Basic Needs, Loneliness and Life Satisfaction As Predictors of Boredom Among University Students

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 49 Sayı: 2, 600 - 627, 28.10.2020

Alper Karababa , Aslı Taylı

Öz

This study examined the role of basic needs, loneliness and life satisfaction on boredom among university studentsand differences between the average of students' boredom scores by gender. Research was designed in a correlational survey model. The sample group consisted of 613 (393 female, 220 male) university students who studied in the second semester of the 2017-2018 academic year of Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and independent samples t-test was used for data analyses. According to the findings, it was determined that the need for power and fun, life satisfaction and loneliness significantly predicts boredom while the need for survival, love & belonging and freedom didn’t predict boredom. Finally, male’s boredom averages were found significantly higher than those of female’s. The results gave researchers, practitioners and theorists a new perspective on boredom. It was seen that basic needs, loneliness and life satisfaction played an important role in boredom. Therefore, efforts should be made to meet the basic needs of university students, especially entertainment and power needs, to increase their life satisfaction and to reduce their loneliness in intervention studies to prevent boredom. In this regard, suggestions have been made for practitioners and researchers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Boredom, Basic needs, Loneliness, Life satisfaction

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Can Sıkıntısının Yordayıcıları Olarak Temel İhtiyaçlar, Yalnızlık ve Yaşam Doyumu

Öz

Bu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinde temel ihtiyaçlar, yalnızlık ve yaşam doyumunun can sıkıntısı üzerindeki yordayıcı rolleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, cinsiyete göre öğrencilerin can sıkıntısı düzeyleri arasındaki farklar araştırılmıştır. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama deseninde tasarlanmıştır. Örneklem grubu Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi’nin 2017-2018 Eğitim-Öğretim yılının ikinci döneminde öğrenim gören 613 (393 kadın, 220 erkek) üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Temel ihtiyaçlar, yalnızlık ve yaşam doyumunun can sıkıntısını yordayıp yordamadığı çoklu doğrusal regresyon analiziyle, öğrencilerin can sıkıntısı düzeylerinin cinsiyete göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı t-testi yöntemiyle test edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, eğlence ile güç ihtiyacı, yaşam doyumu ve yalnızlığın can sıkıntısını anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı, hayatta kalma, sevgi ve ait olma ve özgürlük ihtiyacının ise can sıkıntısını yordamadığı saptanmıştır. Son olarak, erkeklerin can sıkıntısı düzeylerinin, kadınlarınkinden anlamlı bir şekilde yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, araştırmacılara, uygulayıclara ve teorisyenlere can sıkıntısı hakkında yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmıştır. Temel ihtiyaçların, yalnızlığın ve yaşam doyumunun can sıkıntısı üzerinde önemli bir rolü olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle can sıkıntısını önlemeye yönelik müdahale çalışmalarında üniversite öğrenclerinin temel ihtiyaçlarının özellikle eğlence ve güç ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesi, yaşam doyumlarının arttırılması ve yalnızlıklarının azaltılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yapılmalıdır. Bu bakımdan uygulayıcılara ve araştırmacılara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Can Sıkıntısı, Temel ihtiyaçlar, Yalnızlık, Yaşam doyumu

Kaynakça

• Abramson, E. E.,& Stinson, S. G. (1977). Boredom and eating in obese and non-obese individuals. Addictive behaviors, 2(4), 181-185. doi: 10.1016/0306-4603(77)90015-6
• Acar-Arasan, B. N. (2010). Akademisyenlerde yaşam doyumu iş doyumu ve mesleki tükenmişlik düzeylerinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Uşak Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uşak.
• Akbaba, S. (2006). Eğitimde motivasyon. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (13). 343-361. Erişim adresi http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/ataunikkefd/article/viewFile/1021004106/1021003930
• Arrindell, W. A., Heesink, J., & Feij, J. A. (1999). The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS): Appraisal with 1700 healthy young adults in The Netherlands. Personality and İndividual Differences, 26(5), 815-826. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00180-9
• Ayazlar, R. A. (2015). Flow phenomenon as a tourist experience in paragliding: A qualitative research. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 792-799.
• Bao, X., Pan, W., Shi, M., & Ji, M. (2013). Life satisfaction and mental health in Chinese adults. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(10), 1597-1604. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2013.41.10.1597
• Barnett, L. A.,& Klitzing, S. W. (2006). Boredom in free time: Relationships with personality, affect, and motivation for different gender, racial and ethnic student groups. Leisure Sciences, 28(3), 223-244. doi: 10.1080/01490400600598053
• Ben-Zeev, D., Young, M. A., & Depp, C. A. (2012). Real-time predictors of suicidal ideation: mobile assessment of hospitalized depressed patients. Psychiatry Research, 197(1-2), 55- 59. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.025
• Bernstein, H. E. (1975). Boredom and the ready-made life. Social Research, 42(3) 512-537. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41582847
• Binbaşıoğlu, H., & Tuna, H. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zamanlarına yönelik tutumları: Doğu Anadolu Bölgesindeki MYO öğrencilerine yönelik bir araştırma. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 5(2), 74-93. Erişim adresi dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/ayd/article/view/5000125221 adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Blaszczynski, A., McConaghy, N.& Frankova, A. (1990). Boredom proneness in pathological gambling. Psychological Reports, 67(1), 35-42. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.1.35
• Blunt, A.,& Pychyl, T. A. (1998). Volitional action and inaction in the lives of undergraduate students: State orientation, procrastination and proneness to boredom. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(6), 837-846. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00018-x
• Chin, A., Markey, A., Bhargava, S., Kassam, K. S., & Loewenstein, G. (2017). Bored in the USA: Experience sampling and boredom in everyday life. Emotion, 17(2), 359-368. doi: 10.1037/emo0000232
• Cross, C. P., Copping, L. T., & Campbell, A. (2011). Sex differences in impulsivity: A metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 97-130. doi: 10.1037/a0021591
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal performance. New York: Harper and Row.
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Happiness, flow, and economic equality. American Psychologist, 55(10), 1163-1164. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.10.1163
• Dahlen, E. R., Martin, R. C., Ragan, K., & Kuhlman, M. M. (2004). Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(2), 341-348. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.016
• Deci, E. L.,& Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
• Demirkasımoğlu, N. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinin derste can sıkıntısına ilişkin görüşleri: Öğretmen adayları üzerine bir arastırma. Journal of Higher Education, 7(1), 10-18. doi: 10.2399/yod.17.002
• Deresiewicz, W. (2009). The end of solitude. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 55(21), 6-9. Retrieved from http://lhsblogs.typepad.com/files/the-end-of-solitude.pdf
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
• Doğan, T., Çötok, N. A., & Tekin, E. G. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish Version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2058-2062.doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.053
• Doğan, T., & Eryılmaz, A. (2012). Akademisyenlerde işle ilgili temel ihtiyaç doyumu ve öznel iyi oluş. Ege Academic Review, 12(3), 383-389. Erişim adresi https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/32431140/D5.pdf?AWSAccessKyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expres=1536145743&Signture=fr8peJwcq %2BickwFGQ3O2AhKoxmI%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20f ilename%3DAkademisyenlerde_Isle_Ilgili_Temel_Ihtiy.pdf
• Dursun, P. (2016). On the nature of boredom. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 5(2), 209- 220. doi: 10.13114/MJH.2016.294
• Dursun, P.,& Tezer, E. (2013). Turkish adaptation of the boredom proneness scale short-form. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84(2013), 1550-1554. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.786
• Eastwood, J. D., Cavaliere, C., Fahlman, S. A., & Eastwood, A. E. (2007). A desire for desires: Boredom and its relation to alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 1035-1045. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.027
• Eastwood, J. D., Frischen, A., Fenske, M. J., & Smilek, D. (2012). The unengaged mind: Defining boredom in terms of attention. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5) 482–495. doi:10.1177/1745691612456044
• Ertüzün, E., Uyaroğlu, A. K., Demirel, B., & Kocak, E. (2016). Boş zaman aktivitelerinin madde bağımlılığı sürecindeki rolüne ilişkin nitel bir çalışma. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 49- 58. Erişim adresi http://dergipark.gov.tr/sbd/issue/23929/255151
• Farmer, R.,& Sundberg, N. D. (1986). Boredom proneness--the development and correlates of a new scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50(1), 4-17. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2
• Galanaki, E. P. (2008). Children’s perceptions of loneliness. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 258-280. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Evangelia_Galanaki/publication/242730112_Children%27s_perceptions_of_lonelness/links/02e7e52817ab559038000000/Childrens-perceptions-of-loneliness.pdf
• Glasser, W. (2010). Reality therapy: A new approach the psychiatry. New York: HarperCollins.
• Glasser, W. (2013). Take charge of your life: How to get what you need with choice-theory psychology. Bloomington:iUniverse
• Güçlü, M. (2013). Gençlik döneminde boş zaman faaliyetlerinin yeri ve önemi. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 158-169. Erişim adresi file:///C:/Users/exper0582/Downloads/5000047042-5000064158-1-PB%20(3).pdf
• Harris, M. B. (2000). Correlates and characteristics of boredom proneness and boredom. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(3), 576-598. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02497.x/full
• Hills, P.,& Argyle, M. (1998). Positive moods derived from leisure and their relationship to happiness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(3), 523-535. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00082-8
• Isacescu, J., Struk, A. A., & Danckert, J. (2017). Cognitive and affective predictors of boredom proneness. Cognition and emotion, 31(8), 1741-1748. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1259995
• Iso-Ahola, S. E.,& Crowley, E. D. (1991). Adolescent substance abuse and leisure boredom. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(3), 260-271. doi: 10.1080/00222216.1991.11969857
• Kapıkıran, Ş., & Yağcı, U. (2012). Ergenlerin yalnızlık ve yaşam doyumu: çalgı çalma ve müzik topluluğuna katılmanın aracı ve farklılaştırıcı rolü. İlköğretim Online, 11(3), 738-747. Erişim adresi file:///C:/Users/exper0582/Downloads/5000037859-5000053405-1-PB%20(1).pdf
• Kara, F. M., & Ayverdi, B. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde serbest zamanda sıkılma algısı alkol kullanma nedenlerinin belirleyicisi midir?.Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 23(1), 35-42. Erişim adresi http://dergipark.gov.tr/gbesbd/issue/33514/307576
• Kara, F. M., & Özdedeoğlu, B. (2017). Examination of relationship between leisure boredom and leisure constraints. Sport Sciences, 12(3), 24-36. doi: 10.12739/NWSA.2017.12.3.2B0109
• Koçak-Alan, A., Tümer-Kabadayı, E., & Cavdar, N. (2017). İnsanlar neden online oyunlar oynar? Online oyuncu yenilikçiliğinin rolü. International Journal Of Eurasia Social Sciences, 8(30),2260-2280.
• Lee, F. K., & Zelman, D. C. (2019). Boredom proneness as a predictor of depression, anxiety and stress: The moderating effects of dispositional mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 146, 68-75.
• Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. Europen Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 165–184. doi: 10.1080/13594329608414853
• Lin, C. H., Lin, S. L., & Wu, C. P. (2009). The effects of parental monitoring and leisure boredom on adolescents' internet addiction. Adolescence, 44(176), 993-1004. Retrieved fromfile:///C:/Users/exper0582/Downloads/2009_TheEffectsofParentalMonitoringandLeisureBoredomonInternetAddiction 20(1).pdf
• Martz, M. E., Schulenberg, J. E., Patrick, M. E., & Kloska, D. D. (2018). “I am so bored!”: Prevalence rates and sociodemographic and contextual correlates of high boredom among american adolescents. Youth & Society, 50(5), 688-710. doi: 10.1177/0044118X15626624
• Melton, A. M.,& Schulenberg, S. E. (2007). On the relationship between meaning in life and boredom proneness: Examining a logotherapy postulate. Psychological Reports, 101(3), 1016-1022. doi: 10.2466/pr0.101.4.1016-1022
• Merhi, M. I. (2016). Towards a framework for online game adoption. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 253-263. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.072
• Moynihan, A. B., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. (2017). Boredom increases impulsiveness. Social Psychology, 48 (5), 293-309. doi: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000317
• Nakamura, J.,& Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Flow theory and research. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 195-206). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Newell, S. E., Harries, P., & Ayers, S. (2012). Boredom proneness in a psychiatric inpatient population. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 58(5), 488-495.
• O'Hanlon, J. F. (1981). Boredom: Practical consequences and a theory. Acta Psychologica, 49(1), 53-82. doi: 10.1016/0001-6918(81)90033-0
• Pekrun, R. (1992). The impact of emotions on learning and achievement: Towards a theory of cognitive/motivational mediators. Applied Psychology, 41(4), 359-376. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1992.tb00712.x/full
• Pekrun, R. 2006. “The Control-Value Theory of Academic Emotions: Assumptions, Corollaries and Implications for Educational Practice.” Educational Psychology Review 18 (4): 315–341. doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9.
• Pekrun, R., Goetz, T., Daniels, L. M., Stupnisky, R. H., & Perry, R. P. (2010). Boredom in achievement settings: Exploring control–value antecedents and performance outcomes of a neglected emotion. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 531-549. doi: 10.1037/a0019234
• Pekrun, R., Hall, N. C., Goetz, T., & Perry, R. P. (2014). Boredom and academic achievement: Testing a model of reciprocal causation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(3), 696-710.
• Peplau, L. A.,& Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. loneliness: a sourcebook of current theory. research and therapy, Newyork: Wiley-İnterscience.
• Perkins, R. E.,& Hill, A. B. (1985). Cognitive and affective aspects of boredom. British Journal of Psychology, 76(2), 221-234.
• Rahmani, S.,& Lavasani, M. G. (2011). The relationship between internet dependency with sensation seeking and personality. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 272-277.
• Rask, K., Åstedt‐Kurki, P., & Laippala, P. (2002). Adolescent subjective well‐being and realized values. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38(3), 254-263. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02175
• Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 1097-1108. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b0c6/42a01561c1b1ccae33c9b69d5c2936d08721.pdf
• Rubinstein, C., Shaver, P., & Peplau, L. A. (1979). Loneliness. Human Nature, 2(2), 58-65. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0f98/b9c69bad1c0a56ca27f218998a8 50ee9360b.pdf
• Russel, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K. (1984). Social and emotional loneliness: An examination of Weiss’s typology of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 1313-1321. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.46.6.1313
• Russel, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.39.3.472
• Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
• Seib, H. M.,& Vodanovich, S. J. (1998). Cognitive correlates of boredom proneness: The role of private self-consciousness and absorption. The Journal of Psychology, 132(6), 642-652. doi: 10.1080/00223989809599295
• Sharp, J. G., Sharp, J. C. & Young, E. (2020) Academic boredom, engagement and the achievement of undergraduate students at university: a review and synthesis of relevant literature. Research Papers in Education, 35(2), 144-184, doi: 10.1080/02671522.2018.1536891
• Siyez, D. M. (2014). Lise öğrencilerinde problemli internet kullanımının yordayıcıları olarak heyecan arama ve cinsiyet. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 1(1), 63-97. doi: 10.15805/addicta.2014.1.1.006
• Sluea, C., Van Beek, I., Sarbescu, P., Virga, D., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2015). Engagement, boredom, and burnout among students: Basic need satisfaction matters more than personality traits. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 132-138. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.018
• Sommers, J.,& Vodanovich, S. J. (2000). Boredom proneness: Its relationship to psychologicaland physical-health symptoms. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 149-155. doi: 1097-4679(200001)56:1<149::aid-jclp14>3.0.co;2-y
• Strine, T. W., Chapman, D. P., Balluz, L. S., Moriarty, D. G., & Mokdad, A. H. (2008). The associations between life satisfaction and health-related quality of life, chronic illness, and health behaviors among US community-dwelling adults. Journal of Community Health, 33(1), 40-50. doi: 10.1007/s10900-007-9066-4
• Suldo, S. M.,& Huebner, E. S. (2006). Is extremely high life satisfaction during adolescence advantageous?.Social İndicators Research, 78(2), 179-203. doi: 10.1007/s11205-005-8208-2
• Sundberg, N. D., Latkin, C. A., Farmer, R. F., & Saoud, J. (1991). Boredom in young adults: Gender and cultural comparisons. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 22(2), 209-223.
• Tanrikulu, I., & Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2019). Motives behind cyberbullying perpetration: a test of uses and gratifications theory. Journal of interpersonal Violence, 00(0)1-26. doi: 10.1177/0886260518819882
• Tolor, A. (1989). Boredom as related to alienation, assertiveness, internal‐external expectancy, and sleep patterns. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45(2), 260-265. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198903)45:2<260::aid-jclp2270450213>3.0.co;2-g
• Türkdoğan, T., & Duru, E. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencileri Temel İhtiyaçlar Ölçeği' nin (ÜÖTİÖ) revizyonu: İyi oluşun pozitif ve negatif yönlerine ilişkin ihtiyaç temelli bir yaklaşım, 4. Uluslararası Avrasya Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi, Denizli.
• Türkdoğan, T., & Duru, E. (2012). Üniversite öğrencileri temel ihtiyaçlar ölçeği’nin (ÜÖTİÖ) geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 81-91.
• Van Tilburg, W. A. P.,& İgou, E. R. (2012). On boredom: Lack of challenge and meaning as distinct boredom experiences. Motivation & Emotion, 36, 181-194. doi: 10.1007/s11031-011-9234-9
• Vatan, İ., Ocakoğlu, H., & İrgil, E. (2009). Uludağ Üniversitesi tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinde sigara içme durumunun değerlendirilmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8(1), 43-48. Erişim adresi https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/1/khb_008_01-43.pdf
• Vodanovich, S. J., Wallace, J. C., & Kass, S. J. (2005). A confirmatory approach to the factor structure of the Boredom Proneness Scale: Evidence for a two-factor short form. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85(3), 295-303. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa8503_05
• Vodanovich, S. J.,& Kass, S. J. (1990). A factor analytic study of the boredom proneness scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(1-2), 115-123. doi: 10.1080/00223891.1990.9674051
• Vodanovich, S. J.,& Watt, J. D. (2016). Self-report measures of boredom: an updated review of the literature. The Journal of Psychology, 150(2), 196-228. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2015.1074531
• Vollmer, F. (1984). Sex differences in personality and expectancy. Sex Roles, 11(11-12), 1121- 1139. doi: 10.1007/bf00288138
• Watt, J. D.,& Vodanovich, S. J. (1992). Relationship between boredom proneness and impulsivity. Psychological reports, 70(3), 688-690.
• Wegner, L., Flisher, A. J., Chikobvu, P., Lombard, C., & King, G. (2008). Leisure boredom and high school dropout in Cape Town, South Africa. Journal of adolescence, 31(3), 421-431. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.09.004
• Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
• Wolniewicz, C. A., Rozgonjuk, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2020). Boredom proneness and fear of missing out mediate relations between depression and anxiety with problematic smartphone use. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(1), 61-70.
• Wu, J.,& Liu, D. (2007). The effects of trust and enjoyment on intention to play online games. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 8(2), 128-140. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/236647679?accountid=16595
• Yetim, Ü. (1991). Kişisel projelerin organizasyonu ve örüntüsü açısından yaşam doyumu.Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.