787 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – selüloz içeren ışınlanmış ESR spektroskopisi ile belirlenmesi. TS EN 1787 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Arvanitoyannis IS, Stratakos A, Tsarouhas P. 2009. Irradiation applications in vegetables and fruits: a review. Crit Rew Food Sci, 49, 427-462.
  • Yordanov ND, Aleksieva K. 2007. EPR study on gamma-irradiated fruits dehydrated via osmosis. Radiat Phys Chem, 76, 1084–1086.
  • Yordanov ND, Pachova Z. 2006. Gamma- irradiated dry fruits an example of a wide variety of long-time dependent EPR spectra. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 63, 891–895.
  • Anon 2001. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food containing crystalline sugar by ESR spectroscopy. EN 13708 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 2002. Gıda maddeleri – kristal şeker içeren gıdaların ışınlanıp ışınlanmadığının ESR spektroskopisi ile belirlenmesi. TS EN 13708 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Correcher V, Garcia-Guinea J. 2011. Application of the EN 1788 European standard for the control of saffron, pepper and blends. Food Control, 22, 173-179.
  • D’Oca MC, Bartolotta A, Cammilleri C, Giuffrida S, Parlato A, Di Stefano V. 2010. A practical and transferable methodology for dose estimation in irradiated spices, based on thermoluminescence dosimetry. Appl Radia Isotopes, 68, 639–642.
  • D’Oca MC, Bartolotta A. 2010. The identification of irradiated crustaceans and evaluation of the dose by thermoluminescence: intercomparison between two methods for extracting minerals. Food Res Int, 43, 1255–1259.
  • Bortolin E, Boniglia C, Gargiulo R, Onori S. 2009. Herbal materials used in dietary supplements: comparison of luminescence methods for detection of irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 683–685.
  • Yazıcı AN, Bedir M, Bozkurt H, Bozkurt H . 2008. Thermoluminescence properties of irradiated chickpea and corn. Nucl Instrum Meth B, 266, 613–620.
  • Khan HM, Bhatti IA. 2007. Identification of radiation treatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) and rice (Oryza sativa. L) samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals. Nucl Sci Tech, 18 (1): 26-29.
  • Engin B. 2007. Thermoluminescence parameters and kinetics of irradiated inorganic dust collected from black peppers. Food Control, 18, 243–250.
  • Anon 2001. Foodstuffs – thermoluminescence detection of irradiated food from which silicate minerals can be isolated. EN 1788 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels. 37. Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – silikat minerallerinin ayrılabildiği gıdalarda ışınlanmanın belirlenmesi – termolüminesans yöntemi. TS EN 1788 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bortolin E, Onori S. 2009. Verification of imported food upon import for radiation processing: dried herbs, including herbs used in food supplements, and spices by PSL and TL. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 679–681.
  • Bhatti IA, Kim B, Kim M, Lee J, Kim H, Kwon J. 2008. The screening and/or identification of different types of irradiated eggs by analyzing photo-stimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence. Food Control, 19, 587-591. 40. Fuochi PG, Alberti A, Bortolin E, Corda U, La Civita S, Onori S. 2008. PSL study of irradiated food: NaCl as possible reference material. Radiat Meas, 43, 483 – 486.
  • Todoriki S, Hagiwara S, Saitou K, Ohtsuka H. 2007. Thermoluminescence and photo stimulated luminescence measurements on commercial spices. Report of National Food Research Institute, 71, 91-96.
  • Alberti A, Corda U, Fuochi P, Bortolin, E, Calicchia A, Onor S. 2007. Light-induced fading of the PSL signal from irradiated herbs and spices. Radiat Phys Chem, 76, 1455–1458.
  • Anon 2002. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food using photostimulated luminescence. EN 13751 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 2004. Gıda maddeleri – ışıkla uyarılmış lüminesans kullanılarak ışınlanmış gıdanın belirlenmesi. TS EN 13751 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Anon 1996. Foodstuffs - detection of irradiated food-containing fat – gas chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons. EN 1784 European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – katı yağ içeren ışınlanmış gıdaların belirlenmesi – hidrokarbonların gaz kromatografik analizi. TS EN 1784 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Anon 1996. Foodstuffs - detection of irradiated food- containing fat - gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. EN 1785 European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – katı yağ içeren ışınlanmış gıdaların belirlenmesi – 2- alkilsiklobütanonların gaz kromatografik/kütle spektrometrik analizi. TS EN 1785 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Nam KC, Lee EJ, Ahn DU, Kwon JH. 2011. Dose-dependent changes of chemical attributes in irradiated sausages. Meat Sci, 8, 184–188.
  • Steward EM. 2011. Detection of irradiated ingredients. In: Safety Analysis of Foods of Animal Origin, Nollet LML, Toldra F (eds), CRC Press, USA, pp. 207-228.
  • Li A, Ha Y, Wang F, Li Y. 2010. Detection of hydrocarbons in irradiated chilled beef by HS-SPME–GC–MS and optimization of the method. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 87, 731–736.
  • Hijaz FM, Smith JS. 2010. Levels of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in ground beef patties irradiated by low-energy X-ray and gamma rays. J Food Sci, 75 (9), 156-160.
  • Hijaz F, Kumar A, Smith JS. 2010. A rapid direct solvent extraction method for the extraction of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone from irradiated ground beef patties using acetonitrile. J Food Sci, 75 (6), 118-122.
  • Blanch GP, Caja M, Flores G, Castillo M. 2009. Identification of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and linear-alkanes as irradiation markers in sliced dry-cured ham. Food Chem, 113, 616–620.
  • D’Oca MC, Bartolotta A, Cammilleri MC, Giuffrida SA, Parlato A, DiNoto AM, Caracappa S. 2009. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry can be used for dose estimation in irradiated pork. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 687–689.
  • Tewfik I. 2008. A rapid direct solvent extraction method for the extraction of cyclobutanones from irradiated chicken and liquid whole egg. Int J Food Sci Tech, 43, 108–113.
  • Tewfik I. 2008. Extraction and identification of cyclobutanones from irradiated cheese employing a rapid direct solvent extraction method. Int J Food Sci & Nut, 59 (7-8), 590-598.
  • Zanardi E, Battaglia E, Ghidin S, Conter M, Badian A, Ianieri A. 2007. Evaluation of 2-alkylcyclobutanones in irradiated cured pork products during vacuum-packed storage. J Agric Food Chem, 55 (10), 4264–4270.
  • Kwon J, Kausar T, Noh J, Kim D, Byun M, Kim K, Kim K. 2007. The identification of irradiated seasoned filefish (Thamnaconus modestus) by different analytical methods. Radiat Phys Chem, 76, 1833-1836.
  • Hirotaka O, Masakazu F, Yukio T. 2007. Detection of irradiated meat, fish and their products by measuring 2-alkylcyclobutanones levels after frozen storage. J Food Hyg Soc Japan, 48 (6), 203-206.
  • Anon 2001. Foodstuffs – DNA Comet Assay for the detection of irradiated foodstuffs –screening method. EN 13784 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 2002. Gıda maddeleri – ışınlanmış gıda maddelerinin belirlenmesi için DNA Komet Deneyi - eleme yöntemi. TS EN 13784 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Khawar A, Bhatti A, Khan QM, Khan AI, Asi MR, Ali T. 2011. Evaluation of irradiation in foods using DNA Comet Assay. J Food Sci Technol, 48(1), 106–109.
  • Khan AA, Khan HM. 2008. DNA Comet Assay: a simple screening technique for identification of some irradiated foods. J Radioanal Nuc Chem, 275(2), 337–342.
  • Arvanitoyannis IS, Stratakor A, Mante E. 2009. Impact of irradiation on fish seafood shelf life: a comprehensive review of application and irradiation detection. Crit Rew Food Sci, 49, 68-112.
  • Álvarez DLM, Miranda EFP, Carro S, Enríque II, Matos W. 2009. Detectıon of garlic gamma-ir- radiated by assay comet. International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2009, September 27 to October 2, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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  • Duarte RC, Mozeika MA, Fanaro GB, Marchioni E, Villavicencio ALCH. 2009. DNA comet assay to identıfy different freezıng temperatures of irradiated liver chicken. International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2009, September 27 to October 2, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Anon 2001. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food using the direct epifluorescent filter technique /aerobic plate count (DEFT/APC) – screening method. EN 13783 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 2002. Gıda maddeleri – doğrudan epifloresans süzme tekniği / aerobik plâka sayımı (DEFT/APC) kullanarak ışınlanmış gıdaların belirlenmesi – eleme yöntemi. TS EN 13783 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Zhao Y, Li L, Wang Z, Wang C, Ji P, Wang C. 2010. Detection of irradiated food by using direct epifluorescent filter technique/aerobic plate count method (DEFT/APC). http://en.cnki.com.cn/ Article_en (Erişim tarihi 10.08.2011).
  • Araujo MM, Duarte RC, Silva PV, Marchioni E, Villavicencio ALCH. 2009. Application of the microbiological method DEFT/APC to detect minimally processed vegetables treated with gamma radiation. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 691–693. 73. Leth T, Hansen HB, Boisen F. 2006. Comparison of three methods for detection of herbal food supplement irradiation. Eur Food Res Technol, 223, 39–43.
  • Anon 2004. Foodstuffs – Microbiological screening for irradiated food using LAL/GNB procedures. EN 14569 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Koshikawa T, Matsushima M, Hironiwa T, Miyahara M. 2008. Examination of the experimental conditions in using the LAL/GNB method for judging food irradiation. http://agris.fao.org/agris _search/search/display.do (Erişim tarihi 05.08.2011). 76. Hu Q, Zou C, Guo L. 2008. A study on screening of irradiated chicken by LAL/GNB. http://en.cnki. com.cn/Article_en (Erişim tarihi 27.07.2011).
  • Hu Q, Zou C, Guo L. 2009. Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay coupled with gram negative bacteria (GNB) count for detecting x-ray irradiated chicken. http://en.cnki.com.cn/ Article_en (Erişim tarihi 27.07.2011).

Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler

Year 2012, Volume: 37 Issue: 2, 111 - 118, 01.04.2012

Vasfiye Başbayraktar

Abstract

Gıdaya uygulanan ışınlama işleminin uygunluğunun kontrolü ışınlanmış gıdanın uluslararası ticaretini kolaylaştırmak ve tüketicinin güvenini sağlamak için önemlidir. Bu nedenle ışınlanmış gıdanın tespiti önem kazanmıştır. Işınlanmış gıdanın belirlenmesinde, ışınlama esnasında gıdalarda oluşan fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik ve mikrobiyolojik değişiklikler temel alınmaktadır. İdeal bir tespit metodu; ışınlama için spesifik olmalı ve diğer prosesler, depolama şartları ve süresinden etkilenmemeli, yöntemin limit değerleri gıdaya uygulanabilecek dozun altında olmalı ve her gıdaya uygulanabilmelidir. Ayrıca, yöntem doğru, güvenilir, tekrarlanabilir, uygulaması kolay ve hızlı olmalı ve gıdaya uygulanan doz hakkında bilgi vermelidir. Ancak bu özellikleri karşılayan tek bir yöntem henüz geliştirilememiştir. Bunun için ışınlanmış gıdaların teşhisinde birden fazla yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Bu yöntemlerden bazılarının ışınlanmış gıdaların tespitinde kullanılması CEN ve TSE tarafından kabul edilmiştir.

Keywords

Gıda ışınlama tespit yöntemleri

References

  • Farkas J, Mohacsi-Farkas C. 2011. History and future of food irradiation. Trends Food Sci Tech, 22, 121-126.
  • Stefanova R, Vasilev NV, Spassov SL. 2010. Irradiation of food, current legislation framework, and detection of irradiated foods. Food Anal Method, 3, 225–252.
  • Arvanitoyannis IS (ed). 2010. Irradiation of Commodities: Techniques, Applications, Detection, Legislation, Safety and Consumer Opinion. Elsevier, USA, 710 p.
  • Kume T, Furuta M, Todoriki S, Uenoyama N, Kobayashi Y. 2009. Status of food irradiation in the world. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 222–226.
  • Chauhan SK, Kumar R, Nadanasabapathy S, Bawa AS. 2009. Detection methods for irradiated foods. Compr Rev Food Sci F, 8, 4-16.
  • Anon 1999. Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Gıda Işınlama Yönetmeliği. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. 6 Aralık 1999 tarih ve 23868 sayılı Resmi Gazete, Ankara.
  • Wong YC, Sin DWM, Yao WY. 2010. Food irradiation and its detection. In: Handbook of Seafood and Seafood Products Analysis, Nollet LML, Toldra F (eds), CRC Press, USA, pp. 774- 796.
  • Chiaravalle AE, Mangiacotti M, Marchesani G, Vegliante G. 2010. Electron spin resonance (ESR) detection of irradiated fish containing bone (gilthead sea bream, cod, and swordfish). Vet Res Commun, 34 (1), 149-152.
  • Steward EM. 2008. Detection of irradiated ingredients. In: Handbook of Processed Meats and Poultry Analysis, Nollet LML, Toldra F (eds), CRC Press, USA, pp. 725-745.
  • Atta S, Ahmad T, Zeb A, Nagra SA. 2008. The ESR method to detect the irradiated fish and beef bones. J Chem Soc Pak, 30 (5), 708-711.
  • Goulas AE, Stahl M, Riganakos KA. 2008. Effect of various parameters on detection of irradiated fish and oregano using the ESR and PSL methods. Food Control, 19, 1076-1085.
  • Anon 1996. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food – containing bone, method by ESR –spectroscopy. EN 1786 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – ışınlanmış, kemik ihtiva eden gıdaların tespiti – ESR spektroskopi metodu. TS EN 1786 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Li W, Ha Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. 2010. Quantitative Detection of Absorbed Dose of Irradiated Dried Fuit by ESR Spectroscopy Method. http://en.cnki. com.cn/Article_en (Erişim tarihi 26.08.2011).
  • Tepe-Çam S, Engin B. 2010. Identification of irradiated sage tea (Salvia officinalis L.) by ESR spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem, 79, 540–544.
  • Kikuchi M, Hussain MS, Morishita N, Ukai M, Kobayashi Y, Shimoyama Y. 2010. ESR study of free radicals in mango. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 75, 310–313.
  • Aleksieva K, Georgieva L, Tzvetkova E, Yordanov ND. 2009. EPR study on tomatoes before and after gamma-irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 823–825.
  • Yordanov ND, Aleksieva K. 2009. Preparation and applicability of fresh fruit samples for the identification of radiation treatment by EPR. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 213–216.
  • Ukai M, Kameya H, Nakamur H, Shimoyama Y. 2008. An electron spin resonance study of dry vegetables before and after irradiation. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 69, 1417–1422.
  • Polat M, Korkmaz M. 2008. Detection of irradiated black tea (Camellia sinensis) and rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by ESR spectroscopy. Food Chem, 107, 956–961.
  • Shimoyama Y, Ukai M, Nakamura H. 2007. Advanced protocol for the detection of irradiated food by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Radiat Phys Chem, 76, 1837–1839.
  • Anon 2000. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food – containing cellulose by ESR spectroscopy. EN 1787 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – selüloz içeren ışınlanmış ESR spektroskopisi ile belirlenmesi. TS EN 1787 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Arvanitoyannis IS, Stratakos A, Tsarouhas P. 2009. Irradiation applications in vegetables and fruits: a review. Crit Rew Food Sci, 49, 427-462.
  • Yordanov ND, Aleksieva K. 2007. EPR study on gamma-irradiated fruits dehydrated via osmosis. Radiat Phys Chem, 76, 1084–1086.
  • Yordanov ND, Pachova Z. 2006. Gamma- irradiated dry fruits an example of a wide variety of long-time dependent EPR spectra. Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 63, 891–895.
  • Anon 2001. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food containing crystalline sugar by ESR spectroscopy. EN 13708 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 2002. Gıda maddeleri – kristal şeker içeren gıdaların ışınlanıp ışınlanmadığının ESR spektroskopisi ile belirlenmesi. TS EN 13708 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Correcher V, Garcia-Guinea J. 2011. Application of the EN 1788 European standard for the control of saffron, pepper and blends. Food Control, 22, 173-179.
  • D’Oca MC, Bartolotta A, Cammilleri C, Giuffrida S, Parlato A, Di Stefano V. 2010. A practical and transferable methodology for dose estimation in irradiated spices, based on thermoluminescence dosimetry. Appl Radia Isotopes, 68, 639–642.
  • D’Oca MC, Bartolotta A. 2010. The identification of irradiated crustaceans and evaluation of the dose by thermoluminescence: intercomparison between two methods for extracting minerals. Food Res Int, 43, 1255–1259.
  • Bortolin E, Boniglia C, Gargiulo R, Onori S. 2009. Herbal materials used in dietary supplements: comparison of luminescence methods for detection of irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 683–685.
  • Yazıcı AN, Bedir M, Bozkurt H, Bozkurt H . 2008. Thermoluminescence properties of irradiated chickpea and corn. Nucl Instrum Meth B, 266, 613–620.
  • Khan HM, Bhatti IA. 2007. Identification of radiation treatment of wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) and rice (Oryza sativa. L) samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals. Nucl Sci Tech, 18 (1): 26-29.
  • Engin B. 2007. Thermoluminescence parameters and kinetics of irradiated inorganic dust collected from black peppers. Food Control, 18, 243–250.
  • Anon 2001. Foodstuffs – thermoluminescence detection of irradiated food from which silicate minerals can be isolated. EN 1788 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels. 37. Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – silikat minerallerinin ayrılabildiği gıdalarda ışınlanmanın belirlenmesi – termolüminesans yöntemi. TS EN 1788 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bortolin E, Onori S. 2009. Verification of imported food upon import for radiation processing: dried herbs, including herbs used in food supplements, and spices by PSL and TL. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 679–681.
  • Bhatti IA, Kim B, Kim M, Lee J, Kim H, Kwon J. 2008. The screening and/or identification of different types of irradiated eggs by analyzing photo-stimulated luminescence and thermoluminescence. Food Control, 19, 587-591. 40. Fuochi PG, Alberti A, Bortolin E, Corda U, La Civita S, Onori S. 2008. PSL study of irradiated food: NaCl as possible reference material. Radiat Meas, 43, 483 – 486.
  • Todoriki S, Hagiwara S, Saitou K, Ohtsuka H. 2007. Thermoluminescence and photo stimulated luminescence measurements on commercial spices. Report of National Food Research Institute, 71, 91-96.
  • Alberti A, Corda U, Fuochi P, Bortolin, E, Calicchia A, Onor S. 2007. Light-induced fading of the PSL signal from irradiated herbs and spices. Radiat Phys Chem, 76, 1455–1458.
  • Anon 2002. Foodstuffs – detection of irradiated food using photostimulated luminescence. EN 13751 Europen Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 2004. Gıda maddeleri – ışıkla uyarılmış lüminesans kullanılarak ışınlanmış gıdanın belirlenmesi. TS EN 13751 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Anon 1996. Foodstuffs - detection of irradiated food-containing fat – gas chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons. EN 1784 European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – katı yağ içeren ışınlanmış gıdaların belirlenmesi – hidrokarbonların gaz kromatografik analizi. TS EN 1784 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Anon 1996. Foodstuffs - detection of irradiated food- containing fat - gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. EN 1785 European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
  • Anon 1998. Gıda maddeleri – katı yağ içeren ışınlanmış gıdaların belirlenmesi – 2- alkilsiklobütanonların gaz kromatografik/kütle spektrometrik analizi. TS EN 1785 Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Nam KC, Lee EJ, Ahn DU, Kwon JH. 2011. Dose-dependent changes of chemical attributes in irradiated sausages. Meat Sci, 8, 184–188.
  • Steward EM. 2011. Detection of irradiated ingredients. In: Safety Analysis of Foods of Animal Origin, Nollet LML, Toldra F (eds), CRC Press, USA, pp. 207-228.
  • Li A, Ha Y, Wang F, Li Y. 2010. Detection of hydrocarbons in irradiated chilled beef by HS-SPME–GC–MS and optimization of the method. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 87, 731–736.
  • Hijaz FM, Smith JS. 2010. Levels of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone in ground beef patties irradiated by low-energy X-ray and gamma rays. J Food Sci, 75 (9), 156-160.
  • Hijaz F, Kumar A, Smith JS. 2010. A rapid direct solvent extraction method for the extraction of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone from irradiated ground beef patties using acetonitrile. J Food Sci, 75 (6), 118-122.
  • Blanch GP, Caja M, Flores G, Castillo M. 2009. Identification of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and linear-alkanes as irradiation markers in sliced dry-cured ham. Food Chem, 113, 616–620.
  • D’Oca MC, Bartolotta A, Cammilleri MC, Giuffrida SA, Parlato A, DiNoto AM, Caracappa S. 2009. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry can be used for dose estimation in irradiated pork. Radiat Phys Chem, 78, 687–689.
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There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Vasfiye Başbayraktar This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 37 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Başbayraktar, V. . (2012). Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler. Gıda, 37(2), 111-118.
AMA Başbayraktar V. Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler. The Journal of Food. April 2012;37(2):111-118.
Chicago Başbayraktar, Vasfiye. “Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler”. Gıda 37, no. 2 (April 2012): 111-18.
EndNote Başbayraktar V (April 1, 2012) Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler. Gıda 37 2 111–118.
IEEE V. . Başbayraktar, “Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler”, The Journal of Food, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 111–118, 2012.
ISNAD Başbayraktar, Vasfiye. “Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler”. Gıda 37/2 (April 2012), 111-118.
JAMA Başbayraktar V. Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler. The Journal of Food. 2012;37:111–118.
MLA Başbayraktar, Vasfiye. “Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler”. Gıda, vol. 37, no. 2, 2012, pp. 111-8.
Vancouver Başbayraktar V. Işınlanmış Gıdaların Tespitinde Kullanılan Yöntemler. The Journal of Food. 2012;37(2):111-8.

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