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Computational Thinking and Integrative Education (STEAM) in Science Education

Year 2017, Volume: 41 Issue: 41, 91 - 103, 01.01.2017

Kaan Batı İlke Çalışkan M.İkbal Yetişir

Abstract

Within the scope of this
article, primarily, Computational Thinking, STEM approach which emphasize
computational thinking as one of the basic points and the STEAM
(Science-Technology- Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) approach which rose from critics of STEM are
addressed with emphasis in different perspectives from different countries. At
the end of the article, from the viewpoint of literature in our country and
world, some suggestions are presented for future research in STEAM and
Computational Thinking.

Keywords

science education computational thinking STEM STEAM

References

  • Adıgüzel, T., Ayar, M. C., Corlu, M. S., & Özel, S. (2012). Fen, teknoloji, mühendislik ve matematik (FeTeMM) eğitimi: Disiplinlerarası çalışmalar ve etkilişimler [STEM education in the Turkish context: Interdisciplinary investigations and interactions]. Paper presented at the X. Ulusal Fen Bilimleri ve Matematik Eğitimi Kongresi, Niğde, Turkey. (http://fetemm.tstem.com/home/sunumveyazilar/yazi1 Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2016:)
  • Ananiadou, K. & M. Claro (2009), "21st Century Skills and Competences for New Millennium Learners in OECD Countries", OECD Education Working Papers, No. 41, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/218525261154
  • Armknecht, M. P. (2015). Case Study on the Efficacy of an Elementary STEAM Laboratory School. A Dissertation submitted to the Education Faculty of Lindenwood University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education School of Education.
  • Barr, V. & Stephenson, C. (2011). Bringing Computational Thinking to K-12: What is Involved and What is the Role of the Computer Science Education Community? ACM Inroads, 2(1), 48-54.
  • Barr, D., Harrison, J. & Conery, L. (2011). Computational Thinking: A Digital Age Skill for Everyone. Learning & Leading with Technology, 38(6), 20-23.
  • Brown, B. H. & Martinez, D. (2012). Engaging Diverse Learners Through the Provision of STEM Education Opportunities. Southeast Comprehensive Center, Breafing Paper. http://secc.sedl.org/resources/briefs/diverse_learners_STEM/Diverse_Learners_through_STEM.pdf
  • Corlu, M. S., Capraro, R. M. & Capraro, M. M. (2014). FeTeMM Eğitimi ve Alan Öğretmeni Eğitimine Yansımaları. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(171), 74-85.
  • David A. Sousa & Tom Pilecki (2013). From STEM to STEAM: Using Brain-Compatible Strategies to Integrate the Art. Corwin Press.
  • European Parlament Communities (2015). Encouraging STEM studies Labour Market Situation and Comparison of Practices Targeted at Young People in Different Member States. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/542199/IPOL_STU(2015)542199_EN.pdf
  • Frykholm, J. A., & Glasson, G. E. (2005). Connecting mathematics and science instruction: Pedagogical content knowledge for teachers. School Science and Mathematics, 105, 127-141.
  • Gonzalez, H. & Kuenzi, J. (2012). Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: A primer. Congressional Research Service, August, 2012.
  • Henriksen, Danah (2014) "Full STEAM Ahead: Creativity in Excellent STEM Teaching Practices,"The STEAM Journal: 1(2), 1-7. DOI: 10.5642/steam.20140102.15
  • Jin, Y., Chong, L. M. & Cho, H. K. (2012). Designing a Robotics-Enhanced Learning Content for STEAM Education2012 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI) Daejeon, Korea / November 26-29, 2012
  • Kalelioğlu, F., & Gülbahar, Y. (2015). Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme Nedir ve Nasıl Öğretilir?, 3th International Instructional Technology and Teacher Education Symposium. Trabzon, Türkiye, September 9 – 11, 2015.
  • Knuth, D. E.. (1985). Algorithmic Thinking and Mathematical Thinking. The American Mathematical Monthly, 92(3), 170–181. http://doi.org/10.2307/2322871
  • Kuenzi, J. J. (2008). Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: Background, federal policy, and legislative action. Congressional Research Servies Reports, Paper 35, CRS-1- CRS-3. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/crsdocs/35/
  • Kwona, S., Namb, D. & Lee, T. (2011). The Effects of Convergence Education based STEAM on Elementary School Students’ Creative Personality. T. Hirashima et al. (Eds.) (2011). Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computers in Education. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education.
  • Lee, Kyung-Hwa (2005). The relationship between creative thinking ability and creative personality of preschoolers. International Education Journal, 6(2), 194-199.
  • Lu, J. J. & Fletcher, G. H. L. (2009). Thinking about computational thinking ACM SIGCSE Bulletin - SIGCSE '09 Volume 41 Issue 1, March 2009 Pages 260-264.
  • Martinsen, Q. L. (2011) The Creative Personality: A Synthesis and Development of the Creative Person Profile, Creativity Research Journal, 23:3, 185-202, DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2011.595656
  • Moye, J. (2011). Putting core academics into context, CTE courses provide an excellent platform for students to learn the relevance of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) as well as literature, arts, and social studies. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/EJ926077.pdf
  • Namje Park. (2014). The Development of STEAM Career Education Program using Virtual Reality Technology. Life Sci J 2014;11(7):676-679] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com
  • National Science Board. (2007). National action plan for addressing the critical needs of the U.S. science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education system (NSB-07-114). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Oh, J., Lee, J. & Kim, J. (2013). Development and Application of STEAM Based Education Program Using Scratch: Focus on 6th Graders’ Science in Elementary School. J. J. (Jong Hyuk) Park et al. (eds.), Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 240, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6738-6_60, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
  • Park, S. Y., Song K. S., & Kim, S. H., (2015). Cognitive Load Changes in Pre-Service Teachers with Computational Thinking Education. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications Vol. 9, No. 10, s. 169-178
  • Park, N., & Ko, Y. (2012). Computer Education‘s Teaching-Learning Methods Using Educational Programming Language Based on STEAM Education, In: Park, J., Zomaya, A., Yeo, S., et al (eds.), 2012; vol. 7513:320-327.
  • Papanikolaou, K. (2010). Introducing robotics to teachers and schools: Experiences from the terecop project. Constructivism: Paris. Retrieved from http://hermes.di.uoa.gr/frangou/papers/eurologo%202010.pdf Peter J. Denning (2009). The profession of It beyond computational thinking. Communications Of The Acm, 52(6). DOI:10.1145/1516046.1516054
  • President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2010). Report to the presıdent prepare and inspıre: k-12 educatıon in scıence, technology, engıneerıng, and math (stem) for America’s future. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stem-ed-final.pdf (Erişim:20 Mayıs, 2016)
  • Rabalais, M. E. (2014). STEAM: A National Study of the Integration of the Arts into STEM Instruction and its Impact on Student Achievement. A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Louisiana Lafayette In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education
  • Resnick, M. & Silverman, B. (2005). "Some reflections on designing construction kits for kids", Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '05), pp. 117–122, DOI: 10.1145/1109540.1109556.
  • Rotherham, A. J. & Willingham, D. T. (2010). 21st-Century Skills, Not New, but Worthy Challenge. American Educator, Spring 2010, 17-20.
  • Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657–687.
  • Sadler, T. D. (2004). Informal reasoning regarding socioscientific issues: A critical review of research. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 41(5), 513-536.
  • Selby, E. C., Shaw, E. J. & Houtz, J. C. (2005) The creative personality. Gifted Child Quarterly, 49(4), 300 – 314.
  • Shuchi Grover and Roy Pea (2013). Computational Thinking in K–12: A Review of the State of the Field. Educational Researcher, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 38–43 DOI: 10.3102/0013189X12463051
  • SoonBeom Kwona , Dongsoo Namb & TaeWuk Leec. (2011). The Effects of Convergence Education based STEAM on Elementary School Students’ Creative Personality. T. Hirashima et al. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computers in Education. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education
  • Thomasian, J. (2011). Building a science, technology, engineering, and math education agenda: An update of state actions. Washington, DC: National Governors Association (NGA), Center for Best Practices. Retrieved from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/1112STEMGUIDE.PDF
  • Walker, A. K. & Zeidler, L. D. (2007). Promoting discourse about socioscientific issues through scaffolded inquiry. International Journal Of Science Education, 29(11), 1387-1410.
  • Weintrop, D., Beheshti, E., Horn, M.S., Orton, K., Jona, K., Trouille, L., & Wilensky, U. (2014). Defining Computational Thinking for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA 2014), Philadelphia, USA. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/2014/CT-STEM_AERA_2014.pdf
  • Wing, J. M. (2008). Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 366, 3717–3725 Wing, J. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33–36
  • Yadav, A., Zhou, N., Mayfield, C., Hambrusch, S. E. & Korb, J. T. (2011). Introducing Computational Thinking in Education. Proceeding SIGCSE '11 Proceedings Of The 42nd ACM Technical Symposium On Computer Science Education. 465 – 470
  • Yakman, G, (2008). STΣ@M Education: an overview of creating a model of integrative education. Pupils Attitudes Towards Technology. 2008 Annual Proceedings. Netherlands.
  • Yakman, G. & Hyonyong, L. (2012). Exploring the Exemplary STEAM Education in the U.S. as a Practical Educational Framework for Korea. J Korea Assoc. Sci. Edu, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1072-1086.
  • Yamak, H., Bulut, N ve Dündar, S. (2014) 5. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Bilimsel Süreç Becerileri ile Fene Karşı Tutumlarına FeTeMM Etkinliklerinin Etkisi. GEFAD, 34(2): 249-265
  • Zeidler, D.L., Sadler, T.L., Simmons, M.L., & Howes, E. V. (2005). Beyond STS: A research based framework for socioscientific issues education. Science Education, 89(3), 357-377
  • Zeidler, D. L. & Keefer, M. (2003). The role of moral reasoning and the status of socioscientific issues in science education: Philosophical, psychological and pedagogical considerations. In D. L. Zeidler (Ed.), The role of moral reasoning on socioscientific issues and discourse in science education. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Press.

Fen Eğitiminde Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme ve Bütünleştirilmiş Alanlar Yaklaşımı (STEAM)

Year 2017, Volume: 41 Issue: 41, 91 - 103, 01.01.2017

Kaan Batı İlke Çalışkan M.İkbal Yetişir

Abstract

Bu makale kapsamında,
öncelikli olarak Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme (computational thinking) Becerisi ele
alınmış ve bu beceriyi temel noktalarından biri olarak ele alan STEM yaklaşımı
ve bu yaklaşıma getirilen eleştirilerden doğan STEAM
(Fen-Teknoloji-Mühendislik-Sanat-Matematik) yaklaşımı üzerinde durularak farklı
ülkelerdeki eğitimcilerin bakış açıları incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Makalenin
sonunda ülkemizde ve dünyadaki alan yazın incelemelerinden hareketle fen
eğitiminde STEAM ve Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme’ye ilişkin gelecek araştırmalara ve
uygulayıcılara öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

fen eğitimi bilgi-işlemsel düşünme STEM

References

  • Adıgüzel, T., Ayar, M. C., Corlu, M. S., & Özel, S. (2012). Fen, teknoloji, mühendislik ve matematik (FeTeMM) eğitimi: Disiplinlerarası çalışmalar ve etkilişimler [STEM education in the Turkish context: Interdisciplinary investigations and interactions]. Paper presented at the X. Ulusal Fen Bilimleri ve Matematik Eğitimi Kongresi, Niğde, Turkey. (http://fetemm.tstem.com/home/sunumveyazilar/yazi1 Erişim Tarihi: 24.03.2016:)
  • Ananiadou, K. & M. Claro (2009), "21st Century Skills and Competences for New Millennium Learners in OECD Countries", OECD Education Working Papers, No. 41, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/218525261154
  • Armknecht, M. P. (2015). Case Study on the Efficacy of an Elementary STEAM Laboratory School. A Dissertation submitted to the Education Faculty of Lindenwood University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education School of Education.
  • Barr, V. & Stephenson, C. (2011). Bringing Computational Thinking to K-12: What is Involved and What is the Role of the Computer Science Education Community? ACM Inroads, 2(1), 48-54.
  • Barr, D., Harrison, J. & Conery, L. (2011). Computational Thinking: A Digital Age Skill for Everyone. Learning & Leading with Technology, 38(6), 20-23.
  • Brown, B. H. & Martinez, D. (2012). Engaging Diverse Learners Through the Provision of STEM Education Opportunities. Southeast Comprehensive Center, Breafing Paper. http://secc.sedl.org/resources/briefs/diverse_learners_STEM/Diverse_Learners_through_STEM.pdf
  • Corlu, M. S., Capraro, R. M. & Capraro, M. M. (2014). FeTeMM Eğitimi ve Alan Öğretmeni Eğitimine Yansımaları. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39(171), 74-85.
  • David A. Sousa & Tom Pilecki (2013). From STEM to STEAM: Using Brain-Compatible Strategies to Integrate the Art. Corwin Press.
  • European Parlament Communities (2015). Encouraging STEM studies Labour Market Situation and Comparison of Practices Targeted at Young People in Different Member States. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/542199/IPOL_STU(2015)542199_EN.pdf
  • Frykholm, J. A., & Glasson, G. E. (2005). Connecting mathematics and science instruction: Pedagogical content knowledge for teachers. School Science and Mathematics, 105, 127-141.
  • Gonzalez, H. & Kuenzi, J. (2012). Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: A primer. Congressional Research Service, August, 2012.
  • Henriksen, Danah (2014) "Full STEAM Ahead: Creativity in Excellent STEM Teaching Practices,"The STEAM Journal: 1(2), 1-7. DOI: 10.5642/steam.20140102.15
  • Jin, Y., Chong, L. M. & Cho, H. K. (2012). Designing a Robotics-Enhanced Learning Content for STEAM Education2012 9th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI) Daejeon, Korea / November 26-29, 2012
  • Kalelioğlu, F., & Gülbahar, Y. (2015). Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme Nedir ve Nasıl Öğretilir?, 3th International Instructional Technology and Teacher Education Symposium. Trabzon, Türkiye, September 9 – 11, 2015.
  • Knuth, D. E.. (1985). Algorithmic Thinking and Mathematical Thinking. The American Mathematical Monthly, 92(3), 170–181. http://doi.org/10.2307/2322871
  • Kuenzi, J. J. (2008). Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: Background, federal policy, and legislative action. Congressional Research Servies Reports, Paper 35, CRS-1- CRS-3. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/crsdocs/35/
  • Kwona, S., Namb, D. & Lee, T. (2011). The Effects of Convergence Education based STEAM on Elementary School Students’ Creative Personality. T. Hirashima et al. (Eds.) (2011). Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computers in Education. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education.
  • Lee, Kyung-Hwa (2005). The relationship between creative thinking ability and creative personality of preschoolers. International Education Journal, 6(2), 194-199.
  • Lu, J. J. & Fletcher, G. H. L. (2009). Thinking about computational thinking ACM SIGCSE Bulletin - SIGCSE '09 Volume 41 Issue 1, March 2009 Pages 260-264.
  • Martinsen, Q. L. (2011) The Creative Personality: A Synthesis and Development of the Creative Person Profile, Creativity Research Journal, 23:3, 185-202, DOI: 10.1080/10400419.2011.595656
  • Moye, J. (2011). Putting core academics into context, CTE courses provide an excellent platform for students to learn the relevance of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) as well as literature, arts, and social studies. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/EJ926077.pdf
  • Namje Park. (2014). The Development of STEAM Career Education Program using Virtual Reality Technology. Life Sci J 2014;11(7):676-679] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com
  • National Science Board. (2007). National action plan for addressing the critical needs of the U.S. science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education system (NSB-07-114). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Oh, J., Lee, J. & Kim, J. (2013). Development and Application of STEAM Based Education Program Using Scratch: Focus on 6th Graders’ Science in Elementary School. J. J. (Jong Hyuk) Park et al. (eds.), Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 240, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6738-6_60, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
  • Park, S. Y., Song K. S., & Kim, S. H., (2015). Cognitive Load Changes in Pre-Service Teachers with Computational Thinking Education. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications Vol. 9, No. 10, s. 169-178
  • Park, N., & Ko, Y. (2012). Computer Education‘s Teaching-Learning Methods Using Educational Programming Language Based on STEAM Education, In: Park, J., Zomaya, A., Yeo, S., et al (eds.), 2012; vol. 7513:320-327.
  • Papanikolaou, K. (2010). Introducing robotics to teachers and schools: Experiences from the terecop project. Constructivism: Paris. Retrieved from http://hermes.di.uoa.gr/frangou/papers/eurologo%202010.pdf Peter J. Denning (2009). The profession of It beyond computational thinking. Communications Of The Acm, 52(6). DOI:10.1145/1516046.1516054
  • President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (2010). Report to the presıdent prepare and inspıre: k-12 educatıon in scıence, technology, engıneerıng, and math (stem) for America’s future. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-stem-ed-final.pdf (Erişim:20 Mayıs, 2016)
  • Rabalais, M. E. (2014). STEAM: A National Study of the Integration of the Arts into STEM Instruction and its Impact on Student Achievement. A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Louisiana Lafayette In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education
  • Resnick, M. & Silverman, B. (2005). "Some reflections on designing construction kits for kids", Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC '05), pp. 117–122, DOI: 10.1145/1109540.1109556.
  • Rotherham, A. J. & Willingham, D. T. (2010). 21st-Century Skills, Not New, but Worthy Challenge. American Educator, Spring 2010, 17-20.
  • Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657–687.
  • Sadler, T. D. (2004). Informal reasoning regarding socioscientific issues: A critical review of research. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 41(5), 513-536.
  • Selby, E. C., Shaw, E. J. & Houtz, J. C. (2005) The creative personality. Gifted Child Quarterly, 49(4), 300 – 314.
  • Shuchi Grover and Roy Pea (2013). Computational Thinking in K–12: A Review of the State of the Field. Educational Researcher, Vol. 42 No. 1, pp. 38–43 DOI: 10.3102/0013189X12463051
  • SoonBeom Kwona , Dongsoo Namb & TaeWuk Leec. (2011). The Effects of Convergence Education based STEAM on Elementary School Students’ Creative Personality. T. Hirashima et al. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computers in Education. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in Education
  • Thomasian, J. (2011). Building a science, technology, engineering, and math education agenda: An update of state actions. Washington, DC: National Governors Association (NGA), Center for Best Practices. Retrieved from http://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/1112STEMGUIDE.PDF
  • Walker, A. K. & Zeidler, L. D. (2007). Promoting discourse about socioscientific issues through scaffolded inquiry. International Journal Of Science Education, 29(11), 1387-1410.
  • Weintrop, D., Beheshti, E., Horn, M.S., Orton, K., Jona, K., Trouille, L., & Wilensky, U. (2014). Defining Computational Thinking for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA 2014), Philadelphia, USA. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/2014/CT-STEM_AERA_2014.pdf
  • Wing, J. M. (2008). Computational thinking and thinking about computing. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 366, 3717–3725 Wing, J. (2006). Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 33–36
  • Yadav, A., Zhou, N., Mayfield, C., Hambrusch, S. E. & Korb, J. T. (2011). Introducing Computational Thinking in Education. Proceeding SIGCSE '11 Proceedings Of The 42nd ACM Technical Symposium On Computer Science Education. 465 – 470
  • Yakman, G, (2008). STΣ@M Education: an overview of creating a model of integrative education. Pupils Attitudes Towards Technology. 2008 Annual Proceedings. Netherlands.
  • Yakman, G. & Hyonyong, L. (2012). Exploring the Exemplary STEAM Education in the U.S. as a Practical Educational Framework for Korea. J Korea Assoc. Sci. Edu, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1072-1086.
  • Yamak, H., Bulut, N ve Dündar, S. (2014) 5. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Bilimsel Süreç Becerileri ile Fene Karşı Tutumlarına FeTeMM Etkinliklerinin Etkisi. GEFAD, 34(2): 249-265
  • Zeidler, D.L., Sadler, T.L., Simmons, M.L., & Howes, E. V. (2005). Beyond STS: A research based framework for socioscientific issues education. Science Education, 89(3), 357-377
  • Zeidler, D. L. & Keefer, M. (2003). The role of moral reasoning and the status of socioscientific issues in science education: Philosophical, psychological and pedagogical considerations. In D. L. Zeidler (Ed.), The role of moral reasoning on socioscientific issues and discourse in science education. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Press.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kaan Batı

İlke Çalışkan

M.İkbal Yetişir

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Submission Date July 18, 2016
Acceptance Date October 27, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 41 Issue: 41

Cite

APA Batı, K., Çalışkan, İ., & Yetişir, M. (2017). Fen Eğitiminde Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme ve Bütünleştirilmiş Alanlar Yaklaşımı (STEAM). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(41), 91-103.
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