Review
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KOMBUCHA FERMENTE İÇECEĞİNİN FONKSİYONEL ÖZELLİKLERİ VE İSLÂM FIKHI AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 43 - 60, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51973/head.1679774

Abstract

Günümüzde helallik ve haramlık bakımından hükmü tartışılan içeceklerden biri de Kombucha çayıdır. Kombucha üretiminde genellikle siyah çay ve sakkaroz kullanılsa da yeşil çay, kahve, süt, bal ve çeşitli bitkiler de bu amaçla kullanılabilmektedir. Karbon kaynağı olarak sakkaroz, mayalar tarafından üretilen invertaz enzimleri ile glikoz ve fruktoza hidrolize edilmekte ve bunlar daha sonra yine, mayalar tarafından etanol ve karbondioksite dönüştürülmektedir. Çok uzun yıllardır bilinen Kombuchanın, kolesterol dengesini sağlama, antikanserojenik, antimikrobiyal, antifungal ve probiyotik etki gibi sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri, bu içeceği dünya genelinde popüler hale getirmiştir. Kombucha içeceğinin faydalı etkileri, içerdiği biyoaktif bileşiklere atfedilmektedir ancak, sağlık üzerine olumlu etkilerinden dolayı tüketiminin faydalı olduğu ileri sürülmesine rağmen içerdiği etanolden dolayı bu içeceğin İslam dinine göre helal olup olmadığı konusunda bazı şüpheler de bulunmaktadır. Geleneksel fermente içeceklerde helallik açısından kendiliğinden oluşan iz miktarda etanole izin verilmektedir. Ancak aerobik koşullarda üretilen şekerli içeceklerde fermantasyon kaynaklı alkol miktarı, bazen %1'in üzerine çıkabilmektedir. Bu nedenle helallik açısından alkol miktarının kontrol edilmesi, önem arz etmektedir. Bu derleme çalışması, Kombuchanın fıkhî hükmüne ilişkin literatürdeki kritik boşluğu gidermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

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FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF KOMBUCHA AS A FERMENTED BEVERAGE AND AN EVALUATION IN TERMS OF ISLAMIC JURIPRUDENCE

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 43 - 60, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.51973/head.1679774

Abstract

One of the beverages currently debated in terms of its halal or haram status is Kombucha tea. While black tea and sucrose are commonly used in its production, other ingredients such as green tea, coffee, milk, honey, and various herbs can also serve this purpose. Sucrose acts as the primary carbon source and is hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose by the enzyme invertase, which is produced by yeast. These monosaccharides are then further converted by the yeast into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Kombucha has been known for many years, and its poten-tial health benefits—such as balancing cholesterol levels and exhibiting anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, and probiotic properties—have contributed to its growing popularity worldwide. The potential health benefits of kombucha are attributed to its bioactive compounds. However, despite claims about its positive effects on health, concerns remain regarding its permissibility in Islam due to the presence of ethanol, raising questions about whether the beverage is considered halal. In traditional fermented beverages, trace amounts of alcohol are generally tolerated from the halal perspective. However, in sugary drinks produced under aerobic conditions, the alcohol content resulting from fermentation may sometimes exceed 1%. Therefore, monitoring alcohol levels is essential to ensure compliance with halal standards. This review article aims to address a significant gap in the literature concerning the Islamic legal status (fiqh ruling) of kombucha tea.

References

  • Alzeer, J., Hadeed, K. (2016). Ethanol and its Halal status in food industries. Trends in Food Science & Technology 58(1): 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.10.018
  • Amarasinghe, H., Weerakkody, N., Waisundara, V. (2018). Evaluation of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of kombucha “Tea Fungus” during extended periods of fermentation. Food Science & Nutrition 6(3): 659–665. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.605
  • Apaydın, H. Y. (2021). Kıyas. İslam Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kiyas, Son Erişim Tarihi: 24.05.2025
  • Arıkan, M. (2018). Kombucha’daki (çay mantarı) mikrobiyal kompozisyonun biyoinformatik analizi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, Türkiye, 100 s.
  • Baschali, A., Tsakalidou, E., Kyriacou, A., Karavasiloglou, N., Matalas, A.L. (2017). Traditional low-alcoholic and non-alcoholic fermented beverages consumed in European countries: A neglected food group. Nutrition Research Reviews 30(1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422416000202
  • Battikh, H., Bakhrouf, A., Ammar, E. (2012). Antimicrobial effect of Kombucha analogues. LWT - Food Science and Technology 47(1):71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.12.033
  • Batu, A. (2012). Helal (mahzursuz) gıda belgelendirmesindeki sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi 7(1): 60–75.
  • Bauer-Petrovska, B., Tozi, L. (2001). Mineral and water soluble vitamin content in the Kombucha drink. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 36(2):201–205. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2000.00342.x
  • Bhattacharya, D., Bhattacharya, S., Patra, M. M., Chakravorty, S., Sarkar, S., Chakraborty, W., Koley, H., Gachhui, R. (2016). Antibacterial activity of polyphenolic fraction of Kombucha against enteric bacterial pathogens. Current Microbiology 73(6): 885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-016-1122-5
  • Boran, M. (2019). Yiyecek ve içeceklerimizde helal haram ölçüleri. Ravza Yayınları, 472s.
  • Chakravorty, S., Bhattacharya, S., Bhattacharya, D., Sarkar, S., Gachhui, R. (2019). Kombucha: A promising functional beverage prepared from tea. Non-Alcoholic Beverages, In A. Grumezescu & A. Holban (Eds.), Vol. 6, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 285–327.
  • Chakravorty, S., Bhattacharya, S., Chatzinotas, A., Chakraborty, W., Bhattacharya, D., Gachhui, R. (2016). Kombucha tea fermentation: Microbial and biochemical dynamics. International Journal of Food Microbiology 220(1): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.015
  • Chugh, P., Dutt, R., Sharma, A., Bhagat, N., Dhar, M. S. (2020). A critical appraisal of the effects of probiotics on oral health. Journal of Functional Foods 70(1):103985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.103985
  • Coelho, R., Almeida, A., Amaral, R., Mota, R., Sousa, P. (2020). Kombucha: Review. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science 21, 100272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2020.100272
  • Dufresne, C., Farnworth, E. (2000). Tea, Kombucha, and health: A review. Food Research International 33(6): 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00067-3
  • Değirmencioğlu, N., Yıldız, E., Şahan, Y., Güldaş, M., Gürbüz, O. (2019). Fermentasyon süresinin kombu çayı mikrobiyotası ve canlılık oranları üzerine etkileri. Akademik Gıda 17(2): 200–211. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.613567
  • Demir, H. (2015). İslam hukuku açısından obeziteye yol açan yeme içme hakkında bazı tespitler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19(1): 135–168.
  • Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (2022). Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu, gazlı içecekler ve alkol. https://kurul.diyanet.gov.tr/Cevap-Ara/4486/gazli-icecekler-ve-alkol Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2025
  • Dutta, H., Paul, S. (2019). Kombucha drink: Production, quality, and safety aspects. Production and Management of Beverages. In A. Grumezescu & A. Holban (Eds.), Vol. 1, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 259–288.
  • Elgün A. (2019). Helal hayat kavramı içinde etil alkolün evrensel yeri ve önemi. Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle 1(2):77-83.
  • Elgün, A., Yetim, H. (2020). İslam perspektifinden obezite ve helal hayat. Helal ve Etik Araştırmalar Dergisi 2(1): 19–38.
  • Göçer, E. M. Ç., Ergin, F., Küçükçetin, A. (2016). Sindirim sistemi modellerinde probiyotik mikroorganizmaların canlılığı. Akademik Gıda 14(2): 158–165.
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There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering, Chemical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Nuran Erdem 0000-0002-7012-9251

Hasan Yetim 0000-0002-5388-5856

Suleyman Gökmen 0000-0002-7397-6966

Submission Date April 19, 2025
Acceptance Date June 30, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Erdem, N., Yetim, H., & Gökmen, S. (2025). KOMBUCHA FERMENTE İÇECEĞİNİN FONKSİYONEL ÖZELLİKLERİ VE İSLÂM FIKHI AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Helal Ve Etik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.51973/head.1679774