Research Article
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DİSTOPİK BİLİMKURGULARDA EKOELEŞTİREL PERSPEKTİFTEN “ÖTEKİ”: OKJA FİLMİNDE “İNSAN-DIŞI” VE “ÇOCUK” TEMSİLLERİ

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 362 - 375, 28.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.37999/udekad.1630571

Abstract

Ekoeleştiri, odak noktasını kültürel tarihleri boyunca insan ve öteki arasındaki ilişkiye yönlendirir. Bu araştırma, ekoeleştirel bir bakış açısıyla, distopik bir bilimkurgu filmi olan Okja (2017)’da “öteki” olarak konumlandırdığımız insan dışı varlığın “çocuk” ile benzer temsiller sergilediğini savunmaktadır. Bu benzerliğin ardında yatan kültürel kodları ve anlamları araştırmaktadır. Bu anlamları ekoeleştirel bir zeminde temalandırarak tüketim ilişkilerine, doğa ve insan üzerindeki kültürel algılara, insanmerkezci dilin oluşumuna, çocuğun ve çocukluğun ekolojik krizdeki konumuna değinmektedir. Analizler; Okja (2017) filminde; insanmerkezci düşüncenin etkisiyle insan-dışının insana hizmet etmesi gereken bir kaynak olarak konumlandırıldığını, “organik” temalı reklamların arkasında küreselleşmeyle ivme kazanan bir tüketme arzusunun yattığını, insanın bu düşünceler etrafında söylemi şekillendirdiğini ve kendisi dışındakini “mülk” olarak görmeyi kolaylaştıran dili ürettiğini, “öteki”ne bakışımızın öğrenilmiş kültürel kodlarla üretilmiş olduğunu, yetişkin insanın dışında kalan çocuğun insan-dışı ile farklı noktalarda “öteki”ne dönüşerek doğa ile birlik sergilediğini göstermektedir. Nihayetinde ekoloji temalı distopik bilimkurguların bu tespitlerin kanıtlarını yansıtmak için önemli kaynaklar olduğunu ileri süren çalışmanın sonuçları, bu filmlerin izleyici araştırmaları ve eğitimde kullanımı için önemli olabileceğinin altını çizmektedir. Bu doğrultuda yetişkinler tarafından “insan-dışı” gibi bir tüketim nesnesi haline getirilmeye çalışılan “çocuk” adına yetişkin okurlara ve izleyicilere bazı pedagojik önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Ağın-Dönmez, B. (2012). Ekoeleştiri ve hayvan çalışmaları: Avatar, Madagaskar ve Madagaskar 2: Afrika’ya kaçış filmlerinde doğa ve insan temsili. İçinde, S. Oppermann (Ed.), Ekoeleştiri: Çevre ve Edebiyat (ss. 273-322). Phoenix.
  • Atasoy, E. (2021). Dys/utopian narratives on the screen: Beyond the binaries in Children of Men and Lobster Link opens in a new window. In T. Fisiak & K. Ostalska (Ed.), The Postworld In-Between Utopia and Dystopia: Intersectional, Feminist, and Non-Binary Approaches in 21st Century Speculative Literature and Culture (pp.221-231). Routledge.
  • Atasoy, E. & Kayışçı-Akkoyun, B. (2022). Distopik yazında umudun yolculuğu. Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, 11-27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7221182
  • Baccolini, R. (2000). Gender and genre in the feminist critical dystopias of Katharine Burdekin, Margaret Atwood and Octavia Butler. In M. Barr (Ed.), Future Females, The Next Generation: New Voices and Velocities in Feminist Science Fiction Criticism (pp. 13-34). Rowman.
  • Baishya, A. R. & Priya, K. (2022). Ends of worlds or the continuation of the planet? Postcolonial theory, the Anthropocene, and the nonhuman. Postcolonial Studies, 25 (3), 305-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2022.2071724
  • Barton, R. (2016). Dystopia and the Promethean nightmare. In L. M. Demerjia (Ed.), The Age of Dystopia: One Genre, Our Fears and Our Future (pp. 5-18). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Buell, F. (2004). From apocalypse to way of life: environmental crisis in the American century. Routledge.
  • Bone, J. (2016). Environmental dystopias: Margaret Atwood and The Monstrous Child. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 37 (5), 627-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2015.1075701
  • Brereton, P. (2005). Hollywood utopia: ecology in contemporary American cinema. Intellect Books.
  • Culloty, E. & Brereton, P. (2017). Eco-film and the audience: making ecological sense of national cultural narratives. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 16 (3), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2017.1322011
  • Eagleton, T., Jameson, F., & Said, E. (2001). Nationalism, colonialism, and literature. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Garrard, G (2016). Ekoeleştiri: Ekoloji ve çevre üzerine tartışmalar. (E. Genç, Çev.). Kollektif Kitap.
  • Griffin, D. (2018). Visualizing eco-dystopia. Design and Culture, 10 (3), 271-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2018.1514573
  • Giroux, H. (2001). Breaking into the movies: pedagogy and the politics of film. Journal Of Advanced Composition, 21 (3), 583-598.
  • Hughes, R. & Wheeler, P. (2013). Introduction: eco-dystopias–nature and the dystopian imagination. Critical Survey, 25 (2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3167/cs.2013.250201
  • Joon Ho, B. (Yönetmen). (2017). Okja [Film]. Netflix.
  • Łowczanin, A. (2021). Environmental dys/utopian short stories in Olga Tokarczuk’s Opowiadania Bizarne. In K. Ostalska & T. Fisiak (Ed.), The Postworld In-Between Utopia and Dystopia: Intersectional, Feminist, And Non-Binary Approaches in 21st-Century Speculative Literature and Culture (pp. 45-60). Routledge.
  • Moylan, T. (2018). Scraps of the untainted sky: science fiction, utopia, dystopia. Routledge.
  • Murray, R. L. & Heumann, J. K. (2009). WALL-E: From environmental adaptation to sentimental nostalgia. Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media, 51, 1-13.
  • Murray, R. L. & Heumann, J. K. (2009). Ecology and popular film: Cinema on the edge. State University of New York Press.
  • Norledge, J. (2023). The language of dystopia. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Olivier, B. (2010). AVATAR: Ecopolitics, technology, science, art, and myth. South African Journal of Art History, 25 (3), 1-16.
  • Rosenfeld, A. S. (2020). Character and dystopia: The Last Men. Routledge.
  • Sarikaya-Şen, M. (2023). From utopia to an eco-feminist critical dystopia: Diane Cook’s The New Wilderness. Women: A Cultural Review, 34 (1-2), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2023.2184985.
  • Sentov, A. (2021). So obvious and so unthinkable: Eco-dystopia in Margaret Atwood's Maddaddam trilogy. Civitas, 11 (2), 140-172. https://doi.org/10.5937/civitas2102140s
  • Soper, K. (1995). What is nature?: Culture, politics, and the non-human. Blackwell.
  • Wagner, K. B. (2023). Global cinema in an era of deglobalization: Trans-territorial compulsions and the plenipotentiary potential of human activities in Cloud Atlas and Okja. Globalizations, 20 (7). 1014-1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2171624

THE "OTHER" FROM AN ECOCRITICAL PERSPECTIVE IN DYSTOPIAN SCIENCE FICTION: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE "NON-HUMAN" AND THE "CHILD" IN OKJA

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 362 - 375, 28.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.37999/udekad.1630571

Abstract

Ecocriticism focuses on the relationship between humans and the "other" throughout cultural histories. This study argues, from an ecocritical perspective, that the non-human entity positioned as the "other" in the dystopian science fiction film Okja (2017) exhibits similar representations to those of a "child." It explores the cultural codes and meanings underlying this similarity. By thematizing these meanings on an ecocritical basis, it addresses consumption relationships, cultural perceptions of nature and humanity, the formation of anthropocentric language, and the position of the child and childhood in the ecological crisis. The analyses demonstrate that in Okja (2017): non-human entities are positioned as resources meant to serve humans under the influence of anthropocentric thought; the seemingly "organic" themed advertisements conceal a desire for consumption fueled by globalization; human discourse is shaped around these notions, producing language that facilitates perceiving the "other" as "property"; and our perspective of the "other" is constructed through learned cultural codes. Additionally, the study reveals that the child, as someone outside the category of adult humans, aligns with non-human entities as "others" in various ways, exhibiting unity with nature. Ultimately, this study asserts that ecology-themed dystopian science fiction films serve as significant resources for reflecting evidence of these findings. It highlights the potential value of such films for audience studies and educational purposes. In this context, the study offers several pedagogical suggestions to adult readers and viewers on behalf of the "child," who, like the non-human, is often reduced to an object of consumption by adults.

References

  • Ağın-Dönmez, B. (2012). Ekoeleştiri ve hayvan çalışmaları: Avatar, Madagaskar ve Madagaskar 2: Afrika’ya kaçış filmlerinde doğa ve insan temsili. İçinde, S. Oppermann (Ed.), Ekoeleştiri: Çevre ve Edebiyat (ss. 273-322). Phoenix.
  • Atasoy, E. (2021). Dys/utopian narratives on the screen: Beyond the binaries in Children of Men and Lobster Link opens in a new window. In T. Fisiak & K. Ostalska (Ed.), The Postworld In-Between Utopia and Dystopia: Intersectional, Feminist, and Non-Binary Approaches in 21st Century Speculative Literature and Culture (pp.221-231). Routledge.
  • Atasoy, E. & Kayışçı-Akkoyun, B. (2022). Distopik yazında umudun yolculuğu. Nesir: Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, 11-27. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7221182
  • Baccolini, R. (2000). Gender and genre in the feminist critical dystopias of Katharine Burdekin, Margaret Atwood and Octavia Butler. In M. Barr (Ed.), Future Females, The Next Generation: New Voices and Velocities in Feminist Science Fiction Criticism (pp. 13-34). Rowman.
  • Baishya, A. R. & Priya, K. (2022). Ends of worlds or the continuation of the planet? Postcolonial theory, the Anthropocene, and the nonhuman. Postcolonial Studies, 25 (3), 305-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2022.2071724
  • Barton, R. (2016). Dystopia and the Promethean nightmare. In L. M. Demerjia (Ed.), The Age of Dystopia: One Genre, Our Fears and Our Future (pp. 5-18). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Buell, F. (2004). From apocalypse to way of life: environmental crisis in the American century. Routledge.
  • Bone, J. (2016). Environmental dystopias: Margaret Atwood and The Monstrous Child. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 37 (5), 627-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2015.1075701
  • Brereton, P. (2005). Hollywood utopia: ecology in contemporary American cinema. Intellect Books.
  • Culloty, E. & Brereton, P. (2017). Eco-film and the audience: making ecological sense of national cultural narratives. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 16 (3), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2017.1322011
  • Eagleton, T., Jameson, F., & Said, E. (2001). Nationalism, colonialism, and literature. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Garrard, G (2016). Ekoeleştiri: Ekoloji ve çevre üzerine tartışmalar. (E. Genç, Çev.). Kollektif Kitap.
  • Griffin, D. (2018). Visualizing eco-dystopia. Design and Culture, 10 (3), 271-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2018.1514573
  • Giroux, H. (2001). Breaking into the movies: pedagogy and the politics of film. Journal Of Advanced Composition, 21 (3), 583-598.
  • Hughes, R. & Wheeler, P. (2013). Introduction: eco-dystopias–nature and the dystopian imagination. Critical Survey, 25 (2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3167/cs.2013.250201
  • Joon Ho, B. (Yönetmen). (2017). Okja [Film]. Netflix.
  • Łowczanin, A. (2021). Environmental dys/utopian short stories in Olga Tokarczuk’s Opowiadania Bizarne. In K. Ostalska & T. Fisiak (Ed.), The Postworld In-Between Utopia and Dystopia: Intersectional, Feminist, And Non-Binary Approaches in 21st-Century Speculative Literature and Culture (pp. 45-60). Routledge.
  • Moylan, T. (2018). Scraps of the untainted sky: science fiction, utopia, dystopia. Routledge.
  • Murray, R. L. & Heumann, J. K. (2009). WALL-E: From environmental adaptation to sentimental nostalgia. Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media, 51, 1-13.
  • Murray, R. L. & Heumann, J. K. (2009). Ecology and popular film: Cinema on the edge. State University of New York Press.
  • Norledge, J. (2023). The language of dystopia. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Olivier, B. (2010). AVATAR: Ecopolitics, technology, science, art, and myth. South African Journal of Art History, 25 (3), 1-16.
  • Rosenfeld, A. S. (2020). Character and dystopia: The Last Men. Routledge.
  • Sarikaya-Şen, M. (2023). From utopia to an eco-feminist critical dystopia: Diane Cook’s The New Wilderness. Women: A Cultural Review, 34 (1-2), 82-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2023.2184985.
  • Sentov, A. (2021). So obvious and so unthinkable: Eco-dystopia in Margaret Atwood's Maddaddam trilogy. Civitas, 11 (2), 140-172. https://doi.org/10.5937/civitas2102140s
  • Soper, K. (1995). What is nature?: Culture, politics, and the non-human. Blackwell.
  • Wagner, K. B. (2023). Global cinema in an era of deglobalization: Trans-territorial compulsions and the plenipotentiary potential of human activities in Cloud Atlas and Okja. Globalizations, 20 (7). 1014-1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2171624
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Children's Literature, Ecocriticism
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emine Ulu 0000-0002-6836-5589

Early Pub Date March 27, 2025
Publication Date March 28, 2025
Submission Date January 31, 2025
Acceptance Date March 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ulu, E. (2025). DİSTOPİK BİLİMKURGULARDA EKOELEŞTİREL PERSPEKTİFTEN “ÖTEKİ”: OKJA FİLMİNDE “İNSAN-DIŞI” VE “ÇOCUK” TEMSİLLERİ. Uluslararası Dil Edebiyat Ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 362-375. https://doi.org/10.37999/udekad.1630571

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