BibTex RIS Cite

Bioavailability, Production and Possibility of Alternative to Drug of Food-Derived Antihypertensive Peptides (Turkish with English Abstract)

Year 2013, Volume: 38 Issue: 3, 167 - 174, 01.06.2013

Abstract

Prevalence of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and even cancer, was affected by dietary factors. Recently there are many comprehensive studies about bioactive peptides formed by food-derived proteins which are the beneficial effects to human health. Those protein particles known as bioactive peptides are released either by digestive enzymes during gastrointestinal transition or by fermentation or ripening during food processing by the way of microorganisms such as starters. Bioactive peptides exhibiting activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antihypertensive and immunomodulatory affect the major body systems like the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, immune and nervous systems. Among different bioactive peptide fractions the ACE inhibitor peptides have a particular importance in western countries in which hypertension prevalence is detected. Nutritional factor has a crucial role in preventing hypertension. Studies have shown that the consumption of foods with antihypertensive peptides decrease the blood pressure, so novel food production having antihypertensive activity is increasingly becoming important. In the industrial applications the way they are added into foods, their corporation organoleptic characteristics, and the stability in storage and food contribution to the processing should be considered. In this article, the milk protein-based of antihypertensive peptides have been investigated in terms of structure, bioavailability and usage possibilities as drug.

References

  • Pan DD, Luo YK, & Tanokura M. 2005. Antihypertensive peptides from skimmed milk hydrolysate digested by cell-free extract of Lactobacillus helveticus JCM1004. Food Chem, 91: 123-129.
  • Muguerza B, Ramos M, Sanchez E, Manso MA, Miguel M, Aleixandre A, et al. 2006. Antihypertensive activity of milk fermented by Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from raw milk. Int Dairy J, 16: 61-69.
  • Wang J, Hu J, Cui J, Bai X, Du Y, Miyaguchi Y, Lin B. 2008. Purification and identification of a ACE inhibitory peptide from oyster proteins hydrolysate and the antihypertensive effect of hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem, 111: 302-308
  • fianlıdere H, Öner Z. 2006. Süt Ürünlerinde Bulunan Biyoaktif Peptitler ve Fonksiyonlar. GIDA Derg, 6:311-317
  • Conteras MM, Carron R, Montero JM, Ramos M, Recio I. 2009. Novel casein-derived peptides with antihypertensive activity. Int Dairy J, 19:566-573.
  • Schanbacher FL, Talhouk RS and Murray FA. 1997. Biology and origin of bioactive peptides in milk. Livestock Sci, 50: 105-123
  • Smacchi E and Gobbetti M. 2000. Bioactive peptides in dairy products: synthesis and interaction with proteolytic enzymes, Food Microbiol, 17:129-141
  • Jauhiainen T, & Korpela R. 2007. Milk peptides and blood pressure. J Nutr, 137: 825-829.
  • Miguel M, Contreras MM, Recio I, Aleixandre A. 2009. ACE-inhibitory and antihypertensive properties of a bovine casein hydrolysate. Food Chem, 112:211-214.
  • Meisel H, Goepfert A, Günther S. 1997. ACE inhibitory activities in milk products. Milchwissenschaft, 52(6): 307-310.
  • Kınık Ö, Gürsoy O. 2002. Süt Proteinleri Kaynaklı Biyoaktif Peptitler. PAJES, 8: 195-203.
  • Hong F, Ming L, Yi S, Zhanxia L, Yongquan W, Chi L. 2008. The antihypertensive effect of peptides: A novel alternative to drugs? Peptides, 29:1062-1071.
  • Pihlanto A, Virtanen T, Korhonen H. 2010. Angiotensine I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect of fermented milk. Int Dairy J, 20: 3-10
  • Korhonen H, Pihlanto A. 2006. Bioactive peptides: production and functionality. Int Dairy J, 16:945-960
  • Yerlikaya O, Kınık Ö, Akbulut N. 2011 .Süt Kaynaklı Biyoaktif Peptitler ve Fonksiyonel Özellikleri. E.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 48:77-84.
  • Hernández-Ledesma B, Quirós A, Amigo L, Recio I. 2007. Identification of bioactive peptides after digestion of human milk and infant formula with pepsin and pancreatin. Int Dairy J, 17:42-49.
  • Nakashima Y, Arihara K, Sasaki A, Mio H, Ishikawa S, Itoh M. 2002. Antihypertensive activities of peptides derived from porcine skeletal muscle myosin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Food Sci, 67:434-7.
  • Vermeirssen V, Van Camp J, Verstraete W. 2004. Bioavailability of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Br J Nutr, 92:357-66. 24. Quiro´ s A, Ramos M, Muguerza B, Delgado M, Miguel M, Aleixandre A, Recio I. 2007. Identification of novel antihypertensive peptides in milk fermented with Enterococcus faecalis. Int Dairy J, 17 :33-41
  • Fitzgerald RJ, Murray BA. 2006. Bioactive peptide and lactic fermentations. Int J Dairy Technol, 59:118-125
  • Tsai J, Chen T, Pan B, Gong S, Chung M. 2008. Antihypertensive effect of bioactive peptides produced by protease-facilitated lactic acid fermentation of milk. Food Chem, 106:552-558
  • Quiro´ s A, Contreras M, Ramos M, Amigo L, Recio I. 2009. Stability to gastrointestinal enzymes and structure–activity relationship of E-casein- peptides with antihypertensive properties. Peptides, 30:1848-1853.
  • Choi J, Sabikhi L, Hassan A, Anand S. 2012. Bioactive peptides in dairy product. Int J Dairy Technol, 65:1-12.
  • Paul M, Somkuti GA. 2009. Degradation of milk-based bioactive peptides by yogurt fermentation bacteria. Lett Applied Microbiol, 49:345-350
  • Sipola M, Finckenberg P, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H, Nurminen ML. 2002. Effect of longterm intake of milk products on blood pressure in hypertensive rats. J Dairy Res, 69:103-111
  • Hirota T, Ohki K, Kawagishi R, Kajimoto Y, Mizuno S, Nakamura Y. 2007. Casein hydrolysate containing the antihypertensive tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro- Pro improves vascular endothelial function independent of blood pressurelowering effects: contribution of the inhibitory action of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Hypertension Research, 30:489-496.
  • Ashar MN, Chand R. 2004. Antihypertensive peptides purified from milks fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus. Milchwissenschaft, 59:14-17.
  • Meyer J, Bütikofer U, Walther B, Wechsler D, Sieber R. 2009. Hot topic: changes in angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition and concentrations of the tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro during ripening of different Swiss cheese varieties. J Dairy Sci, 92:826-836
  • Chen G, Tsai J, Pan B. 2007. Purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and antihypertensive effect of milk produced by protease-facilitated lactic fermentation. Int Dairy J, 17:641-647
  • Lourenço da Costa E, Rocha Montijo JA, Netto FM. 2007. Effect of heat and enzymatic treatment on the antihypertensive activity of whey protein hydrolysates. Int Dairy J, 17:632-640.
  • Jang A, Jo C, Lee M. 2007. Storage stability of the synthetic angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides separated from beef sarcoplasmic protein extracts at different pH, temperature, and gastric digestion. Food Sci and Biotechnol, 16:572-575.
  • Quirós A, Chichón R, Recio I, López-Fandiño R. 2007. The use of high hydrostatic pressure to promote the proteolysis and release of bioactive peptides from ovalbumin. Food Chem, 104:1734- 1739.
  • Mao XY, Ni JR, Sun WL, Hao PP, Fan L. 2007. Value-added utilization of yak milk casein for the production of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Food Chem, 103:1282-1287.
  • Mizuno S, Nishimura S, Matsuura K, Gotou T, Yamamoto N. 2004. Release of short and proline-rich antihypertensive peptides from casein hydrolysate with an Aspergillus oryzae protease. J Dairy Sci, 87:3183-3188.
  • Gotou T, Shinoda T, Mizuno S, Yamamoto N. 2009. Purification and identification of proteolytic enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae capable of producing the antihypertensive peptide Ile-Pro-Pro. J Biosci and Bioeng, 107:615-619.
  • Pihlanto-Leppälä A. 2000. Bioactivepeptides derived from bovine whey proteins: opioid and ace-inhibitory peptides. Trends Food Sci & Technol, 11:347-356.
  • Otte J, Lomholt SB, Halkier T, Qvist KB. 2000. Identification of peptides in aggregates formed during hydrolysis of E-lactoglobulin B with a Glu and Asp specific microbial protease. J Agric Food Chem, 48:244-2447.
  • Lopez-Fandino R, Otte J, van Camp J. 2006. Physiological, chemical and technological aspects of milk-protein-derived peptides with antihypertensive and ACE-inhibitory activity. Int Dairy J, 16:1277-1293.
  • Sekiya S, Kobayashi Y, Kita E, Imamura Y. and Toyama, S. 1992. Antihypertensive effects of tryptic hydrolysate of casein on normotensive and hypertensive volunteers. J Japanese Soc Nutr Food Sci, 45: 513-517.
  • Ohsawa K, Satsu H, Ohki K, Enjoh M, Takano T, Shimizu M. 2008. Producibility and digestibility of antihypertensive E-casein tripeptides, Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro- Pro, in the gastrointestinal tract: analyses using an in vitro model of mammalian gastrointestinal digestion. J Agric Food Chem, 56:854-858.
  • Foltz M, Cerstiaens A, van Meensel A, Mols R, van der Pijl PC, Duchateau GSMJE, et al. 2008. The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro show increasing permeabilities with increasing physiological relevance of absorption models. Peptides, 12:1312-1320.
  • Yeflilada A, Özkanlı F. 2004. Peptit yapılı ilaçların rasyonel tasarımına yönelik yeni geliflmeler. A.Ü. Ecz. Fak. Derg. 33: 157-181.
  • Allen C, Palta M, LeCaire T, Huang GH, Brazy P, D’Alessio D. 2002. Does increase in blood pressure predict increase in urinary albumin excretion rate in the first 9 years of type 1 diabetes? Am Epidemio, 12:498-505.
  • Conlin PR, Chow D, Miller ER, Svetkey LP, Lin PH, Harsha DW, et al. 2001. The effect of dietary patterns on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial. Am J Hypertension, 13:949-955.
  • Harsha DW, Lin PH, Obarzanek E, Karanja NM, Moore TJ, Caballero B. 1999. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension: a summary of study results. J Am Diet Assoc, 99:S35-9.
  • Fujita H, Yoshikawa M. 1999. A prodrug-type ACE inhibitory peptide derived from fish protein. Immunopharmacology, 44:123-127.
  • Seppo L, Jauhiainen T, Poussa T, Korpela R. 2003. A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure lowering effect in hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 77:326-330.

Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları

Year 2013, Volume: 38 Issue: 3, 167 - 174, 01.06.2013

Abstract

Kardiyovasküler rahatsızlıklar, obezite, hipertansiyon, diyabet ve kanser gibi birçok hastalıkların görülme sıklığı besinsel faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Son yıllarda gıda kaynaklı proteinlerden meydana gelen biyolojik aktif peptitlerin insan sağlığına yararlı etkileri ile ilgili olarak kapsamlı birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Biyoaktif peptit olarak bilenen bu protein parçaları ya gastrointestinal sindirim sırasında ya da starter mikroorganizmalar tarafından yapılan fermantasyon veya olgunlaşma yoluyla gıda işlenme sırasında açığa çıkarlar. Biyoaktif peptitler kardiyovasküler, sindirim, immun ve sinir sistemi gibi vücudun başlıca sistemlerini etkileyen antimikrobiyal, antioksidan, antitrombik, antihipertensif, bağışıklık sistemini düzenleyen aktiviteler sergilerler. Farklı grup biyoaktif peptitler arasında bulunan ACE inhibitörleri, hipertansiyonun yaygın olarak görüldüğü batılı ülkelerde ayrı bir öneme sahiptir. Hipertansiyonun engellenmesinde beslenme faktörü oldukça önemli bir role sahiptir. Yapılan çalışmalar antihipertensif peptitleri taşıyan gıdaların tüketilmesiyle kan basıncında önemli oranda düşme olduğunu göstermiştir, bu yüzden antihipertensif aktiviteye sahip yeni gıdaların üretimi gün geçtikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Söz konusu peptitlerin endüstriyel uygulaması sırasında; gıda içine katılım şekli, duyusal özelliklere katkısı, depolama ve gıda işleme sırasında stabiliteleri göz önüne alınmalıdır. Bu makalede süt proteini bazlı antihipertensif etkili peptitlerin yapıları, biyoyararlılıkları ve ilaç olarak kullanım olanakları değerlendirilecektir.

References

  • Pan DD, Luo YK, & Tanokura M. 2005. Antihypertensive peptides from skimmed milk hydrolysate digested by cell-free extract of Lactobacillus helveticus JCM1004. Food Chem, 91: 123-129.
  • Muguerza B, Ramos M, Sanchez E, Manso MA, Miguel M, Aleixandre A, et al. 2006. Antihypertensive activity of milk fermented by Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from raw milk. Int Dairy J, 16: 61-69.
  • Wang J, Hu J, Cui J, Bai X, Du Y, Miyaguchi Y, Lin B. 2008. Purification and identification of a ACE inhibitory peptide from oyster proteins hydrolysate and the antihypertensive effect of hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem, 111: 302-308
  • fianlıdere H, Öner Z. 2006. Süt Ürünlerinde Bulunan Biyoaktif Peptitler ve Fonksiyonlar. GIDA Derg, 6:311-317
  • Conteras MM, Carron R, Montero JM, Ramos M, Recio I. 2009. Novel casein-derived peptides with antihypertensive activity. Int Dairy J, 19:566-573.
  • Schanbacher FL, Talhouk RS and Murray FA. 1997. Biology and origin of bioactive peptides in milk. Livestock Sci, 50: 105-123
  • Smacchi E and Gobbetti M. 2000. Bioactive peptides in dairy products: synthesis and interaction with proteolytic enzymes, Food Microbiol, 17:129-141
  • Jauhiainen T, & Korpela R. 2007. Milk peptides and blood pressure. J Nutr, 137: 825-829.
  • Miguel M, Contreras MM, Recio I, Aleixandre A. 2009. ACE-inhibitory and antihypertensive properties of a bovine casein hydrolysate. Food Chem, 112:211-214.
  • Meisel H, Goepfert A, Günther S. 1997. ACE inhibitory activities in milk products. Milchwissenschaft, 52(6): 307-310.
  • Kınık Ö, Gürsoy O. 2002. Süt Proteinleri Kaynaklı Biyoaktif Peptitler. PAJES, 8: 195-203.
  • Hong F, Ming L, Yi S, Zhanxia L, Yongquan W, Chi L. 2008. The antihypertensive effect of peptides: A novel alternative to drugs? Peptides, 29:1062-1071.
  • Pihlanto A, Virtanen T, Korhonen H. 2010. Angiotensine I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect of fermented milk. Int Dairy J, 20: 3-10
  • Korhonen H, Pihlanto A. 2006. Bioactive peptides: production and functionality. Int Dairy J, 16:945-960
  • Yerlikaya O, Kınık Ö, Akbulut N. 2011 .Süt Kaynaklı Biyoaktif Peptitler ve Fonksiyonel Özellikleri. E.Ü.Z.F. Dergisi, 48:77-84.
  • Hernández-Ledesma B, Quirós A, Amigo L, Recio I. 2007. Identification of bioactive peptides after digestion of human milk and infant formula with pepsin and pancreatin. Int Dairy J, 17:42-49.
  • Nakashima Y, Arihara K, Sasaki A, Mio H, Ishikawa S, Itoh M. 2002. Antihypertensive activities of peptides derived from porcine skeletal muscle myosin in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Food Sci, 67:434-7.
  • Vermeirssen V, Van Camp J, Verstraete W. 2004. Bioavailability of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Br J Nutr, 92:357-66. 24. Quiro´ s A, Ramos M, Muguerza B, Delgado M, Miguel M, Aleixandre A, Recio I. 2007. Identification of novel antihypertensive peptides in milk fermented with Enterococcus faecalis. Int Dairy J, 17 :33-41
  • Fitzgerald RJ, Murray BA. 2006. Bioactive peptide and lactic fermentations. Int J Dairy Technol, 59:118-125
  • Tsai J, Chen T, Pan B, Gong S, Chung M. 2008. Antihypertensive effect of bioactive peptides produced by protease-facilitated lactic acid fermentation of milk. Food Chem, 106:552-558
  • Quiro´ s A, Contreras M, Ramos M, Amigo L, Recio I. 2009. Stability to gastrointestinal enzymes and structure–activity relationship of E-casein- peptides with antihypertensive properties. Peptides, 30:1848-1853.
  • Choi J, Sabikhi L, Hassan A, Anand S. 2012. Bioactive peptides in dairy product. Int J Dairy Technol, 65:1-12.
  • Paul M, Somkuti GA. 2009. Degradation of milk-based bioactive peptides by yogurt fermentation bacteria. Lett Applied Microbiol, 49:345-350
  • Sipola M, Finckenberg P, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H, Nurminen ML. 2002. Effect of longterm intake of milk products on blood pressure in hypertensive rats. J Dairy Res, 69:103-111
  • Hirota T, Ohki K, Kawagishi R, Kajimoto Y, Mizuno S, Nakamura Y. 2007. Casein hydrolysate containing the antihypertensive tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro- Pro improves vascular endothelial function independent of blood pressurelowering effects: contribution of the inhibitory action of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Hypertension Research, 30:489-496.
  • Ashar MN, Chand R. 2004. Antihypertensive peptides purified from milks fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus. Milchwissenschaft, 59:14-17.
  • Meyer J, Bütikofer U, Walther B, Wechsler D, Sieber R. 2009. Hot topic: changes in angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibition and concentrations of the tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro during ripening of different Swiss cheese varieties. J Dairy Sci, 92:826-836
  • Chen G, Tsai J, Pan B. 2007. Purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and antihypertensive effect of milk produced by protease-facilitated lactic fermentation. Int Dairy J, 17:641-647
  • Lourenço da Costa E, Rocha Montijo JA, Netto FM. 2007. Effect of heat and enzymatic treatment on the antihypertensive activity of whey protein hydrolysates. Int Dairy J, 17:632-640.
  • Jang A, Jo C, Lee M. 2007. Storage stability of the synthetic angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides separated from beef sarcoplasmic protein extracts at different pH, temperature, and gastric digestion. Food Sci and Biotechnol, 16:572-575.
  • Quirós A, Chichón R, Recio I, López-Fandiño R. 2007. The use of high hydrostatic pressure to promote the proteolysis and release of bioactive peptides from ovalbumin. Food Chem, 104:1734- 1739.
  • Mao XY, Ni JR, Sun WL, Hao PP, Fan L. 2007. Value-added utilization of yak milk casein for the production of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Food Chem, 103:1282-1287.
  • Mizuno S, Nishimura S, Matsuura K, Gotou T, Yamamoto N. 2004. Release of short and proline-rich antihypertensive peptides from casein hydrolysate with an Aspergillus oryzae protease. J Dairy Sci, 87:3183-3188.
  • Gotou T, Shinoda T, Mizuno S, Yamamoto N. 2009. Purification and identification of proteolytic enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae capable of producing the antihypertensive peptide Ile-Pro-Pro. J Biosci and Bioeng, 107:615-619.
  • Pihlanto-Leppälä A. 2000. Bioactivepeptides derived from bovine whey proteins: opioid and ace-inhibitory peptides. Trends Food Sci & Technol, 11:347-356.
  • Otte J, Lomholt SB, Halkier T, Qvist KB. 2000. Identification of peptides in aggregates formed during hydrolysis of E-lactoglobulin B with a Glu and Asp specific microbial protease. J Agric Food Chem, 48:244-2447.
  • Lopez-Fandino R, Otte J, van Camp J. 2006. Physiological, chemical and technological aspects of milk-protein-derived peptides with antihypertensive and ACE-inhibitory activity. Int Dairy J, 16:1277-1293.
  • Sekiya S, Kobayashi Y, Kita E, Imamura Y. and Toyama, S. 1992. Antihypertensive effects of tryptic hydrolysate of casein on normotensive and hypertensive volunteers. J Japanese Soc Nutr Food Sci, 45: 513-517.
  • Ohsawa K, Satsu H, Ohki K, Enjoh M, Takano T, Shimizu M. 2008. Producibility and digestibility of antihypertensive E-casein tripeptides, Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro- Pro, in the gastrointestinal tract: analyses using an in vitro model of mammalian gastrointestinal digestion. J Agric Food Chem, 56:854-858.
  • Foltz M, Cerstiaens A, van Meensel A, Mols R, van der Pijl PC, Duchateau GSMJE, et al. 2008. The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro show increasing permeabilities with increasing physiological relevance of absorption models. Peptides, 12:1312-1320.
  • Yeflilada A, Özkanlı F. 2004. Peptit yapılı ilaçların rasyonel tasarımına yönelik yeni geliflmeler. A.Ü. Ecz. Fak. Derg. 33: 157-181.
  • Allen C, Palta M, LeCaire T, Huang GH, Brazy P, D’Alessio D. 2002. Does increase in blood pressure predict increase in urinary albumin excretion rate in the first 9 years of type 1 diabetes? Am Epidemio, 12:498-505.
  • Conlin PR, Chow D, Miller ER, Svetkey LP, Lin PH, Harsha DW, et al. 2001. The effect of dietary patterns on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients: results from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial. Am J Hypertension, 13:949-955.
  • Harsha DW, Lin PH, Obarzanek E, Karanja NM, Moore TJ, Caballero B. 1999. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension: a summary of study results. J Am Diet Assoc, 99:S35-9.
  • Fujita H, Yoshikawa M. 1999. A prodrug-type ACE inhibitory peptide derived from fish protein. Immunopharmacology, 44:123-127.
  • Seppo L, Jauhiainen T, Poussa T, Korpela R. 2003. A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure lowering effect in hypertensive subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 77:326-330.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aslı Akpınar This is me

Harun Raşit Uysal This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 38 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Akpınar, A. ., & Uysal, H. R. . (2013). Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları. Gıda, 38(3), 167-174.
AMA Akpınar A, Uysal HR. Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları. The Journal of Food. June 2013;38(3):167-174.
Chicago Akpınar, Aslı, and Harun Raşit Uysal. “Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları”. Gıda 38, no. 3 (June 2013): 167-74.
EndNote Akpınar A, Uysal HR (June 1, 2013) Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları. Gıda 38 3 167–174.
IEEE A. . Akpınar and H. R. . Uysal, “Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları”, The Journal of Food, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 167–174, 2013.
ISNAD Akpınar, Aslı - Uysal, Harun Raşit. “Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları”. Gıda 38/3 (June 2013), 167-174.
JAMA Akpınar A, Uysal HR. Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları. The Journal of Food. 2013;38:167–174.
MLA Akpınar, Aslı and Harun Raşit Uysal. “Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları”. Gıda, vol. 38, no. 3, 2013, pp. 167-74.
Vancouver Akpınar A, Uysal HR. Gıda Kaynaklı Antihipertensif Peptitlerin Biyoyararlılığı, Üretimi Ve İlaç Olarak Kullanım Olanakları. The Journal of Food. 2013;38(3):167-74.

by-nc.png

GIDA Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-Gayri Ticari 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır. 

GIDA / The Journal of FOOD is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/