GİZLİ BAŞARISIZLIK KORKUSU: IMPOSTER FENOMENİNİN TÜKENMİŞLİK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE ÖZ-YETERLİLİĞİN ARACI ROLÜ

Öz

Imposter fenomeni, bireyin günlük yaşamında sürekli başarısızlık korkusu yaşamasına ve temelde aksi yöndeki nesnel kanıtlara rağmen kendisini yetersiz hissetmesine neden olan güçlü bir inanca karşılık gelmektedir. Uzun vadede bireylerin tükenmişlik duygularını tetikleyebilen bu fenomen, uluslararası yazın dünyasında oldukça popüler olmasına karşın Türk kültüründeki varlığı henüz yeni incelenmeye başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, üniversite öğrencilerinden toplanan veriler üzerinden imposter fenomeninin tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkisinde öz-yeterliliğin rolü ortaya konulmuştur. Bu amaç doğrultusunda gelecekte sahada doğrudan hastalarla temas halinde olacak sağlıkla ilişkili lisans ve ön lisans programlarından 418 öğrenciye yüz yüze anket yöntemi vasıtasıyla ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS ve AMOS istatistik programları kullanılmıştır. Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM) çerçevesinde temellendirilen araştırmada Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) uygulanarak, yol analizleri çizilmiş ve araştırmanın hipotezleri test edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre imposter fenomeni tükenmişliği pozitif yönde, öz-yeterliliği ise negatif yönde etkilemektedir. Buna göre imposter fenomenine sahip öğrencilerin tükenmişlik yaşama olasılıkları çok daha yüksektir ve bu durumda onların öz-yeterliliklerini azaltmaktadır. Ayrıca imposter fenomeninin tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkisinde öz-yeterliliğin kısmi aracılık rolü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İlgili alan yazında araştırmanın üç değişkeninin birlikte ele alındığı bir araştırmaya rastlanmaması, bu araştırmanın önemli bir boşluğu dolduracağını düşündürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Imposter Fenomeni
• Tükenmişlik
• Öz-yeterlilik

THE HIDDEN FEAR OF FAILURE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF SELF-EFFICACY IN THE EFFECT OF THE IMPOSTER PHENOMENON ON BURNOUT

Öz

The imposter phenomenon refers to a strong belief that causes an individual to experience a constant fear of failure in daily life and to feel inadequate despite objective evidence to the contrary. Although this phenomenon, which can trigger feelings of burnout in the long run, is very popular in the international literature, its presence in Turkish culture has only recently begun to be examined. This study investigates the role of self-efficacy in mediating the relationship between the imposter phenomenon and burnout among university students. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys from 418 students enrolled in health-related undergraduate and associate degree programs, who are expected to have direct patient contact in their future careers. SPSS and AMOS statistical programs were used to analyze the data obtained. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied in the research based on the Structural Equation Model (SEM) framework, path analyses were drawn and the hypotheses of the research were tested. According to the results of the study, imposter phenomenon affects burnout positively and self-efficacy negatively. According to this, students with imposter emotions are much more likely to experience burnout and this reduces their self-efficacy. It was also found that self-efficacy has a partial mediating role in the effect of imposter phenomenon on burnout. The fact that there is no study in the related literature in which the three variables of the research are addressed together suggests that this research will fill an important gap.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Imposter Phenomenon
• Burnout
• Self-efficacy

Kaynakça

1. Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2007). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
2. Arı, G. S. ve Bal, E. Ç. (2008). Tükenmişlik kavramı: Birey ve örgütler açısından önemi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 15(1), 131-148.
3. Arseven, A. (2016). Öz Yeterlilik: Bir Kavram Analizi. Turkish Studies, 11(19), 63-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.10001
4. Sheykhangafshe, F. B., Tajbakhsh, K., Niri, V. S., Mikelani, N., Eghbali, F. ve Fathi-Ashtiani, A. (2022). The effectiveness of schema therapy on self-efficacy, burnout, and perfectionism of employees with imposter syndrome. Health and Development Journal, 11(3), 140-148. DOI:10.34172/jhad.92349
5. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
6. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
7. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory. NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior içinde (Vol. 4, 71-81. pp). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman (Ed.) (1998). Encyclopedia of Mental Health. San Diego: Academic Press)

9. Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies içinde (pp. 1- 45). New York: Cambridge University Press.
10. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
11. Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
12. Başerer, Z. ve Başerer, D. (2019). Akademisyenlerin tükenmişlik ve öz-yeterlik düzeyleri. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 1-19.
13. Bolat, O. İ. (2011). Öz yeterlilik ve tükenmişlik ilişkisi: Lider-üye etkileşiminin aracılık etkisi. Ege Akademik Bakış, 11(2), 255-266. DOI:10.21121/eab.2011219569
14. Budak, G. ve Sürgevil, O. (2005). Tükenmişlik ve tükenmişliği etkileyen örgütsel faktörlerin analizine ilişkin akademik personel üzerinde bir uygulama. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 95-108.
15. Burmaoğlu, S., Polat, M. ve Meydan, C. H. (2013). Örgütsel davranış alanında ilişkisel analiz yöntemleri ve Türkçe yazında aracılık modeli kullanımı üzerine bir inceleme. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 13-26.
16. Bravata, D. M., Watts, S. A., Keefer, A. L., Madhusudhan, D. K., Taylor, K. T., Clark, D. M., Nelson, R. S., Cokley, K. O. ve Hagg, H. K. (2020). Prevalence, predictors, and treatment of impostor syndrome: A systematic review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(4), 1252-1275. doi: 10.1007/s11606-019-05364-1.
17. Bridgeman, P. J., Bridgeman, M. B. ve Barone, J. (2018). Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. The Bulletin of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 75(3), 147-152. DOI: 10.2146/ajhp170460
18. Bryman, A. ve Cramer, D. (1999). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS release 8 for Windows. Routledge.
19. Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS, EQS, and LISREL: Comparative approaches to testing for the factorial validity of a measuring instrument. International Journal of Testing, 1(1), 55-86. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327574IJT0101_4
20. Camara, G. F., Campos, I. F. S., Carneiro, A. G., Silva, I. N. S., Silva, P. G. B., Peixoto, R. A. C., Augusto, K. L. ve PeixotoJunior, A. A. (2022). Relationship between resilience and the impostor phenomenon among undergraduate medical students. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 9, 1-5. DOI: 10.1177/23821205221096105
21. Campbell, C. (2021). The struggle is real:: The imposter sydrome (Doctoral dissetation, California State University, Chico).
22. Campos, I. F. S. Camara, G. F., Carneiro, A. G., Kubrusly, M., Peixoto, R. A. C. ve Junior, A. A. P. (2022). Impostor syndrome and its association with depression and burnout among medical students. Revista Brasileira De Educação Médica. 46(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5271v46.2-20200491.ING
23. Cawcutt, K. A., Clance, P. ve Jain, S. (2021). Bias, burnout, and imposter phenomenon: the negative impact of under-recognized intersectionality. Women's Health Reports, 2(1), 643-647. DOI: 10.1089/whr.2021.0138
24. Chapman, A. (2017). Using the assessment process to overcome Imposter Syndrome in mature students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 41(2), 112-119. DOI: 10.1080/0309877X.2015.1062851
25. Chatterjee, D. (2024). Imposter Syndrome and its Relationship with Self-Efficacy and Achievement of Success. Available at SSRN 4815409.
26. Chodoff, A., Conyers, L., Wright, S. ve Levine, R. (2023). “I never should have been a doctor”: A qualitative study of imposter phenomenon among internal medicine residents. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03982-8
27. Choron, R. L., Manzella, A., Teichman, A. L., Cai, J., Schroeder, M. E., Yao, M. ve Greenberg, P. (2023). The impact of surgical boot camp on medical student confidence and imposter syndrome. Journal of Surgical Research, 283, 872-878. DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.11.013
28. Christensen, M., Aubeeluck, A., Fergusson, D., Craft, J., Knight, J., Wirihana, L. ve Stupple, E. (2016). Do student nurses experience imposter phenomenon? An international comparison of final year undergraduate nursing students readiness for registration. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(11), 2784-2793. DOI: 10.1111/jan.13034
29. Clance, P. R. (1985). The impostor phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Peachtree Pub Limited. Clance, P. R. ve Imes, S. A. (1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 15(3), 241-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0086006
30. Clance, P. R. ve OToole, M. A. (1987). The imposter phenomenon: An internal barrier to empowerment and achievement. Women & Therapy, 6(3), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1300/J015V06N03_05
31. Cohen, C., Pignata, S., Bezak, E., Tie, M. ve Childs, J. (2023). Workplace interventions to improve well-being and reduce burnout for nurses, physicians and allied healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMJ open, 13(6), e071203. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071203
32. Costa, B. ve Pinto, I. C. (2017). Stress, burnout and coping in health professionals: A literature review. Journal of Psychology and Brain Studies, 1(1: 4), 1-8.
33. Çetin, F., Şeşen, H. ve Basım, H. N. (2013). Örgütsel psikolojik sermayenin tükenmişlik sürecine etkileri: kamu sektöründe bir araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3) 95-108.
34. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
35. De Silva, V., Hewage, C. G. ve Fonseka, P. (2009). Burnout: An emerging occupational health problem. Galle Medical Journal, 14(1), 52-55. DOI: 10.4038/gmj.v14i1.1175
36. Dinç, Y. (2023). Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinde impostor fenomeni ve mükemmeliyetçilik ile ilişkisi: Kesitsel çalışma. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Meram Tıp Fakültesi, Konya.
37. El-Ashry, A. M., Taha, S. M., Elhay, E. S. A., Hammad, H. A. H., Khedr, M. A. ve El-Sayed, M. M. (2024). Prevalence of imposter syndrome and its association with depression, stress, and anxiety among nursing students: a multi-center cross-sectional study. BMC nursing, 23(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-02414-w
38. Enzmann, D., Schaufeli, W. B., Janssen, P. ve Rozeman, A. (1998). Dimensionality and validity of the burnout measure. Journal of Ocupational Psyhology, 71(4), 331-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1998.tb00680.x
39. Evers, W. J. G., Brouwers, A. ve Tomic, W. (2002). Burnout and self-efficacy: A study on teachers’ beliefs when implementing an innovative educational system in the Netherlands. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72(2), 227–243. doi: 10.1348/000709902158865. Federici, R. A. ve Skaalvik, E. M. (2012). Principal self-efficacy: Relations with burnout, job satisfaction and motivation to quit. Social Psychology of Education, 15(3), 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-012-9183-5
40. Fimiani R., Leonardi, J., Gorman, B. ve Gazzillo, F., (2021). Interpersonal guilt impostor phenomenon depression, and anxiety. Psychology Hub, 38(2), 31-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13133/2724-2943/17528
41. Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
42. Freudenberger, H. S. ve Richelson, G. (1980). Burnout: The high cost of high achievement. Garden City, New York: Ancho Press.
43. Gold, Y. (1985). Burnout: Causesand solutions. The Clearing House, 58(5), 210-212. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30186355
44. Gündüz, B. (2012). Self-efficacy and burnout in professional school counselors. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 12(3), 1761-1767.
45. Haghighi, A. H. ve Ghorbali, A. (2022). The Relationship between Academic Self-Concept and Academic Self-Efficacy in College Students: The Mediating Role of Imposter Syndrome. Contemporary Psychology, 17(2), 7-20.
46. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. ve Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th Edition). New York: Pearson.
47. Harvey, J. C. ve Katz, C. (1985). If I’m so successful, why do I feel like a fake?: The impostor phenomenon. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
48. Henning, K., Ey, S. ve Shaw, D. (1998). Perfectionism, the impostor phenomenon and psychological adjustment in medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy students. Medical Education, 32(5), 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.1998.00234.x
49. Horner, M. (1968). Why women fear success. Psychology Quarterly, 11(2), 21-33.
50. Horner, M. S. (1973). Success avoidant motivation and behavior; Its development, correlates and situational determinants. Erişim adresi https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED101221.pdf
51. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
52. Hutchins, H. M. (2015). Outing the imposter: A study exploring imposter phenomenon among higher education faculty. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 27(2), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20098
53. Hutchins, H. M., Penney, L. M. ve Sublett, L. W. (2018). What imposters risk at work: Exploring imposter phenomenon, stress coping, and job outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 29(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21304
54. Ikbaal, M. Y. (2018). Prevalence of impostor phenomenon among medical students in a Malaysian private medical school. International Journal of Medical Students, 6(2), 66- 70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2018.10
55. Işık, M. F. (2022). Örtbas Edilmiş Mizojini*: Imposter Fenomeni, Korumacı Cinsiyetçilik ve Cam Tavan Sendromu. İstanbul Üniversitesi Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, (25), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.26650/iukad.2022.1131651
56. Iwenofu, C., Dupont, R. ve Kaczkurkin, A. (2024). Hope for the Future Can Reduce Anxiety, Perfectionism, and Feelings of Imposter Syndrome. Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal, 14(1), 73-79.
57. Karacaoğlu, K. ve İnce, F. (2012). Brandes, Dharwadkar ve Dean’in (1999) örgütsel sinizm ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması: Kayseri Organize Sanayi Bölgesi örneği. Business and Economics Research Journal, (3)3, 77-92.
58. Kayacan, B. ve Gültekin, Y. S. (2012). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesinin (YEM) ormancılıkta sosyo-ekonomik sorunların çözümlenmesinde kullanımı. III. Ormancılıkta Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar Kongresi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, 18-20 Ekim 2012.
59. Kimball, K. E., Roecker, C. B. ve Hoyt, K. (2020). Impostor phenomenon among US chiropractic students. Journal of Chiropractic Education, 35(2), 209-214. doi: 10.7899/JCE-19-10
60. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
61. Ladge, J., Eddleston, K. A. ve Sugiyama, K. (2019). Am I an entrepreneur? How imposter fears hinder women entrepreneurs’ business growth. Business Horizons, 62(5), 615-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.05.001
62. Leach, P. K., Nygaard, R. M., Chipman, J. G., Brunsvold, M. E. ve Marek, A. P. (2019). Impostor phenomenon and burnout in general surgeons and general surgery residents. Journal of Surgical Education, 76(1), 99-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.06.025
63. Legassie, J., Zibrowski, E. M. ve Goldszmidt, M. A. (2008). Measuring resident well-being: Impostorism and burnout syndrome in residency. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23, 1090-1094. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-008-0536-x
64. Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U. ve Schwarzer, R. (2005). The general self-efficacy scale: multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439-457. DOI: 10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
65. Mascarenhas, V. R., D'Souza, D. ve Bicholkar, A. (2019). Prevalence of impostor phenomenon and its association with self-esteem among medical interns in Goa, India. International Journal of Community Medicine & Public Health, 6(1), 355- 359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185272
66. Maslach, C. ve Jackson S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
67. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. ve Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
68. Maqsood, H., Shakeel, H. A., Hussain, H., Khan, A. R., Ali, B., Ishaq, A. ve Shah, S. A. Y. (2018). The descriptive study of imposter syndrome in medical students. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 6(10), 3431-3434. DOI:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184031
69. McDowell, W. C., Grubb III, W. L. ve Geho, P. R. (2015). The impact of self-efficacy and perceived organizational support on the imposter phenomenon. American Journal of Management. 15(3), 23-29.
70. Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
71. Naser, M. J., Hasan, N. E., Zainaldeen, M. H., Zaidi, A., Mohamed, Y. M. A. M. H. ve Fredericks, S. (2022). Impostor phenomenon and its relationship to self-esteem among students at an international medical college in the Middle East: A cross sectional study. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.850434
72. Oriel, K., Plane, M. B. ve Mundt, M. (2004). Family medicine residents and the impostor phenomenon. Family Medicine,, 36(4), 248-252.
73. Özdemir, G. (2015). Başarılarımın sahibi ben değilim: Sosyal kimlik, sosyal baskınlık ve sistemi meşrulaştırma kuramları perspektifinden sahtekâr fenomeni. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
74. Özgül, B. (2023). Öz yeterlilik ile tükenmişlik ilişkisinde iş-yaşam dengesinin aracılık rolü üzerine bir araştırma. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 10(22), 460-488. https://doi.org/10.58884/akademik-hassasiyetler.1278709
75. Pákozdy, C., Askew, J., Dyer, J., Gately, P., Martin, L. ve Mavor, K. I. (2024). The imposter phenomenon and its relationship with self efficacy, perfectionism and happiness in university students. Current Psychology. 43, 5153–5162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04672-4
76. Peteet, B. J., Brown, C. M., Lige, Q. M. ve Lanaway, D. A. (2015). Impostorism is associated with greater psychological distress and lower self-esteem for African American students. Current Psychology, 34, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9248-z
77. Pines, A. M. (2005). The burnout measure short version (BMS). International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78-88. DOI:10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78
78. Pines, A. M. ve Aronson, E. (1988). Career burnout: Causes and cures, New York: Free Press.
79. Regan, P. A., Shumaker, K. ve Kirby, J. S. (2020). Impostor syndrome in United States dermatology residents. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 83(2), 631- 633. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.10.018.
80. Sakız, G. (2013). Başarıda anahtar kelime: Öz-yeterlik. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 185-209.
81. Schwarzer, R. ve Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Ed.), Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs içinde (35-37. pp.). UK: Nfer-Nelson.
82. Schubert, N. ve Bowker, A. (2019). Examining the impostor phenomenon in relation to self-esteem level and self-esteem instability: Research and Reviews. Current Psychology, 38(3), 749-755. DOI 10.1007/s12144-017-9650-4
83. Siddiqui, Z. K., Church, H. R., Jayasuriya, R., Boddice, T. ve Tomlinson, J. (2024). Educational interventions for imposter phenomenon in healthcare: A scoping review. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04984-w
84. Skaalvik, E. M. ve Skaalvik, S. (2007). Dimensions of teacher self-efficacy and relations with strain factors,perceived collective teacher efficacy, and teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3), 611– 625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.611
85. Skaalvik, E. M. ve Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26, 1059-1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.11.001
86. Sonnak, C. ve Towell, T. (2001). The impostor phenomenon in British University Students: Relationships between self-esteem, mental health, parental rearing style and socioeconomic status. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), 863-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00184-7
87. Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(5), 893-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017
88. Stelling, B. E. V., Andersen, C. A., Suarez, D. A., Nordhues, H. C., Hafferty, F. W., Beckman, T. J. ve Sawatsky, A. P. (2023). Fitting in while standing out: Professional identity formation, imposter syndrome, and burnout in early-career faculty physicians. Academic Medicine, 98(4), 514-520. DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000005049
89. Swope, K., Thompson, B. M. ve Haidet, P. (2017). Imposter phenomenon across the span of medical training. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32, 223-223.
90. Tavlan S. N. (2021). Algılanan kurumsal destek, lider-üye etkileşimi, öz-yeterlilik ve kariyer tatmini ilişkisi. (Yayımlanmamış doktora Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Denizli.
91. Tigranyan, S., Byington, D. R., Liupakorn, D., Hicks, A., Lombardi, S., Mathis, M. ve Rodolfa, E. (2021). Factors related to the impostor phenomenon in psychology doctoral students. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 15(4), 298-305. https://doi.org/10.1037/tep0000321
92. Topping, M. E. ve Kimmel, E. B. (1985). The imposter phenomenon: Feeling phony. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 7(2), 213-226.
93. Tümkaya, S., Çam, S. ve Çavuşoğlu, İ. (2009). Tükenmişlik ölçeği kısa versiyonu’nun Türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 387–398.
94. Ural, A. ve Kılıç, İ. (2006). Bilimsel araştırma süreci ve SPSS ile veri analiz. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
95. Villwock, J. A., Sobin, L. B., Koester, L. A. ve Harris, T. M. (2016). Impostor syndrome and burnout among American medical students: A pilot study. International Journal of Medical Education, 7, 364-369. DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5801.eac4
96. Wester, K. L., Vaishnav, S., Morris, C. W., Austin, J. L., Haugen, J. S., Delgado, H. ve Umstead, L. K. (2020). Interaction of imposter phenomenon and research self‐efficacy on scholarly productivity. Counselor Education and Supervision, 59(4), 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12191
97. Yalçın, B. (2023). Mükemmeliyetçiliğin bireysel ve örgütsel çıktılar üzerindeki etkisinde entelektüel sahtekârlık fenomeninin aracılık rolü. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
98. Yalçın, B. ve Çelik, R. (2024). Başarının Önündeki Engeller: Mükemmeliyetçi Kişilik Yapısının İşyeri Mutluluğu Üzerindeki Etkisinde Entelektüel Sahtekârlık Fenomeninin Aracılık Rolü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 15(42), 463-482. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1286986
99. Yıldırım, M. H. ve İçerli, L. (2010). Tükenmişlik sendromu: Maslach ve Kopenhag tükenmişlik ölçeklerinin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 123-131.
100. Yıldırım, F. ve İlhan, İ. Ö. (2010). Genel özyeterlilik ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(4), 301-308.