Güney Kore’de Refah Devletinin Tarihsel Gelişimi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 99 - 114, 29.06.2022

Semih Ergelen

https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1135357

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı 1960’lı yılların başından günümüze Güney Kore’de refah devletinin tarihsel gelişimini incelemektedir. Refah devleti genel olarak Avrupa’ya özgü bir kavram olarak tanımlanmasına rağmen, Asya’daki ülkeler de Batı ülkelerinden farklı ve kendine özgü özellikleri olan refah devleti modelleri geliştirmişlerdir. Asya ülkelerindeki refah devletlerinin, Batı’daki refah devletlerinden farklılıkları, bu ülkelerin tarihsel, siyasal ve toplumsal yapılarına yerleşiktir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın ilk kısmında refah devleti kavramı ve Avrupa’da refah devletine yönelik sunulan refah devleti ideal tipleri kısaca incelenmektedir. Bu kısımdan sonra, Asya’daki geç sanayileşen ülkelere özgü bir refah devleti modeli olan kalkınmacı refah devletinin özellikleri açıklanmaktadır. Üçüncü kısımda, 1960’lı yıllardan demokratikleşme dönemine kadar olan dönemde, Güney Kore’de sosyal refah politikalarının temelleri incelenmektedir. Dördüncü kısımda, demokratikleşmenin Güney Kore’de refah devletini nasıl dönüştürdüğüne odaklanılmıştır. Beşinci kısımda ise, Güney Kore’de refah devletinin günümüzdeki durumu, güncel gelişmeler doğrultusunda tartışılmaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde, refah devleti, sosyal refah ve demokrasi gibi Batı toplumlarında ortaya çıkan kavramların ve olguların, Güney Kore’nin kendine özgü tarihsel, siyasal ve toplumsal bağlamına göre yorumlanması gerektiğine yönelik bazı çıkarımlar yapılmaktadır.

Keywords

Güney Kore, refah devleti, sosyal refah

References

• Behling, F. (2018). Welfare Beyond The Welfare State: The Employment Relationship in Britain and Germany. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Beland, D., Morgan, K. J., Obinger, H. ve Pierson, C. (2021). Introduction. The Oxford Handbook of The Welfare State. (Editörler: Daniel Beland, Kimberly J. Morgan, Herbert Obinger, Christopher Pierson). New York: Oxford University Press. 1-19.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Esping-Andersen, G. (2002). Towards the Good Society, Once Again? Why we Need a New Welfare State. (Editörler: Gosta Esping-Andersen, Duncan Gallie, Anton Hemerijck, John Myles). New York: Oxford University Press. 1-25.
• Fleckenstein, T. ve Lee, S.C. (2017). Democratization, Post-Industrialization, and East Asian Welfare Capitalism: the Politics of Welfare State Reform in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy. 33(1). 36-54.
• Holliday, I. ve Wilding, P. (2003). Conclusion. Welfare Capitalism in East Asia: Social Policy in the Tiger Economies. (Editörler: Ian Holliday, Paul Wilding). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 161-182.
• Jeon, B., Noguchi, H., Kwon, S., Ito, T. ve Tamiya, N. (2017). Disability, Poverty, and Role of the Basic Livelihood Security System on Health Services Utilization Among the Elderly in South Korea. Social Science and Medicine. 178. 175-183.
• Jung, I. Y. (2009). Explaining the Development and Adoption of Social Policy in Korea: The Case of the National Basic Livelihood Security Act. Health and Social Welfare Review. 29(1). 52-81.
• Jung, K. (2020). Public Trust and Transparency in Korea. Routledge Handbook of Korean Politics and Public Administration. (Editörler: Chung-in Moon, M. Jae Moon). New York: Routledge. 371-388.
• Jung, M.K. (2022). More Koreans and Marriage at Older Age: Data. The Korea Herald. [http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220317000684&ace_search].(Erişim: 25 Mart 2022).
• Kessler-Harris, A. (2018). Introduction: The Uneasy Promise of the Welfare State. Democracy and the Welfare State: The Two Wests in the Age of Austerity. (Editörler: Alice Kessler-Harris, Maurizio Vaudanga). New York: Columbia University Press. 1-25.
• Kim, E.M. (1997). Big Business Strong State: Collusion and Conflict in South Korean Development 1960-1990. New York: State University Press.
• Kim, J. ve Hiesl, C. (2017). The South Korean Welfare State System: With Special Reference to the Future of Social Insurance System. The Routledge International Handbook to Welfare State Systems (Editör: Christian Aspalter). New York: Routledge. 451- 468.
• Kim, Y. (2020). Citizen Participation in Korea. Routledge Handbook of Korean Politics and Public Administration. (Editörler: Chung-in Moon, M. Jae Moon). New York: Routledge. 315-327.
• Kim, Y. S. (2021). A Balanced Understanding of the South Korean Welfare State: Development and Underdevelopment. East Asia Foundation (July 27th). No. 163. 1-5.
• Koo, H. (2011). Labor Policy and Labor Relations during the Park Chung Hee Era. Reassessing The Park Chung Hee Era 1961-1979. (Editörler: Hyung-A.Kim, Clark W. Sorensen). Seattle: University of Washington Press. 122-141.
• Koray, M. (2005). Sosyal Politika. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
• Korea, H. (2017). Moon Jae-in’s Five-Year Road Map Unveiled. [http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170719000825]. (Erişim: 23 Mart 2022).
• Kuhnle, S. ve Sander, A. (2021). The Emergence of the Western Welfare State. The Oxford Handbook of The Welfare State. (Editörler: Daniel Beland, Kimberly J. Morgan, Herbert Obinger, Christopher Pierson). New York: Oxford University Press. 73-92.
• Kwon, H. (1995). The Welfare State in Korea: The Politics of Legitimation. D.Phil. Thesis. University of Oxford.
• Kwon, H. (2002). Welfare Reform and Future Challenges in the Republic of Korea: Beyond the Developmental Welfare State? International Social Security Review. 55. 23-38.
• Lee, W. ve Lee, J. (2004). Will the Model of Uncoordinated Decentralization Persist? Changes in Korean Industrial Relations After the Financial Crisis. The New Structure of Labor Relations: Tripartism and Decentralization. (Editörler: Harry C. Katz, Wonduck Lee, Joohee Lee). New York: Cornell University Press. 143-165.
• Lee, Y. (2020). Politicial Parties. Routledge Handbook of Korean Politics and Public Administration. (Editörler: Chung-in Moon, M. Jae Moon). New York: Routledge. 77-94.
• Manow, P. (2021). Models of the Welfare State. The Oxford Handbook of The Welfare State. (Editörler: Daniel Beland, Kimberly J. Morgan, Herbert Obinger, Christopher Pierson). New York: Oxford University Press. 787-802.
• McCurry, J. (2022). Conservative Candidate Squeaks to Victory in South Korean Election. The Guardian. [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/09/yoon-suk-yeol-elected-president- south-korea]. (Erişim: 29 Mart 2022).
• Nullmeier, F. ve Kaufmann, F. (2021). Post-War Welfare State Development: The ‘Golden Age’. The Oxford Handbook of The Welfare State. (Editörler: Daniel Beland, Kimberly J. Morgan, Herbert Obinger, Christopher Pierson). New York: Oxford University Press. 93-111.
• Ock, H.J. (2016). Candle Revolution: How Candles Led to Park’s Impeachment. The Korea Herald. [http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20161209000458&ace_search=1]. (Erişim: 29 Mart 2022).
• OECD (2019). Society at a Glance 2019: OECD Social Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Quah, J.S.T. (1998). Singapore’s Model of Development: is it Transferable. Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity. (Editör: Henry S. Rowen). London: Routledge. 105-125.
• Shin, D.M. (2003). Social and Economic Policies in Korea: Ideas, Networks and Linkages. London. RoutledgeCurzon.
• Stiglitz, J. (2018). The Welfare State in the Twenty-First Century. The Welfare State Revisited (Editörler: Jose Antonio Ocampo, Joseph E. Stiglitz). New York: Columbia University Press. 3-37.
• Yang, J. J. (2013). Parochial Welfare Politics and the Small Welfare State in South Korea. Comparative Politics. 45(4). 457-475.
• Yang, J.J. (2020a). Introduction: Towards a Political Economy of the Small Welfare State. The Small Welfare State: Rethinking Welfare in the US, Japan and South Korea (Editör: Jae-jin Yang). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. 1-29.
• Yang, J.J. (2020b). Korean Social Welfare Policies. Routledge Handbook of Korean Politics and Public Administration. (Editörler: Chung-in Moon, M. Jae Moon). New York: Routledge. 420-434.
• Yonhap, N.A. (2020). Job Losses Extend into June, Unemployment Rate up at 4.3 pct. [https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200715001352320?section=search]. (Erişim: 25 Mart 2022).
• Yonhap News Agency (2021). Ruling Part, Gov’t Agree on Record budget for 2022 to tackle COVID-19 Crisis. [https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210824002451315?section=search]. (Erişim: 25 Mart 2022).
• Yoon, M.S. (2022). Women’s Groups Urge President-Elect to Scrap Anti-Feminist Pledges. The Korea Herald. [http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20220311000568]. (Erişim: 23 Mart 2022).
• You, J. S. (2020). Political Process: Elections, Interest Group Politics, and Mass Media. Routledge Handbook of Korean Politics and Public Administration. (Editörler: Chung-in Moon, M. Jae Moon). New York: Routledge. 59-76.